The document discusses various linguistic concepts including word formation, semantic change, synonyms, antonyms, eponyms, homonyms, homophones, homographs, one word substitutions, phrasal verbs, idiomatic expressions, and proverbs. It provides definitions and examples for each concept.

1. COMMUNICATION SKILL

2. Word Formation
In linguistics*, word formation is the creation of a new word
. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with
semantic change, which is a change in a single word's
meaning. The boundary between word formation and
semantic change** can be difficult to define: a new use of an
old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one
and identical to it in form .Word formation can also be
contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions,
although words can be formed from multi-word phrases.
*Linguistics is the scientific study of human language.
**Semantic change is the evolution of word usage — usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different
from the original usage.

3.  Synonyms are words with the same or similar
meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to
be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is
called synonymy. The word comes from
Ancient Greek syn (σύν) ("with") and onoma ( νομαὄ )
("name"). An example of synonyms are the
words beginand commence. Likewise, if we talk
about a long time or an extended
time, long and extended become synonyms. In the
figurative sense, two words are often said to be
synonymous if they have the same connotation:
SYNONYMS:-

4. verb
•"buy and "purchase"
adjective
•"big" and "large"
adverb
•"quickly" and "speedily"
Synonyms can be any part of speech (such as nouns,
verbs, adjectives, adverbs or prepositions), as long as
both words are the same part of speech. Here are
more examples of English synonyms:

5. The term antonym (and the related antonymy) is commonly
taken to be synonymous with opposite, but antonym also has
other more restricted meanings. Graded (or gradable)
antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite and
which lie on a continuous spectrum (hot, cold).
Complementary antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are
opposite but whose meanings do not lie on a continuous
spectrum (push, pull). Relational antonyms are word pairs
where opposite makes sense only in the context of the
relationship between the two meanings (teacher, pupil).
ANTONYMS:-

6. Example-Example-
•Young and old
•Happy and sad
•Hard and soft
•Last and first
•Foolish and wise
•Fast and slow
•Warm and cool
•Wide and narrow

7. EPONYMS:
An eponym is a person or thing, whether real or
fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era,
discovery, or other item is named or thought to be
named.
EXAMPLES:
Achilles, Greek mythological character — Achilles' heel, Achilles tendon
Adam, Biblical character — Adam's apple
Adam Walsh, Abduction-Murder Victim — Code Adam
Alvin Adams (1804–1877) — Adams Express
Thomas Addison — Addison's disease

8. Homonyms-
A homonym is, in the strict sense, one of a
group of words that share the
same spelling and the same pronunciation
but have different meanings.
EXAMPLES:
bow – a long wooden stick with horse hair that is used to play certain
string instruments such as the violin
bow – to bend forward at the waist in respect (e.g. "bow down")
bow – the front of the ship (e.g. "bow and stern")
bow – a kind of tied ribbon (e.g. bow on a present, a bowtie)
bow – to bend outward at the sides

9. HOMOPHONES:
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the
same as another word but differs in meaning.
EXAMPLES:
• accessary, accessory
• ad, add
• ail, ale
• air, heir

10. HOMOGRAPH
A homograph (from the Greek:,homós, "same" and
, "write") is a word that shares the same written
form as another word but has a different meaning.
When spoken, the meanings may be distinguished
by different pronunciations, in which case the words
are also heteronyms. Words with the same
writing and pronunciation (i.e. homographs and
homophones) are considered homonyms.

11. EXAMPLE-
• bat - a piece of sporting equipment used in
baseball/a winged animal associated with vampires
• bow - to bend at the waist/the front of a boat/a pair
of tied loops
• buffet - to hit, punch or slap/a self-serve food bar
• bustier - an undergarment/more busty
• compact - small/to make small/a small case for
holding makeup
• compound - to mix or combine/an enclosed area
with a building or group of buildings inside

12. ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION:
It is a verbal ability by which a group of
words or a full sentence is replaced with a
single word without creating any ambiguity
or any change in the meaning.
EXAMPLES:
1. One who is out to subvert a government Anarchist
2. One who is recovering from illness Convalescent
3. One who is all powerful Omnipotent
4. One who is present everywhere Omnipresent

13. PHRASAL VERB:-
The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to two or three
distinct but related constructions in English: a verb and a
particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single
semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based
upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but
rather it must be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning
is non-compositional and thus unpredictable.[1]
Phrasal verbs
that include a preposition are known as prepositional
verbs and phrasal verbs that include a particle are also known
as particle verbs

14. EXAMPLE-
Verb + preposition (prepositional phrasal verbs)
a. Who is looking after the kids? – after is a preposition
that introduces the prepositional phrase after the kids.
b. They pick on Joseph. – on is a preposition that
introduces the prepositional phrase on Joseph.
Verb + particle (particle phrasal verbs)
a. They brought that up twice. – up is a particle, not a
preposition.
b. You should think it over. – over is a particle, not a
preposition.

15. IDOMATIC EXPRESSIONS:-
Idioms are words, phrases or expressions which are
commonly used in everyday conversation by native
speakers of English. They are often metaphorical and make
the language more colorful.
Agreements - Arrangements
Enthusiasm - Motivation
Ambition - Determination
Feelings - Emotions
Plants - Flowers -Trees

16. PROVERB
A proverb (from Latin: proverbium) is a simple and concrete saying,
popularly known and repeated, that expresses a truth based on common
sense or the practical experience of humanity. They are often metaphorical
. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a
maxim.
Proverbs are often borrowed from similar languages and
cultures, and sometimes come down to the present through more than one
language. Both the Bible (including, but not limited to the Book of
Proverbs) and medieval Latin (aided by the work of Erasmus) have played
a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe, although almost
every culture has examples of its own.
The study of proverbs is
called paremiology (from Greek παροιμία - paroimía, "proverb, maxim,
saw"[1]
) and can be dated back as far as Aristotle. Paremiography, on the
other hand, is the collection of proverbs.

17. EXAMPLE-
• Mustn't cry over spilled milk.
• You can catch more flies with honey than you can
with vinegar.
• You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make
him drink.
• Those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw
stones.
• A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
• Everyone unto their own.