This power point is intended to educate you about volcanoes and earthquakes as it is very easy to understand and very descriptive. This can help you in school projects, work purposes or even just for your knowledge. Enjoy....
Volcanoes: Its characteristics and products.Mrityunjay Jha
This Powerpoint presentation provides basic information about the volcanoes. It describe about the characteristics of volcanoes such as volcano types, types of cones, volcanic products, types of lava and their eruption characteristics, structures formed by lava flow, association of volcanoes with plate tectonics and the distribution of volcanoes around the world. Several liquid, solid and gaseous volcanic products are described. Slide is presented in an interactive manner so that presenter can induldge students with the presentaion by asking question about the name of different figures shown in the presentaion.
It is a helpful presentation about mountains. All complete 5 types of mountains are included in this presentation. You can also see some of the examples for each type of mountain. You can use it as a presentation at school.
Volcanoes: Its characteristics and products.Mrityunjay Jha
This Powerpoint presentation provides basic information about the volcanoes. It describe about the characteristics of volcanoes such as volcano types, types of cones, volcanic products, types of lava and their eruption characteristics, structures formed by lava flow, association of volcanoes with plate tectonics and the distribution of volcanoes around the world. Several liquid, solid and gaseous volcanic products are described. Slide is presented in an interactive manner so that presenter can induldge students with the presentaion by asking question about the name of different figures shown in the presentaion.
It is a helpful presentation about mountains. All complete 5 types of mountains are included in this presentation. You can also see some of the examples for each type of mountain. You can use it as a presentation at school.
Volcanoes Presentation with material chiefly drawn from the Geological Society of the UK.
Presented to Reddam House Waterfall learners on 14 March 2022
1.new terms
2.What is a volcano?
3.How and why do volcanoes erupt?
4.Explosive Eruptions
5.Parts of Volcanoes
6. subduction
7.how are they formed
8.volcanic activity levels
9. types of volcanos
10.SHIELD VOLCANO
11. Mt. Kilauea
12.CINDER CONE VOLCANO
13.COMPOSITE VOLCANO
14.Volcanoes around the world
15.Multiple Eruption volcanoes
made by :RATIKA,Delhi,India
Volcanoes Presentation with material chiefly drawn from the Geological Society of the UK.
Presented to Reddam House Waterfall learners on 14 March 2022
1.new terms
2.What is a volcano?
3.How and why do volcanoes erupt?
4.Explosive Eruptions
5.Parts of Volcanoes
6. subduction
7.how are they formed
8.volcanic activity levels
9. types of volcanos
10.SHIELD VOLCANO
11. Mt. Kilauea
12.CINDER CONE VOLCANO
13.COMPOSITE VOLCANO
14.Volcanoes around the world
15.Multiple Eruption volcanoes
made by :RATIKA,Delhi,India
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed over 4 billion years ago.[24][25][26] Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite. Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period known as an Earth year. During this time, Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times.[n 5]
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface.[27] The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation.[28] Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.
Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans.[29] The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.
Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive.[30][31] In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species[32] that ever lived on Earth are extinct.[33][34] Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely;[35][36][37] most species have not been described.[38] Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival. Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states.
Earthquakes are natural phenomena caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, resulting in seismic waves that propagate through the ground. These seismic waves can cause the ground to shake, leading to potentially destructive consequences. Here's a breakdown of key elements related to earthquakes:
GEOPHYSICS
Introduction
Geophysics is the branch of science that is concerned with the physical, chemical, geological, astronomical -and other characteristic properties of the earth.
It deals with geological phenomena such as the temperature distribution of the earth's interior, the source, configuration and the geomagnetic field.
Interior structure of the earth
The structure of the earth is composed of three major zones arranged in a concentric manner. These are crust, mantle and core;
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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2. What are Volcanoes?
● A volcano is a rupture of the Earth's crust which allows hot
lava, poisonous gases and ash to escape from the magma
chambers below the surface.
● Volcanoes occur because the Earth's crust is separated into 17
rigid tectonic plates that float around on a hotter and
softer mantle below.
● This is why volcanoes are generally found around places
where the plates converge and diverge. For example, as
the plates move apart, a fissure opens in the ground,
allowing lava to pour out onto the surface. This is called a
fissure volcano.
● Scientist who study volcanoes are call Volcanologists.
3. Volcano Phases
● Volcanoes can be in one of three phases: Active, Dormant,
and Extinct.
