Vitamin K Dr TS
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Vitamin K exists in multiple forms, including vitamin K1, K2, and K3. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is synthesized by plants, while vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is synthesized in the large intestine by bacteria. All forms of vitamin K are naphthoquinone derivatives that contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain. Vitamin K is required for the production of blood clotting factors and is essential for coagulation.
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Ch04
Fatty acids have four main roles in cells: as building blocks for phospholipids and glycolipids, attached to proteins to target them to membranes, as fuel molecules to generate ATP through beta-oxidation, and as hormone and messenger derivatives. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with activation via attachment to CoA, then undergoes cycles of reactions to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle to be further oxidized to CO2 and H2O to generate large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol through sequential additions of two-carbon units from malonyl-CoA to elongate the fatty acid chain.
Beta oxidation of fatty acids
This document discusses lipid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. It explains that lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the structure and function of living cells. Fatty acids are an important source of energy and undergo oxidation to be degraded. There are three main types of fatty acid oxidation: beta-oxidation, alpha-oxidation, and omega-oxidation. Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria and involves activating fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, transporting them into the mitochondria, and undergoing four reactions - oxidation, hydration, oxidation again, and cleavage - to sequentially remove two-carbon fragments as acetyl-CoA at each turn of the cycle.
Beta oxidation OF Fatty Acids
1. Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules.
2. It occurs in four steps: activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and three steps of beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix involving dehydrogenation, hydration, and thiolytic cleavage.
3. This process is repeated, producing acetyl-CoA with each turn, until the fatty acid is completely broken down, yielding large amounts of ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidation of fatty acid
This ppt has been presented as seminar in Department of Biochemistry ,C.C.S. university, Meerut.in front of all faculty members for the detailed discussion on this topic. Hope this will help you to go through the concept in an easy manner.
Oxidation of fatty acids
The document summarizes the process of beta oxidation, which is the pathway by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. It involves four key steps: 1) oxidation of the alpha and beta carbons to form a double bond, producing FADH2. 2) Addition of a water molecule to form a beta-hydroxy group. 3) Oxidation of the beta-hydroxy group to a ketone. 4) Cleavage of the fatty acid chain between the alpha and beta carbons, producing acetyl-CoA. This repetitive process degrades acyl-CoA molecules into acetyl-CoA, releasing energy molecules FADH2 and NADH.
Oxidation of fatty acids ppt
Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix to produce energy. Unsaturated fatty acids with cis double bonds require additional enzyme steps of isomerization and reduction. Oleic acid undergoes three cycles of beta-oxidation producing a dodecenoyl-CoA intermediate which is then isomerized to allow further processing. Linolenic acid similarly produces acetyl-CoA and a dodecenoyl-CoA intermediate which is sequentially isomerized and reduced to allow full beta-oxidation to acetyl-CoA, all of which can enter the Krebs cycle.
Beta oxidation and its bioenergetics.
Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. This involves four steps - dehydrogenation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage - that occur on the beta carbon of fatty acyl-CoA molecules. Each cycle shortens the fatty acyl-CoA by two carbons and generates acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. This process is repeated until the fatty acid is completely broken down. Unsaturated fatty acids require additional enzymes for isomerization and reduction to allow all steps of beta oxidation to occur. Overall, beta oxidation generates energy in the form of ATP.
Mscdfsm biochemistry vitamin II
This document summarizes several fat-soluble vitamins:
Vitamin A was discovered in the early 1900s when rats fed casein and starch-based diets failed to grow. It was later isolated from foods and named vitamin A. Retinol is the usable form found in animal foods that can be converted to retinal and retinoic acid in the body. Plants contain carotenoids like beta-carotene that form vitamin A.
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and helps with calcium absorption and rickets prevention. The liver and kidney metabolize vitamin D forms including cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol.
Vitamin E was
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Fatty acids have four main roles in cells: as building blocks for phospholipids and glycolipids, attached to proteins to target them to membranes, as fuel molecules to generate ATP through beta-oxidation, and as hormone and messenger derivatives. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with activation via attachment to CoA, then undergoes cycles of reactions to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle to be further oxidized to CO2 and H2O to generate large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol through sequential additions of two-carbon units from malonyl-CoA to elongate the fatty acid chain.
