The document outlines the concept of vocabulary, describing it as all the words known and used by an individual and emphasizing its importance in communication and reading comprehension. It discusses various aspects of word knowledge, including synonyms, antonyms, idioms, and phrases, providing definitions and examples for each. Additionally, it touches on vocabulary drills and the impact of roots on vocabulary expansion.

2. Vocabulary is commonly defined
as "all the words known and
used by a particular
person". Knowing a word,
however, is not as simple as
simply being able to recognize or
use it. There are several aspects
of word knowledge which are
used to measure word
knowledge.

3. An extensive vocabulary aids expression and
communication.
Vocabulary size has been directly linked to reading
comprehension.
Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking
vocabulary.
A person may be judged by others based on his or
her vocabulary.
Wilkins (1972) once said," Without grammar, very
little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing
can be conveyed.”

4. Within the receptive–productive distinction lies a
range of abilities which are often referred to
as degree of knowledge. This simply indicates that a
word gradually enters a person's vocabulary over a
period of time as more aspects of word knowledge
are learnt. Roughly, these stages could be described
as:
Never encountered the word.
Heard the word, but cannot define it.
Recognize the word due to context or tone of voice.
Able to use the word and understand the general
and/or intended meaning, but cannot clearly explain
it.

5. Being unable to Pay One's debt - Insolvent( दिवालिया
)
The study of the functions of the body -
Physiology( शरीर क्रिया ववज्ञान )
A person with a long experience of any occupation -
Veteran(अनुभवी )
Words written on a Tomb - Epitaph (समाधििेख)
Stealthy Done - Surreptitious (िुक छिप कर)
Something No Longer in Use - Obsolete ( अप्रचलित )
One not concerned with Right or Wrong - Amoral
(अनैछतक )

6. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS : A synonym is a word with the same or
similar meaning of another word.
Synonym words are said to be synonymous.
The state of being a synonym is called synonymy.
Synonyms can be any part of speech(noun, verb,
adjective, preposition, adverb), as long as both words
belong to the same part of speech.
Here are more examples of English synonyms:
Verb : buy and purchase
Adjective : big and large
Adverb : quickly and speedily
Preposition : on and upon

7. Examples of adjectives and their synonyms that are
commonly used to describe people.
Beautiful: Attractive, Pretty, Lovely, Stunning
Fair: Just, Objective, Impartial, Unbiased
Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical
Happy: Content, Joyful, Mirthful, Upbeat
Hardworking: Diligent, Determined, Industrious
Here are some miscellaneous words and their
synonyms:
Baffle: confuse, deceive
Hypocrisy: duplicity, falseness
Old: antiquated, ancient, obsolete, extinct

8. ANTONYM: An antonym is a word that has
the opposite meaning as the another word.
 It refers to a word that is completely different from another
one.
 The opposite of a antonym is a synonym.
Categories of Antonyms-
There are three categories of antonyms:
Graded antonyms deal with levels of the meaning of the
words, like if something is not “good”, is may still not be
“bad.”
Examples include:
Fat and skinny
Young and old
Happy and sad
Hard and soft

9. • Complementary antonyms :There are only two
possibilities, either one or the other.
Examples are:
Man and woman
Push and pull
Dead and alive
Off and on
Day and night
• Relational antonyms: Sometimes considered as a
subcategory of complementary antonyms.
Examples are:
Husband and wife
Doctor and patient
Buy and sell
Predator and prey

10. • An idiom is a combination of words that have a
figurative meaning following to its common usage.
•An idiom is a phrase where the words together have
a meaning that is different from the dictionary
definitions of the individual words.
• It’s figurative meaning is separate from
the literal meaning.
•There are estimated to be twenty-five thousand
idiomatic expressions in the English Language.

11. Idiom Meaning
1. Speak of the devil!
2. Kill two birds with one
stone
3. Once in a blue moon
4. See eye to eye
5. Hear it on the grapevine
6. Miss the boat
1. This expression is used when
the person you have just been
talking about arrives.
2. This means ‘to do two things
at the same time'.
3. When something happens very rarely.
4. idiom is used to say that two (or more
people) agree on something.
5. This means ‘to hear a rumor' about
something or someone.
6. This idiom is used to say that
someone missed his or her chance at
something.

12. •A phrase is a group of related words that acts as a
single part
of speech.
•A phrase is a group of words or a single word that
forms a constituent—and by which it functions as a
single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
•In grammatical hierarchy the phrase is lower than
the clause.
•Certain phrases have specific names based on the
type of word that begins or governs the word
group: noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional
phrase, infinitive phrase, participle phrase,gerund
phrase, and absolute phrase.

13. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES
 The shoplifted pair of jeans.
Pair = noun; the, shoplifted, of jeans = modifiers.
 Had cleaned
Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; ed = verb ending.
 On time
On = preposition; time = noun.
Washing our dog Gizmo requires strong arms to keep
the squirming, unhappy puppy in the tub.
 His brow knitted in frustration
Brow = noun; knitted = participle; his, in frustration =
modifiers

14. Homonyms, Homophones & Homographs
What do all of these words have in
common?
How are they the same?
Homonym
Homophone
Homograph
Each begins with the root word homo.
Homo means same .
All of these words have to do with
sameness.

15. Nym = Name
Homonyms = Same Name
Homonyms are words that sound alike and spells the
same but have different meanings.
Example: BAT-BAT; LIGHT-LIGHT; TIE-TIE

16. Phone = Sound
Hom0phone = Same Sound
Homophones are words that sound alike, but have
different spellings and meanings.
Example: week-weak; see-sea; pair-pear

17. Graph = Writing
Homograph = Same Writing
Homographs are words that are spelled the
same, but have different sounds and meanings.
Example: saw-saw; Bass- Bass;

18. Vocabulary Drills
helps students learn how to approach new
words and to become more comfortable
with the language
Latin and Greek roots expand students’
vocabularies exponentially
Personal words help students build a
useful bank of interesting words.
Making connections helps students build
personal word power.

19. THANK YOU
Submitted By:
Lekhansh A2324612008
Praroop Joshi A2324612033
Rudraksha Rana A2324612034
Prashu Prakash A2324612039