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This document summarizes microbial metabolism pathways, including glycolysis, the glyoxylate cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It describes the key steps in each pathway, such as the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in glycolysis and the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to release energy through citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle. It also notes that the glyoxylate cycle is a variation of the TCA cycle that allows certain microbes to use acetate or fatty
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AP Bio Ch 8 PowerPoint
1. The document discusses glucose metabolism, which has two main stages - glycolysis and cellular respiration.
2. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
3. Cellular respiration completes the breakdown of pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water, producing much more ATP through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose degradation that produces energy in the form of ATP. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, with the release of energy that is used to form two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in ten steps involving several enzymes and is the first metabolic pathway discovered, with the work of Louis Pasteur and others establishing its key reactions. The pathway allows for energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis and krebs cycle
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are two key metabolic pathways. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a 10 step process in the cytoplasm, producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle then uses pyruvate and acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria to further oxidize carbon molecules and produce more ATP and NADH through 8 steps, extracting energy from acetyl groups and fully oxidizing them to carbon dioxide. These pathways are essential for cellular respiration and the production of energy in the form of ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first major step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The 10 steps involve phosphorylation of glucose, isomerization, splitting of sugars, formation of ATP and NADH, and final production of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate. Glycolysis functions to break down glucose into energy molecules ATP and NADH that can be used by cells, and produces pyruvate that can enter the citric acid cycle during aerobic respiration.
glycolysis and kreb cycle
This document summarizes cellular respiration, which is the process by which glucose and oxygen are used to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main phases: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces no net ATP but generates 2 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules. The electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, cellular respiration is about 40% efficient and yields approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
13 Biochemistry _ Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to extract energy. It occurs in 10 steps and involves 2 phases. In the first phase, energy is invested to phosphorylate and cleave glucose. In the second phase, the products are further broken down with a net generation of ATP. Glycolysis converts one glucose into two pyruvate molecules, produces 2 NADH, uses 2 ATP and generates a net of 2 ATP per glucose. This pathway is regulated by controlling the activity of three key enzymes: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
Glycolysis (10 Steps) By: Asar Khan
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy. It involves 10 steps that ultimately produce 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Glucose is phosphorylated and undergoes isomerization and phosphorylation reactions. It is then split into two 3-carbon molecules which are oxidized to form NADH. Phosphorylation reactions use the energy of oxidation to form ATP. In anaerobic conditions, glycolysis yields 2 net ATP per glucose. In aerobic conditions, the NADH produced can generate up to 6 additional ATP through the electron transport chain.
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AP Bio Ch 8 PowerPoint
1. The document discusses glucose metabolism, which has two main stages - glycolysis and cellular respiration.
2. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
3. Cellular respiration completes the breakdown of pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water, producing much more ATP through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose degradation that produces energy in the form of ATP. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, with the release of energy that is used to form two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in ten steps involving several enzymes and is the first metabolic pathway discovered, with the work of Louis Pasteur and others establishing its key reactions. The pathway allows for energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis and krebs cycle
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are two key metabolic pathways. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a 10 step process in the cytoplasm, producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle then uses pyruvate and acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria to further oxidize carbon molecules and produce more ATP and NADH through 8 steps, extracting energy from acetyl groups and fully oxidizing them to carbon dioxide. These pathways are essential for cellular respiration and the production of energy in the form of ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first major step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The 10 steps involve phosphorylation of glucose, isomerization, splitting of sugars, formation of ATP and NADH, and final production of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate. Glycolysis functions to break down glucose into energy molecules ATP and NADH that can be used by cells, and produces pyruvate that can enter the citric acid cycle during aerobic respiration.