Beta oxidation of fatty acids
This document discusses lipid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. It explains that lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the structure and function of living cells. Fatty acids are an important source of energy and undergo oxidation to be degraded. There are three main types of fatty acid oxidation: beta-oxidation, alpha-oxidation, and omega-oxidation. Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria and involves activating fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, transporting them into the mitochondria, and undergoing four reactions - oxidation, hydration, oxidation again, and cleavage - to sequentially remove two-carbon fragments as acetyl-CoA at each turn of the cycle.
Beta oxidation OF Fatty Acids
1. Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules.
2. It occurs in four steps: activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and three steps of beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix involving dehydrogenation, hydration, and thiolytic cleavage.
3. This process is repeated, producing acetyl-CoA with each turn, until the fatty acid is completely broken down, yielding large amounts of ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidation of fatty acid
This ppt has been presented as seminar in Department of Biochemistry ,C.C.S. university, Meerut.in front of all faculty members for the detailed discussion on this topic. Hope this will help you to go through the concept in an easy manner.
Oxidation of fatty acids
The document summarizes the process of beta oxidation, which is the pathway by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. It involves four key steps: 1) oxidation of the alpha and beta carbons to form a double bond, producing FADH2. 2) Addition of a water molecule to form a beta-hydroxy group. 3) Oxidation of the beta-hydroxy group to a ketone. 4) Cleavage of the fatty acid chain between the alpha and beta carbons, producing acetyl-CoA. This repetitive process degrades acyl-CoA molecules into acetyl-CoA, releasing energy molecules FADH2 and NADH.
Oxidation of fatty acids ppt
Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix to produce energy. Unsaturated fatty acids with cis double bonds require additional enzyme steps of isomerization and reduction. Oleic acid undergoes three cycles of beta-oxidation producing a dodecenoyl-CoA intermediate which is then isomerized to allow further processing. Linolenic acid similarly produces acetyl-CoA and a dodecenoyl-CoA intermediate which is sequentially isomerized and reduced to allow full beta-oxidation to acetyl-CoA, all of which can enter the Krebs cycle.
Beta oxidation and its bioenergetics.
Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. This involves four steps - dehydrogenation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage - that occur on the beta carbon of fatty acyl-CoA molecules. Each cycle shortens the fatty acyl-CoA by two carbons and generates acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. This process is repeated until the fatty acid is completely broken down. Unsaturated fatty acids require additional enzymes for isomerization and reduction to allow all steps of beta oxidation to occur. Overall, beta oxidation generates energy in the form of ATP.
Mscdfsm biochemistry vitamin II
This document summarizes several fat-soluble vitamins:
Vitamin A was discovered in the early 1900s when rats fed casein and starch-based diets failed to grow. It was later isolated from foods and named vitamin A. Retinol is the usable form found in animal foods that can be converted to retinal and retinoic acid in the body. Plants contain carotenoids like beta-carotene that form vitamin A.
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and helps with calcium absorption and rickets prevention. The liver and kidney metabolize vitamin D forms including cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol.
Vitamin E was
Ppt citric cycle
The document summarizes part 2 of the citric acid cycle. Reaction 5 involves the hydrolysis of succinyl CoA to form succinate and GTP. GTP is then used to phosphorylate GDP to form ATP. Reaction 6 is the dehydration of succinate to form fumarate, reducing FAD to FADH2. Reaction 7 hydrates fumarate to form malate. Finally, Reaction 8 dehydrates malate to regenerate oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
Fatty acid oxidation---Sir Khalid (Biochem)
Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle and NADH/FADH2 for ATP production. Fatty acids are first activated to acyl-CoA derivatives and transported across the mitochondrial membranes. They are then broken down in a cyclic process where two-carbon units are cleaved as acetyl-CoA with each turn, generating NADH/FADH2 until the fatty acid is fully oxidized. Unsaturated and odd-chain fatty acids require additional enzymatic steps for full beta-oxidation.