● Active volcanoes are ones that have erupted in the pas
10,000 years, and that are likely to erupt again. An
example is Mt. Saint Helens in U.S.A.
● Dormant volcanoes are ones that have not erupted in the
past 10,000 years, but still have the possibility, though
unlikely. An example is Mt. Rainier in the U.S.A.
● Extinct volcanoes are ones that nobody think will erupt
ever again. An example is Mt. Ashitaka in Japan.
4. Types of Volcanoes
● There are four types of Volcanoes:
● Fissure Volcanoes,
● Cinder Cone Volcanoes,
● Shield Volcanoes,
● Composite Volcanoes,
5. Fissure Volcanoes
● Fissure volcanoes are cracks in the ground that are only
a few metres wide but can be several kilometres in
length.
● Fissure volcanoes are not usually explosive. Instead, the
lava seeps out of the gaps in the surface of the crust.
6. Shield Volcanoes
● Shield volcanoes are almost entirely made up out of fluid
lava flows.
● Vent after vent flows out through the volcano from the
centre vent.
● This builds a broad, gentle sloping cone of a flat, dome
shape, similar to a warriors shield.
7. Composite Volcanoes
● Composite volcanoes are some of the grandest on the
world.
● They are typically large, steep, symmetrical cones built
of alternating flows of lava ash and cinders.
● Most have a crater at the summit which contains a
central vent or a clustered group of vents.
8. Cinder Cone Volcanoes
● Cinder cone volcanoes are formed large globs of lava
being launched from a single vent.
● As the gas-charged chambers explodes, lava gets
launched into the air only to fall back down around
the main vent as cinders in an oval or circular cone.
● Most have a bowl-shaped crater in the centre.
9. What Causes Volcanoes?
● Volcanic activity frequently occurs on the boundaries of
tectonic plates as the pressure within causes the
magma below to rise up and explode or escape to the
surface.
10. The Ring of Fire!
● The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes that runs around
the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
● The Ring of Fire is quite a circle, more like 40,000
kilometre long horseshoe.
● A string of 452 volcanoes stretches from the southern tip
of South America, up along the coast of North
America, across the Bering Strait, down through
Japan, and into New Zealand.
11.
12. Measuring Volcanic Eruptions
● Volcanic eruptions are measured using the Volcanic Explosivity Index
(VEI)
● Since the size and force of eruptions vary, Volcanologists take a
number of factors into account when measuring volcanic
eruptions, such as:
● Volume of material ejected, height of the eruptive column,
duration etc.
● Each eruption is given a rating of 0-8. 0 being non-explosive and
harmless, and 8 being “Run for your lives the planet is melting!”
● Each point on the scale is 10 times more powerful than the one
before. This makes the most devastating eruptions that we know
of thousands of times more powerful than the eruption that took
off the top 400m of Mt. St Helens almost a quarter of a century
ago.
15. What are Earthquakes?
● An earthquake is the result of a sudden
release of energy in the crust that
creates seismic waves.
● The seismicity of an area refers to the
frequency, size, and type of earthquake
experienced over a period of time.
16. What cause Earthquakes?
● The Earth's crust is made up of several tectonic plates.
These plates are always moving around on the mantle.
● Because these plates are moving, they constantly grind
against one another and get stuck.
● When the rest of the plate moves far enough, one of the
two plates fault, which releases large amounts of
energy that was stored up by the tension.
● This causes an earthquake.
17. Focus and Epicentre
● The focus of an earthquake is where it begins, this is
where the plate slips on a fault line, usually at the
plate edges.
● The Epicentre is the point directly above the Focus on
the surface of the earth. This area will suffer from the
most direct damage.
18. Seismic Waves
● Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the
breaking of rock during an earthquake.
● The main two types of waves are body waves and surface
waves.
● Body waves occur in two types, primary waves (P) and
secondary waves (S).
● Surface waves occur after the body waves as lower
frequencies which are responsibly for most of the damage
and destruction on land.
● Surface waves have two types, Love waves and Rayleigh
waves.
20. Measuring Earthquakes
● The vibrations earthquakes produce are
detected, recorded and measured by
instruments called Seismographs.
● The line made by a seismograph is
called a seismogram and shows the
changing intensity of the earthquake
by responding to motion of the
ground below the instrument.
● From the data expressed in
seismograms, scientists the time,
the epicentre, the focal depth, the
type of faulting of an earthquake
and how much energy was released.