glycolysis and kreb cycle
This document summarizes cellular respiration, which is the process by which glucose and oxygen are used to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main phases: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces no net ATP but generates 2 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules. The electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, cellular respiration is about 40% efficient and yields approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
13 Biochemistry _ Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to extract energy. It occurs in 10 steps and involves 2 phases. In the first phase, energy is invested to phosphorylate and cleave glucose. In the second phase, the products are further broken down with a net generation of ATP. Glycolysis converts one glucose into two pyruvate molecules, produces 2 NADH, uses 2 ATP and generates a net of 2 ATP per glucose. This pathway is regulated by controlling the activity of three key enzymes: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
Glycolysis (10 Steps) By: Asar Khan
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy. It involves 10 steps that ultimately produce 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Glucose is phosphorylated and undergoes isomerization and phosphorylation reactions. It is then split into two 3-carbon molecules which are oxidized to form NADH. Phosphorylation reactions use the energy of oxidation to form ATP. In anaerobic conditions, glycolysis yields 2 net ATP per glucose. In aerobic conditions, the NADH produced can generate up to 6 additional ATP through the electron transport chain.
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Fermentation
Alcoholic and lactid acid fermentation.
INTRODUCTION
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is metabolic process of converting carbohydrate into acid or alcohol.
Mainly occur under anaerobic conditions.
Mainly occur naturally in bacteria and fungi.
There will be no net change in the C:H ratio of reactants and products.
Two main types:
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (ETHANOL FEEMENTATION).
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS
CATABOLIC FATES OF PYRUVATE FORMED IN GLYCOLYSIS
Three possible fates.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted to cellular energy and metabolic lactate.
Condition:Hypoxic-that is when cell do not receive enough oxygen to perform krebs cycle and ETC.
Location : Cytoplasm
Occur in lactic acid bacteria,very active skeletal muscle cells under low anaerobic conditions and in some tissues and cell types (even under aerobic conditions) such as erythrocytes which have no mitochondria and thus cannot oxidise pyruvate to carbon-di-oxide.
STEPS IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Regeneration of NAD+ and continuation of glycolysis
ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) FERMENTATION.
Yeast and some other micro-organisms ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon-di-oxide.
Location:Cytoplasm.
Overall equation:
STEPS:
MECHANISM OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
SOME FERMENTED PRODUCTS
BY LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Sour dough.
Yogurt(fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus in milk)
Pickle.
BY ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Most breads.
Alcoholic beverages.
Krebs cycle
The document summarizes cellular respiration, which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA through a series of reactions, producing electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers will be used in the final stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, to power ATP synthesis.
glycolisis: fate of pyruvate
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This is a three step process where pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide and forms a hydroxyethyl group, which is then oxidized to an acetyl group and transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Under anaerobic conditions, there are two types of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to either lactic acid via lactate fermentation or ethanol via alcohol fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
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The document summarizes cellular glycolytic pathways and energy production in cells. It discusses four stages: 1) glycolysis and fermentation, which produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule; 2) pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria, which produces more NADH; 3) the Krebs cycle, which fully breaks down glucose and produces NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP; 4) electron transport and chemiosmosis, where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce approximately 32 ATP per pair of NADH/FADH2 molecules. In total, the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule typically yields about 36 ATP.
Krebs Cycle
The document describes the Krebs cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. The cycle involves several steps, including the formation of citric acid, dehydration, decarboxylation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation, that ultimately produce carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP which are used to generate energy for cells.
Kreb's cycle (1)
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that produces energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The cycle is made up of eight successive steps that begin with the addition of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate to form citrate and end with the regeneration of oxaloacetate. The cycle generates high-energy electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that fuel oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
08 Lecture Animation Ppt
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Ch03 cont.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown of glucose to generate energy through various pathways depending on the organism and environmental conditions. There are two main types of respiration: anaerobic respiration which includes glycolysis and fermentation, and aerobic respiration which includes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Gluconeogenesis is the process of generating new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors and occurs in the liver and kidneys. Glycogen is an energy storage molecule that is broken down to glucose through glycogenolysis or synthesized from glucose through glycogenesis, and its metabolism is regulated by insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine to maintain blood glucose levels.
Cellular respiration (glycolysis, TCA and ETC)
This document discusses cellular respiration and the processes involved in breaking down glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP. It covers the key steps of glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle), which occurs in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. The document outlines the learning objectives, provides an overview of cellular respiration, and describes in detail each step in breaking down glucose, including the generation of NADH and FADH2 to carry energy to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
Krebs cycle TCA Cycle
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces one GTP or ATP, three NADH molecules, and one FADH2 molecule which will be used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.
The citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of molecules like amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Most of these molecules enter the cycle as acetyl-CoA. The cycle was discovered in 1937 by Hans Krebs and involves 8 steps where acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate and regenerate oxaloacetate. The cycle harvests energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and provides precursors for biosynthesis. Key enzymes in the cycle are regulated by factors like the levels of NADH and ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that converts glucose to pyruvate, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH. It occurs in two phases, with the first generating G3P from glucose and the second producing pyruvate, ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is essential for energy production in certain cells and tissues. Hexokinase catalyzes the first committed step, directing glucose into glycolysis. Phosphofructokinase is another committed step and major control point, regulated by energy status. Glycolysis ultimately generates a net two ATP per glucose through substrate-level phosphorylation reactions.
TCA CYCLE and ETC
The TCA cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937. He received the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1953. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is key to cellular respiration. Acetyl-CoA from glycolysis and other metabolic pathways feeds into the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP. These carry energy to the electron transport chain to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. The TCA cycle is regulated by feedback inhibition based on energy charge within the cell.
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
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This document provides information on metabolic pathways and glycolysis. It discusses how metabolism involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up metabolic pathways, converting precursors into products. Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy while anabolic pathways use this energy to build complex molecules. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen conditions, being oxidized to acetyl-CoA aerobically or reduced to lactate or ethanol anaerobically.Tricarboxylic acid cycle (krebs cycle)
The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which has 8 steps that involve enzymatic reactions to oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and generate carbon dioxide, GTP, NADH, FADH2, and hydrogen ions. Key steps include the formation of citrate by citrate synthase, hydration and dehydration reactions, and oxidative decarboxylation. Control and regulation points in the cycle involve the rate-limiting enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Glucoronic acid
Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid similar in structure to glucose but with its sixth carbon oxidized. It plays an important role in detoxification by conjugating with toxins and other compounds to make them more water soluble and able to be eliminated from the body. UDP-glucuronic acid is the active form that catalyzes this conjugation reaction via the enzyme UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the liver and other organs. Glucuronidation allows for transport and elimination of substances like hormones, drugs, and bilirubin. The resulting glucuronide conjugates are often less toxic and more water soluble, aiding their removal in urine or bile.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Glycolysis
The document discusses glycolysis, which is the first stage of respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and involves splitting a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It has two stages - phosphorylation and oxidation. In phosphorylation, glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose phosphate, which then splits to form two triose phosphates. In oxidation, the triose phosphates are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules while collecting hydrogen ions to form NADH, and producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BY BISWANATH PRUSTY
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions. Normally carbohydrate metabolism supplies more than half of the energy requirements of the body. In fact the brain largely depends upon carbohydrate
Carbohydrate metabolism comprises glycolysis, HMP shunt, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, TCA cycle, with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency disorder.
Chapter 7 - Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP. It takes place in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP, while the electron transport chain produces the majority of ATP through chemiosmosis. Aerobic cellular respiration is the most efficient pathway for producing ATP.
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Alcoholic and lactid acid fermentation.
INTRODUCTION
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is metabolic process of converting carbohydrate into acid or alcohol.
Mainly occur under anaerobic conditions.
Mainly occur naturally in bacteria and fungi.
There will be no net change in the C:H ratio of reactants and products.
Two main types:
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (ETHANOL FEEMENTATION).
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS
CATABOLIC FATES OF PYRUVATE FORMED IN GLYCOLYSIS
Three possible fates.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted to cellular energy and metabolic lactate.
Condition:Hypoxic-that is when cell do not receive enough oxygen to perform krebs cycle and ETC.
Location : Cytoplasm
Occur in lactic acid bacteria,very active skeletal muscle cells under low anaerobic conditions and in some tissues and cell types (even under aerobic conditions) such as erythrocytes which have no mitochondria and thus cannot oxidise pyruvate to carbon-di-oxide.
STEPS IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Regeneration of NAD+ and continuation of glycolysis
ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) FERMENTATION.