Lipid Metabolism: Catabolism
Breakdown of Lipids and the resulting glycerol and fatty acids (Saturated, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated) via alpha, beta and omega oxidation
Oxidation of fatty acids
This document summarizes the process of fatty acid oxidation. It occurs in three stages: 1) beta-oxidation in the mitochondria breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units, producing NADH and FADH2. 2) The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle. 3) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl-CoAs before beta-oxidation. Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids undergo this process with additional enzyme steps for unsaturated fatty acids. Beta-oxidation removes two carbons as acetyl-CoA in four enzyme
VITAMIN K
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. K1 is found in plants, K2 is produced by intestinal bacteria, and K3 is synthetic. All three forms are required for blood clotting as they allow the carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors in the liver. This carboxylation enables the factors to bind calcium and participate in the clotting cascade. In addition to its role in coagulation, vitamin K is also needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin, a protein involved in bone mineralization. Deficiencies can result from poor intake, antibiotic use, or conditions affecting bile production needed for absorption of K1 and K2
Vitamin k
Vitamin K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins that includes phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinones (vitamin K2), and menadione. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health. It is found in green vegetables and synthesized by gut bacteria. Newborns are at risk for vitamin K deficiency due to sterile intestines and low levels in breastmilk, so they are given a prophylactic vitamin K shot.
Krebs cycle
The TCA cycle is an 8-step catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It was discovered in 1937 by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide, producing reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 that generate ATP. The cycle is amphibolic, producing important biological compounds like glutamate and heme while also being regulated by oxygen, ATP, and acetyl-CoA levels to adjust metabolic pathways as needed.
Citric acid cycle
This document summarizes the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It outlines the key steps in the cycle, including the enzymes involved in each reaction. These steps ultimately generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as acetyl-CoA is oxidized, yielding carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. In total, the oxidation of one acetyl-CoA molecule in the TCA cycle produces 10 ATP molecules. The TCA cycle is also regulated and provides intermediates for other biosynthetic processes.
Citric acid cycle
The document summarizes the key steps in the citric acid cycle. It begins by explaining how pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, providing the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It then outlines the six steps of the citric acid cycle, including the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, and the subsequent oxidation and decarboxylation reactions that generate NADH and FADH2 and regenerate oxaloacetate to restart the cycle.
AP Bio Ch 8 PowerPoint
1. The document discusses glucose metabolism, which has two main stages - glycolysis and cellular respiration.
2. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
3. Cellular respiration completes the breakdown of pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water, producing much more ATP through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria.
Vitamin k (Lippincott Biochemistry Illustrated Reviews World Wide Web)
K for Koagulation
Natural: 1) in plants as phylloquinone (or vitamin K1)
2) in intestinal bacterial flora as menaquinone (or vitamin K2)
Synthetic: Menadione
functions of Vit K
The principal role of vitamin K is in the posttranslational modification of various blood clotting factors
Carboxylation of certain glutamic acid residues present in these proteins
Vitamink, b1, b2, b3
The document discusses vitamin K and its sources, functions, and deficiency. It notes that vitamin K exists in three forms: phylloquinone from green leafy vegetables, menaquinone from intestinal bacteria, and synthetic menadione. Vitamin K's main functions are as a coenzyme for blood clotting factor synthesis in the liver and for osteocalcin synthesis in bone formation. Deficiency can result from malabsorption, antibiotics, or lack of intestinal bacteria in newborns. Deficiency symptoms include bleeding and hemorrhage.
Vitamin K .
Vitamin K exists in three forms - vitamin K1, K2, and K3. It functions as a coenzyme in the liver to enable the carboxylation of blood clotting factors and proteins involved in bone mineralization. A daily recommended intake of 70-140 μg is needed to support blood coagulation and bone health, with deficiency leading to increased bleeding risks.