Yeast and some other micro-organisms ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon-di-oxide.
Location:Cytoplasm.
Overall equation:
STEPS:
MECHANISM OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
SOME FERMENTED PRODUCTS
BY LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Sour dough.
Yogurt(fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus in milk)
Pickle.
BY ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Most breads.
Alcoholic beverages.
Krebs cycle
The document summarizes cellular respiration, which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA through a series of reactions, producing electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers will be used in the final stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, to power ATP synthesis.
glycolisis: fate of pyruvate
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This is a three step process where pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide and forms a hydroxyethyl group, which is then oxidized to an acetyl group and transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA. Under anaerobic conditions, there are two types of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to either lactic acid via lactate fermentation or ethanol via alcohol fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
A Classroom Lecture on Cell Metabolism. By: Dr. Ozair Chaudhry
The document summarizes cellular glycolytic pathways and energy production in cells. It discusses four stages: 1) glycolysis and fermentation, which produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule; 2) pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria, which produces more NADH; 3) the Krebs cycle, which fully breaks down glucose and produces NADH, FADH2, and 1 ATP; 4) electron transport and chemiosmosis, where electrons are transferred to create a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce approximately 32 ATP per pair of NADH/FADH2 molecules. In total, the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule typically yields about 36 ATP.
Krebs Cycle
The document describes the Krebs cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. The cycle involves several steps, including the formation of citric acid, dehydration, decarboxylation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation, that ultimately produce carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP which are used to generate energy for cells.
Kreb's cycle (1)
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that produces energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The cycle is made up of eight successive steps that begin with the addition of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate to form citrate and end with the regeneration of oxaloacetate. The cycle generates high-energy electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that fuel oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
08 Lecture Animation Ppt
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It discusses the four main phases: glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The preparatory reaction converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and transports it into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA and generates NADH and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Ch03 cont.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown of glucose to generate energy through various pathways depending on the organism and environmental conditions. There are two main types of respiration: anaerobic respiration which includes glycolysis and fermentation, and aerobic respiration which includes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Gluconeogenesis is the process of generating new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors and occurs in the liver and kidneys. Glycogen is an energy storage molecule that is broken down to glucose through glycogenolysis or synthesized from glucose through glycogenesis, and its metabolism is regulated by insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine to maintain blood glucose levels.
Cellular respiration (glycolysis, TCA and ETC)
This document discusses cellular respiration and the processes involved in breaking down glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP. It covers the key steps of glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle), which occurs in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. The document outlines the learning objectives, provides an overview of cellular respiration, and describes in detail each step in breaking down glucose, including the generation of NADH and FADH2 to carry energy to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
Krebs cycle TCA Cycle
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces one GTP or ATP, three NADH molecules, and one FADH2 molecule which will be used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.
The citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of molecules like amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Most of these molecules enter the cycle as acetyl-CoA. The cycle was discovered in 1937 by Hans Krebs and involves 8 steps where acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate and regenerate oxaloacetate. The cycle harvests energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and provides precursors for biosynthesis. Key enzymes in the cycle are regulated by factors like the levels of NADH and ATP.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that converts glucose to pyruvate, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH. It occurs in two phases, with the first generating G3P from glucose and the second producing pyruvate, ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is essential for energy production in certain cells and tissues. Hexokinase catalyzes the first committed step, directing glucose into glycolysis. Phosphofructokinase is another committed step and major control point, regulated by energy status. Glycolysis ultimately generates a net two ATP per glucose through substrate-level phosphorylation reactions.
TCA CYCLE and ETC
The TCA cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937. He received the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1953. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is key to cellular respiration. Acetyl-CoA from glycolysis and other metabolic pathways feeds into the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP. These carry energy to the electron transport chain to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. The TCA cycle is regulated by feedback inhibition based on energy charge within the cell.
Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
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This document provides information on metabolic pathways and glycolysis. It discusses how metabolism involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up metabolic pathways, converting precursors into products. Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy while anabolic pathways use this energy to build complex molecules. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen conditions, being oxidized to acetyl-CoA aerobically or reduced to lactate or ethanol anaerobically.Tricarboxylic acid cycle (krebs cycle)
The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which has 8 steps that involve enzymatic reactions to oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and generate carbon dioxide, GTP, NADH, FADH2, and hydrogen ions. Key steps include the formation of citrate by citrate synthase, hydration and dehydration reactions, and oxidative decarboxylation. Control and regulation points in the cycle involve the rate-limiting enzymes citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Glucoronic acid
Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid similar in structure to glucose but with its sixth carbon oxidized. It plays an important role in detoxification by conjugating with toxins and other compounds to make them more water soluble and able to be eliminated from the body. UDP-glucuronic acid is the active form that catalyzes this conjugation reaction via the enzyme UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the liver and other organs. Glucuronidation allows for transport and elimination of substances like hormones, drugs, and bilirubin. The resulting glucuronide conjugates are often less toxic and more water soluble, aiding their removal in urine or bile.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Glycolysis
The document discusses glycolysis, which is the first stage of respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and involves splitting a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It has two stages - phosphorylation and oxidation. In phosphorylation, glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose phosphate, which then splits to form two triose phosphates. In oxidation, the triose phosphates are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules while collecting hydrogen ions to form NADH, and producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
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Similar to Presentation (1)
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BY BISWANATH PRUSTY
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions. Normally carbohydrate metabolism supplies more than half of the energy requirements of the body. In fact the brain largely depends upon carbohydrate
Carbohydrate metabolism comprises glycolysis, HMP shunt, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, TCA cycle, with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency disorder.
Chapter 7 - Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP. It takes place in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP, while the electron transport chain produces the majority of ATP through chemiosmosis. Aerobic cellular respiration is the most efficient pathway for producing ATP.
Cellular respiration
Organisms use cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules like glucose. There are two main types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, and anaerobic respiration which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to produce much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration involves fermentation and produces either ethanol or lactic acid instead of fully oxidizing glucose.
Respiration
Respiration is the process by which glucose is oxidized to produce energy. It occurs via three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and generates more ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP. Respiration is essential for producing the energy currency ATP that cells need to carry out life functions.
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NET ATP PRODUCTION.
Lec 6 level 3-de (carbohydrate metabolism i)
The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, specifically glucose metabolism and the pathways involved in glucose oxidation and storage. It covers the following key points:
1) Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are the two major pathways for glucose oxidation and energy production. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and citric acid cycle in the mitochondria.
2) Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of energy. Pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle or be converted to lactate.
3) The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl groups from pyruvate, producing more energy through the electron transport chain.
main glyco and kreb.pptx
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It involves 10 steps where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules with the production of 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and hydrogen ions. The pyruvate can then enter the mitochondria and be further oxidized through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle where it is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, producing 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP per acetyl-CoA. Through glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and the citric acid cycle, the complete aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule
Metabolism
Definition, types, Carbohydrate- Kreb's cycle, Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Protein- Urea cycle, Lipids- Beta-oxidation, Abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrate, lipids, Protein diseases.
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in animals.pptx
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are two opposing metabolic pathways involved in glucose metabolism. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, generating a small amount of ATP. Gluconeogenesis requires energy in the form of ATP to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and some amino acids in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Both pathways have important functions in energy production and maintaining intermediate metabolite levels, though they differ in their directionality, location in the cell, and energy requirements.
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Biology Cell Respiration Oxidative Phosphorylation Lactic Acid Formation Fermentation Types of Fermentation How to make Lactic Acid
Glycolysis in Plants
The document provides information about plant respiration and glycolysis. It discusses that respiration is the process by which organic substances like carbohydrates are broken down, releasing carbon dioxide and water. There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and occurs in plant and animal cells, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Glycolysis is described as the first step of aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules with production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. The 10 steps of glycolysis are summarized, including investment of ATP in the preparatory phase and production of ATP in the payoff phase.
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with definitions of nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. For each pathway, it outlines the key reactions and clinical aspects. It also discusses the roles of hormones in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and diseases related to defects in glycogen storage and metabolism. In summary, the document comprehensively reviews carbohydrate nutrition and the major catabolic and anabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the human body.
TCA & glyoxylate cycle
The TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle are key metabolic pathways. The TCA cycle occurs in mitochondria and involves a series of reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, producing carbon dioxide, GTP, and NADH. The glyoxylate cycle is similar but allows microbes to use simple carbon sources by bypassing decarboxylation steps and converting acetyl-CoA into carbohydrates like glucose instead of oxidizing it fully. Both cycles share five enzymes but differ in that the glyoxylate cycle converts isocitrate into glyoxylate and succinate via isocitrate lyase instead of into α-ketoglutarate.
BIOCHEMISTRY bright sakaika.pptx
1. Metabolism involves the breakdown and synthesis of molecules, including catabolism which breaks down molecules to release energy and anabolism which uses energy to synthesize molecules.
2. Glycolysis is a series of 10 steps where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing energy in the form of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
3. Through a series of phosphorylation, isomerization, and oxidation reactions, one glucose molecule yields two pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH during glycolysis, for a total of 7 ATP produced.
Glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
intro of glycolysis there cycle and step - function-significance-defination-glucogenesis cycle-significance of gluconeogenesis-function of gluconeogenesis-conclusion
carbohydrate metabolism pyruvate decarboxylation.pptx
Pyruvate decarboxylation is a key process that links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration. It occurs in the mitochondria and is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This process involves the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA while reducing NAD+ to NADH. Disorders in this process can impair energy metabolism and cause neurological problems.
Metabolism
Metabolism includes all chemical processes within cells related to building up and breaking down molecules and functional operations. Energy metabolism deals with overall energy production, while anabolism involves forming larger molecules and catabolism breaking down larger molecules. Carbohydrate metabolism centers around glucose and related molecules. Glycolysis and the fate of pyruvate are described. Glycolysis generates ATP and NADH. Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from non-carbohydrates like lactate and pyruvate in the liver. Glycogen is synthesized from glucose for storage. Protein metabolism involves amino acid breakdown and synthesis, as well as protein biosynthesis and degradation. Lipid metabolism describes fatty acid types and oxidation through beta-oxidation within
7148017-Carbohydrate-Metabolism.ppt
This document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose is then either stored or undergoes further metabolism. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are described in detail as the main pathways for glucose oxidation to produce energy. Glycolysis yields a small amount of ATP while the Krebs cycle yields substantially more. Regulation of these pathways ensures glucose is metabolized according to energy demands. Minor pathways like the hexose monophosphate pathway are also summarized.
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with an introduction to nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, and others. For each pathway, it provides details on the reactions, enzymes involved, energy production, and some clinical aspects. It also discusses the role of hormones in carbohydrate metabolism and dental aspects. The document concludes with a summary and references section.
Cellular respiration part 1
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in both plants and animals and takes place in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, where more ATP is produced. Without oxygen, fermentation occurs instead to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
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Presentation (1)
- 3. BIOTECHNOLGY
- 5. MICROBIAL METABOLISM All biochemical reactions in microbes to generate energy.
- 6. GLYCOLYSIS:-
- 7. GLYCOSIS:- • The sequential breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid. • C6H12O6 + 2NAD + 2ADP +2Pi → 2 CH3COCOOH +2NADH2 + 2ATP • Two NADP and two ATP are the net gain of energy.
- 8. SITE OF GLYCOLYSIS:- Cytosol of cytoplasm TYPES OF GLYCOLYSIS:- Aerobic glycolysis Glucose fermentation→ Intermediate (pyruvate) respiration (O2) → CO2 +H2O Anaerobic glycolysis Glucose fermentation→ fermentation product (lactic acid /Ethyl alcohol)
- 9. STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS:- 11 enzymes with 11 steps. Partitioned into two main steps.