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (krebs cycle)
The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which has 8 steps that involve enzymatic reactions to oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and generate carbon dioxide, GTP, NADH, FADH2, and hydrogen ions. Key steps include the formation of citrate by citrate synthase, hydration and dehydration reactions, and oxidative decarboxylation. Control and regulation points in the cycle involve the rate-limiting enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Metabolisme Vitamin K 150207083423-conversion-gate01
Materi kiuliah tentang metabolisme Vitamin K.
Perhatian: Slide ini mengandung GAMBAR MAKHLUK BERNYAWA yang hanya untuk keperluan ILMU PENGETAHUAN saja.
Dimohon membaca hadits tentang menggambar makhluk bernyawa dibawah ini:
*If you do not understand please translate the Hadith below in English
من صوَّرَ صورةً في الدُّنيا كلِّفَ يومَ القيامةِ أن ينفخَ فيها الرُّوحَ ، وليسَ بنافخٍ
“barangsiapa yang di dunia pernah menggambar gambar (bernyawa), ia akan dituntut untuk meniupkan ruh pada gambar tersebut di hari kiamat, dan ia tidak akan bisa melakukannya” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
كلُّ مُصوِّرٍ في النَّارِ ، يُجْعَلُ له بكلِّ صورةٍ صوَّرها نفسٌ فتُعذِّبُه في جهنَّمَ
“semua tukang gambar (makhluk bernyawa) di neraka, setiap gambar yang ia buat akan diberikan jiwa dan akan mengadzabnya di neraka Jahannam” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
English:
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.
Hadith:
Sahih Al Bukhari Chapter 89:
Narrated Muslim:
We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'"
Krebs cycle lec 5 6 audio 1
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate to carbon dioxide, generating reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) that donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The TCA cycle consists of 8 steps where citrate synthase catalyzes the first reaction combining acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate, and malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the last step regenerating oxaloacetate. One turn of the TCA cycle generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP via
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Kr ebs cycle and anaerobic respiration
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) is the second step in cellular respiration after glycolysis. During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is broken down, producing carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP. For each glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle occurs twice, producing a total of 6 carbon dioxide molecules, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2 to be used in the electron transport chain to power aerobic respiration. The Krebs cycle is critical for producing electron carriers that generate most of the ATP from cellular respiration.
Vitamin d
This document discusses vitamin D, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. It covers their roles in calcium regulation and bone health. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is synthesized in the skin from cholesterol or ingested from plants and animals. It is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to its active form calcitriol, which increases calcium absorption from the intestine and bone resorption. Parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption. Calcitonin has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting calcium deposition in bone. Together these elements work to maintain adequate calcium levels in the blood
Presentation (1)
This document summarizes microbial metabolism pathways, including glycolysis, the glyoxylate cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It describes the key steps in each pathway, such as the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in glycolysis and the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to release energy through citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle. It also notes that the glyoxylate cycle is a variation of the TCA cycle that allows certain microbes to use acetate or fatty
Quinine - Constitution
The document discusses the structure elucidation of quinine through analysis of its properties and reactions. Quinine was found to contain a quinoline nucleus joined at position 4 to a quinolizidine ring at position 8, with a methoxy group at position 6 and a secondary alcohol group joining the two rings. This structure was determined based on analysis of oxidation and other reaction products of quinine like quininic acid and meroquinene.
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Ppt citric cycle
The document summarizes part 2 of the citric acid cycle. Reaction 5 involves the hydrolysis of succinyl CoA to form succinate and GTP. GTP is then used to phosphorylate GDP to form ATP. Reaction 6 is the dehydration of succinate to form fumarate, reducing FAD to FADH2. Reaction 7 hydrates fumarate to form malate. Finally, Reaction 8 dehydrates malate to regenerate oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
Fatty acid oxidation---Sir Khalid (Biochem)
Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle and NADH/FADH2 for ATP production. Fatty acids are first activated to acyl-CoA derivatives and transported across the mitochondrial membranes. They are then broken down in a cyclic process where two-carbon units are cleaved as acetyl-CoA with each turn, generating NADH/FADH2 until the fatty acid is fully oxidized. Unsaturated and odd-chain fatty acids require additional enzymatic steps for full beta-oxidation.
Lipid Metabolism: Catabolism
Breakdown of Lipids and the resulting glycerol and fatty acids (Saturated, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated) via alpha, beta and omega oxidation
Oxidation of fatty acids
This document summarizes the process of fatty acid oxidation. It occurs in three stages: 1) beta-oxidation in the mitochondria breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units, producing NADH and FADH2. 2) The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle. 3) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl-CoAs before beta-oxidation. Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids undergo this process with additional enzyme steps for unsaturated fatty acids. Beta-oxidation removes two carbons as acetyl-CoA in four enzyme
VITAMIN K
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. K1 is found in plants, K2 is produced by intestinal bacteria, and K3 is synthetic. All three forms are required for blood clotting as they allow the carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors in the liver. This carboxylation enables the factors to bind calcium and participate in the clotting cascade. In addition to its role in coagulation, vitamin K is also needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin, a protein involved in bone mineralization. Deficiencies can result from poor intake, antibiotic use, or conditions affecting bile production needed for absorption of K1 and K2
Vitamin k
Vitamin K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins that includes phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinones (vitamin K2), and menadione. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health. It is found in green vegetables and synthesized by gut bacteria. Newborns are at risk for vitamin K deficiency due to sterile intestines and low levels in breastmilk, so they are given a prophylactic vitamin K shot.
Krebs cycle
The TCA cycle is an 8-step catabolic process that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It was discovered in 1937 by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to carbon dioxide, producing reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 that generate ATP. The cycle is amphibolic, producing important biological compounds like glutamate and heme while also being regulated by oxygen, ATP, and acetyl-CoA levels to adjust metabolic pathways as needed.
Citric acid cycle
This document summarizes the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle. It outlines the key steps in the cycle, including the enzymes involved in each reaction. These steps ultimately generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as acetyl-CoA is oxidized, yielding carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. In total, the oxidation of one acetyl-CoA molecule in the TCA cycle produces 10 ATP molecules. The TCA cycle is also regulated and provides intermediates for other biosynthetic processes.
Citric acid cycle
The document summarizes the key steps in the citric acid cycle. It begins by explaining how pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, providing the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It then outlines the six steps of the citric acid cycle, including the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, and the subsequent oxidation and decarboxylation reactions that generate NADH and FADH2 and regenerate oxaloacetate to restart the cycle.
AP Bio Ch 8 PowerPoint
1. The document discusses glucose metabolism, which has two main stages - glycolysis and cellular respiration.
2. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
3. Cellular respiration completes the breakdown of pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water, producing much more ATP through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria.
Vitamin k (Lippincott Biochemistry Illustrated Reviews World Wide Web)
K for Koagulation
Natural: 1) in plants as phylloquinone (or vitamin K1)
2) in intestinal bacterial flora as menaquinone (or vitamin K2)
Synthetic: Menadione
functions of Vit K
The principal role of vitamin K is in the posttranslational modification of various blood clotting factors
Carboxylation of certain glutamic acid residues present in these proteins
Vitamink, b1, b2, b3
The document discusses vitamin K and its sources, functions, and deficiency. It notes that vitamin K exists in three forms: phylloquinone from green leafy vegetables, menaquinone from intestinal bacteria, and synthetic menadione. Vitamin K's main functions are as a coenzyme for blood clotting factor synthesis in the liver and for osteocalcin synthesis in bone formation. Deficiency can result from malabsorption, antibiotics, or lack of intestinal bacteria in newborns. Deficiency symptoms include bleeding and hemorrhage.
Vitamin K .
Vitamin K exists in three forms - vitamin K1, K2, and K3. It functions as a coenzyme in the liver to enable the carboxylation of blood clotting factors and proteins involved in bone mineralization. A daily recommended intake of 70-140 μg is needed to support blood coagulation and bone health, with deficiency leading to increased bleeding risks.