- 10. ❖ Step # 1: Synthesis of glucose 6 phosphate:-
- 11. ❖ Step # 2 : Isomerization to Fructose-6- phosphate:-
- 12. ❖ Step # 3+4 :formation of fructose 1,6- bisphosphate:-
- 13. Step # 5: Interconversion of triose phosphate:-
- 14. ❖ Step #6 : Phosphorylation of G3P To BGP:-
- 15. ❖ Step # 7: Formation of 3-phosphoglycerate:-
- 16. ❖ Step # 8: Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate:-
- 17. ❖ Step # 9 : Formation of phospho-enol pyruvate:-
- 18. ❖ Step # 10: Pyruvate formation:-
- 19. GLYCOLYSIS CYCLE :- Main steps PREPARATORY PHASE:- Glucose activation phase with 1,2,3,4,5 steps of glycolysis where ATP is utilized. PAYOFF PHASE:- Energy extraction phase with the formation of coupled ATP including last four steps of glycolysis.
- 21. PAY OFF PHASE:-
- 23. GLYOXALATE CYCLE:- Variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in plants, bacteria, protists and fungi.
- 24. REACTION IN GLY-OXYSOMES:- I. Acetyl-CoA:-
- 25. STEPS OF GLYOXALATE CYCLE:- REACTION IN GLYOXYSOMES. REACTION IN ITROCHONDRIA. REACTION IN CYTOSOL.
- 30. VI. Malic acid:-
- 31. REACTION IN MITROCHONDRIA:- VII. Succinic acid:-
- 33. REACTION IN CYTOSOL IX. PHOSPHOENOL PYRUVIC ACID:- It moves into cytosol. By reverse glycolysis, fructose and glucose phosphates are formed. X. Sucrose:- Finally, sucrose is formed.
- 34. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TCA AND GLOXALATE CYLE:- TCA CYCLE •Isocitrate is converted into glyoxylate and succinate by alpha ketoglutarate. •It uses eight enzymes GYLOXALTAE CYLCLE •Isocitrate is converted into glyoxylate and succinate by ICL. •It uses five enzymes.
- 35. Significance of glyoxylate pathway : i. It is gluconeogenesis reaction. ii. Bypass of TCA cycle. iii. In nematodes, on early stage of emryogenesis. iv. In bacteria, cultured in acetate rich carbon source
- 36. TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE (TCA)
- 37. TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE (TCA):- A series of enzyme catalyzed reaction used by all aerobic organism to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl Co-A.
- 38. Microbial TCA cycle:- In prokaryotes, TCA cycle takes place in cytosol I.e; biomembrane rather than inner mambrane as it lackls mitrochondria.
- 39. DISCOVERY:- INITIATION • Discovered in 1930 by Albert Szent Gyorgyi. FINAL IDENTIFICATION:- • finally identified in 1937 by Hans Adolf Krebs and William Arthur Johnson. EVOLUTION:- Evolved from anaerobic bacteria. Initiator is acetyl-CoA.
- 40. STEPS OF CITRIC ACID OR TCA CYCLE:- • Irreversible, extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule. • Reversible isomerization. • Generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP). • Rate-limiting, irreversible stage, generates a 5C molecul.e • Irreversible stage, generates NADH. • Condensation reaction of GDP+ Pi and hydrolysis of Succinyl-CoA. • Uses FAD as a prosthetic group (FAD→FADH2 in the first step of the reaction). • Hydration of C-C double bond. • Reversible (in fact, equilibrium favors malate), generates NADH.
- 41. • Citrate synthase • Aldol condensation Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA + H2O • Aconitase • Dehydration Citrate + CoA-SH
- 42. • Aconitase • Hydration cis-Aconitate + H2O • Isocitrate dehydrogenase • Oxidation Isocitrate+ NAD+
- 43. • Isocitrate dehydrogenase • Decarboxylation Oxalo- succinate+ NADH + H + • α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase • Oxidative decarboxylation α-Ketoglutarate+ NAD+ + CoA-SH
- 44. • Succinyl-CoA synthetase • substrate-level phosphorylation Succinyl-CoA+ GDP + Pi • Succinate dehydrogenase • Oxidation Succinate + ubiquinone( Q)
- 45. • Fumarase • Hydration Fumarate +H2O • Malate dehydrogenase • Oxidation L- Malate + NAD+