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (krebs cycle)
The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which has 8 steps that involve enzymatic reactions to oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and generate carbon dioxide, GTP, NADH, FADH2, and hydrogen ions. Key steps include the formation of citrate by citrate synthase, hydration and dehydration reactions, and oxidative decarboxylation. Control and regulation points in the cycle involve the rate-limiting enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Metabolisme Vitamin K 150207083423-conversion-gate01
Materi kiuliah tentang metabolisme Vitamin K.
Perhatian: Slide ini mengandung GAMBAR MAKHLUK BERNYAWA yang hanya untuk keperluan ILMU PENGETAHUAN saja.
Dimohon membaca hadits tentang menggambar makhluk bernyawa dibawah ini:
*If you do not understand please translate the Hadith below in English
من صوَّرَ صورةً في الدُّنيا كلِّفَ يومَ القيامةِ أن ينفخَ فيها الرُّوحَ ، وليسَ بنافخٍ
“barangsiapa yang di dunia pernah menggambar gambar (bernyawa), ia akan dituntut untuk meniupkan ruh pada gambar tersebut di hari kiamat, dan ia tidak akan bisa melakukannya” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
كلُّ مُصوِّرٍ في النَّارِ ، يُجْعَلُ له بكلِّ صورةٍ صوَّرها نفسٌ فتُعذِّبُه في جهنَّمَ
“semua tukang gambar (makhluk bernyawa) di neraka, setiap gambar yang ia buat akan diberikan jiwa dan akan mengadzabnya di neraka Jahannam” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
English:
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.
Hadith:
Sahih Al Bukhari Chapter 89:
Narrated Muslim:
We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'"
Krebs cycle lec 5 6 audio 1
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate to carbon dioxide, generating reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) that donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The TCA cycle consists of 8 steps where citrate synthase catalyzes the first reaction combining acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate, and malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the last step regenerating oxaloacetate. One turn of the TCA cycle generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP via
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Kr ebs cycle and anaerobic respiration
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) is the second step in cellular respiration after glycolysis. During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondria and is broken down, producing carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP. For each glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle occurs twice, producing a total of 6 carbon dioxide molecules, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2 to be used in the electron transport chain to power aerobic respiration. The Krebs cycle is critical for producing electron carriers that generate most of the ATP from cellular respiration.
Vitamin d
This document discusses vitamin D, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. It covers their roles in calcium regulation and bone health. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is synthesized in the skin from cholesterol or ingested from plants and animals. It is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to its active form calcitriol, which increases calcium absorption from the intestine and bone resorption. Parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption. Calcitonin has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting calcium deposition in bone. Together these elements work to maintain adequate calcium levels in the blood
Presentation (1)
This document summarizes microbial metabolism pathways, including glycolysis, the glyoxylate cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It describes the key steps in each pathway, such as the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in glycolysis and the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to release energy through citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle. It also notes that the glyoxylate cycle is a variation of the TCA cycle that allows certain microbes to use acetate or fatty
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Vitamin k (Lippincott Biochemistry Illustrated Reviews World Wide Web)
Vitamin k (Lippincott Biochemistry Illustrated Reviews World Wide Web)
Metabolisme Vitamin K 150207083423-conversion-gate01
Metabolisme Vitamin K 150207083423-conversion-gate01
Similar to Vitamin K Dr TS
Quinine - Constitution
The document discusses the structure elucidation of quinine through analysis of its properties and reactions. Quinine was found to contain a quinoline nucleus joined at position 4 to a quinolizidine ring at position 8, with a methoxy group at position 6 and a secondary alcohol group joining the two rings. This structure was determined based on analysis of oxidation and other reaction products of quinine like quininic acid and meroquinene.
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This document discusses various coenzyme and cofactors that are required for enzyme reactions in the body. It provides examples of coenzymes such as thiamine pyrophosphate, tetrahydrofolate, coenzyme A, biotin, lipoic acid, retinaldehyde, vitamin K, tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. For each coenzyme, it summarizes the vitamin precursor, the enzyme reactions they are involved in such as oxidative decarboxylation, transfer of carbonyl groups, and redox reactions. It also briefly discusses the key functions of some vitamins like vitamin C in collagen synthesis and as an antioxidant.
Lecture#4-Quinine.pptx
Quinine is an alkaloid extracted from cinchona bark that is used as an antimalarial drug. It contains a quinoline nucleus bonded at position 4 to a quinuclidine ring at position 8. A methoxy group is present at position 6 of the quinoline ring. The molecular structure of quinine was determined through analysis of its oxidation and reaction products, including quininic acid and meroquinene. Quininic acid contains a carboxylic acid at position 4 of the quinoline ring, confirming the location of the methoxy group at position 6. Meroquinene contains an ethyl vinyl side chain and a secondary amine group. The location of the secondary
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Michael Addition reaction is included in the syllabus of Advance Organic Chemistry M pharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) 1st semester
Lipid Metabolism_In_Biochemistry
Lipid Metabolism_In_Biochemistry.
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VITAMIN K
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. It is required for blood clotting by facilitating the carboxylation of clotting factors in the liver. Vitamin K deficiency can result in bleeding issues like hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. While vitamin K supports blood clotting, drugs like warfarin are used as oral anticoagulants by inhibiting the action of vitamin K.
Role of vit b12
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt. It is involved in two critical reactions in the body: the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA, and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Vitamin B12 must be bound to intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed in the ileum, then transported to tissues bound to transcobalamin. Deficiencies can result from failures in transport or metabolism, leading to megaloblastic anemia or neurological damage.
Vitamin k MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it is required for the production of proteins involved in coagulation like prothrombin. There are two forms - K1 derived from plants and K2 produced by intestinal bacteria. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for the gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in clotting factors to enable their biological activity in clot formation. A deficiency can result in bleeding issues as it decreases the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX and X.
Coagulants and anticoagulants
This document discusses coagulants and anticoagulants used in medicinal chemistry. It provides background on blood coagulation pathways and factors. Coagulants discussed include vitamin K, fibrinogen, antihaemophilic factor, desmopressin, and others. Vitamin K is important for the synthesis of clotting factors and its deficiency can cause bleeding. Anticoagulants lower blood coagulability and include heparins, low molecular weight heparins, danaparoid, lepirudin, ancrod, and oral coumarin derivatives like warfarin.
Digestion and metabolism of lipids.pptx
The pancreatic enzymes digest dietary lipids by breaking down triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids. Pancreatic lipase cleaves fatty acids from triacylglycerols to produce monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol esterase cleaves cholesteryl esters and phospholipases hydrolyze phospholipids. The fatty acids are absorbed with bile salts. Fatty acids in the body undergo beta-oxidation, where they are sequentially broken down into two-carbon fragments of acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria. Beta-oxidation involves activation of fatty acids to acyl-CoA, transport into the mitochondria, and four cycles
Michael addition reaction
The document discusses the Michael addition reaction, which involves the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It provides the definition, mechanism, examples including the synthesis of warfarin, and applications such as asymmetric Michael reactions. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the carbonyl compound by a base to form an enolate ion, which adds to the Michael acceptor to form a new carbon-carbon bond via 1,4-addition.
Terpenoids
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
Lipid metabolism
Lipid metabolism involves the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol through lipolysis. Fatty acids then undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to produce acetyl-CoA molecules, which enter the citric acid cycle. This process occurs through four steps: activation, transport into the mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and three steps of beta-oxidation involving dehydrogenation, hydration, and thiolytic cleavage. Beta-oxidation of a fatty acid like palmitate produces 8 acetyl-CoA molecules, yielding 129 ATP through the electron transport chain in total. This allows fats to be an important source of energy through lipid catabolism.
Lipid metabolism
Lipid metabolism involves the breakdown of fats into acetyl-CoA to produce energy. This process is called beta-oxidation and occurs in the mitochondria. Beta-oxidation involves activating fatty acids with CoA in the cytosol, transporting them into the mitochondrial matrix using carnitine shuttle, and undergoing four steps of beta-oxidation to shorten the fatty acid by two carbons each cycle. This produces acetyl-CoA and FADH2/NADH which feed into the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Repeated cycles of beta-oxidation fully break down fatty acids like palmitate into acetyl-CoA to generate large amounts of ATP through the citric acid cycle
Oxidation of fatty acids
This document summarizes the oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in tissues and are released into the blood by the intestines, liver, and adipose tissue. They are transported bound to lipoproteins or albumin. Fatty acids are taken up by cells and activated by binding to CoA before being oxidized in the mitochondria or peroxisomes. The major pathway of fatty acid oxidation is beta-oxidation, which occurs through four reactions in the mitochondrial matrix and removes two carbon units in acetyl-CoA per cycle. This process continues until an acetyl-CoA remains. Beta-oxidation generates substantial ATP. Defects can occur in any step of this process
Biological role of vitamin MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin A has roles in normal reproduction, the visual cycle, glycoprotein synthesis, mitochondrial membrane function, and as an antioxidant. Vitamin D promotes calcium and phosphate absorption and regulates calcium levels. It also promotes bone mineralization, growth, and dental health. Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant that protects cell membranes and is involved in reproduction, muscle integrity, and heme synthesis. Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting factor synthesis and carboxylation. Vitamin C acts as a reducing agent and cofactor for hydroxylases involved in collagen synthesis, carnitine formation, and adrenal function. It also aids iron absorption and tetrahydrofolate formation.
Vitamin k --sims 2020
This document discusses vitamin K and its functions. It notes that vitamin K includes vitamin K1, K2, and K3. Vitamin K1 is found in plants, K2 is produced by bacteria, and K3 is synthetic. Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting by acting as a cofactor for carboxylation of clotting factors in the liver. It is also involved in calcium binding and bone mineralization through carboxylation of proteins in bone. A deficiency in vitamin K can cause bleeding disorders and osteoporosis.
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Michael Addition reaction M Pharm Pharmaceutical chemistry.pptx
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Vitamin K Dr TS
- 1. Vitamin K
- 2. Vitamin K • Vitamin K is the only fat soluble vitamin with a specific coenzyme function • It is required for the production of blood clotting factors, essential for coagulation (in German – Koagulation; hence called as vitamin K) Chemistry: • Vitamin K exists in different forms • Vitamin - K1 (phylloquinone) • Vitamin - K2 (menaquinone) • Vitamin - K3 (menadione)
- 3. Structure • All the three vitamins ( K1, K2, K3 ) are naphthoquinone derivatives
- 4. vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 are both 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives, they have similar metabolic pathways during reactions. Overall, vitamin K contains a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain. Vitamin K1 has a phytyl side chain attached to the homolog while vitamin K2 are composed of menaquinones that are made up of varying numbers of isoprenoid residues. Vitamin K1, also known as, phylloquinone, is synthesized by green plants. Vitamin K2 can be classified into several menaquinone forms, vitamin K2 can be synthesized in the large intestine by bacteria. This synthesis pathway, however, is commonly carried out in germ-free rats, and is proven to be gut bacteria-independent.
- 5. Mol. Formula C31H46O2 Presence of quinone group Vitamin K is a lemon yellow oil which on catalytic hydrogenation takes 4 moles of hydrogen to yield a colorless octahydro derivative. Later, that oxidised in air and gives yellow hexahydro compund again. Presence of 1,4-napthaquinone group The UV spectra of the Vitamin K1 exhibit adsorption maxima at 243, 249, 260 and 210 nm, which reveals presence of napthaquinone group. Oxidation Vitamin K1 oxidised with chromic acid, it yield phatalic acid (major) and 2-methyl 1,4-naphthaquinone-3-acetic acid (minor). This indicates Vitamin K1 has 1,4 naphthaquninone skeleton in which position 2 is substituted by a methyl group and another substituent is present 3.
- 6. Presence of double bond inside chain If 1,4-naphthaquinone is reduced under the same conditions as Vitamin K1, it takes up three moles of hydrogen. Therefore , the addition of a fourth molecule of hydrogen to Vitamin K1 suggests the presence of an ethynylic double bond in a side chain.
- 7. Synthesis of Vitamin K1 Continue --