A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
Visit us on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/iraqi.Dental.Academy
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
Visit us on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/iraqi.Dental.Academy
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Introduction
Vital pulp therapy is the treatment initiated on an exposed pulp to
repair and maintain the pulp vitality.
- Grossman
Pulpal exposure by mechanical or bacterial means leading to
direct communication between pulp and external environment.
Conservation of tooth in a healthy state.
Preservation of arch space.
Enhances esthetics and function.
Prevents peri radicular infection and its sequalae.
4. Indirect pulp capping
Definition:
“a procedure wherein small amounts of
carious dentin is retained in deep areas of
cavity to avoid exposure of pulp, followed
by placement of suitable medicament and
restorative material that seals off the
carious dentin and encourages pulp
recovery”
-Ingle
5. Objectives of indirect pulp
capping: (Eidelman-1965)
Arresting the carious process
Promoting dentin sclerosis
Stimulating the formation of tertiary dentin
Remineralisation of carious dentin.
A successful vital pulp treatment requires,
1. a good sealant against bacteria,
2. no severe inflammatory reactions,
3. and stable haemodynamic within the pulp.
- R. Vij, J. A. Coll, P. Shelton, and N. S. Farooq, “Caries control
and other variables associated with success of primary molar
vital pulp therapy,” Pediatric Dentistry, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 214–
220, 2004.
8. Indication contraindication
Mild pain while eating Spontaneous pain
Deep carious lesion with no
pulpal involvement
Pulpo periapical invlovement
Normal periodontium, gingiva
and no mobility
Mobility ,abscess/ fistula .
9. Procedure
Single appointment
procedure
Two appointment
procedure
Under LA and rubber dam
Removal of infected
dentin
Site is covered with
Ca(OH)2
Remainder cavity is filled
with suitable restorative
material
2nd appointment is given after
6-8 weeks of placement of
Ca(OH)2
Re entry of the cavity
Removal of caries if
needed
Placement of Ca(OH)2
Restoration of the
cavity
10. Indirect pulp capping agent
Titanium
dioxide in
glycol
salicylateCa(OH)2 and
ZnO in ethyl
toluene
sulfonamide
Method of application
Blunt probe Mixing pad
11. Sequalae of IPC
1. cellular fibrillar dentin – first 2 months
2. globular dentin- 3 months
3. tubular dentin- after 3 months (0.1 mm)
Step wise excavation technique
-Re entry of the cavity is done at various intervals
-After Superficial carious lesion is excavated, suitable interim
restoration is done depends on treatment interval (ranges between
6-8 months)
Bjorndal L et al., Indirect pulp therapy and step wise excavation. J
Endod.2008
12. Pulp response to high fluoride releasing glass
ionomer, silver diamine fluoride, and calcium
hydroxide used for indirect pulp treatment: An in-
vivo comparative study- Logani A et al.,JCCD (2015).
13.
14. Direct pulp capping
“Placement of medicament
or non medicated material on
a pulp that has been exposed in
course of excavating the last
portions of deep dentinal caries
or as a result of trauma.”-Kopel (1992)
“Procedure in which the exposed vital pulp is covered
with a protective dressing or base placed directly over
the site of exposure in an attempt to preserve pulpal
vitality.”- Grossman.
15. Creation of new dentin in the area of the
exposure and subsequent healing of the pulp
16. Indications
-Small mechanical exposure
-True pin point exposure
-Exposure with bright red hemorrhage
-Asymptomatic vital
primary/permanent tooth
contraindications
-Spontaneous pain
-Tooth mobility
-Uncontrollable bleeding
at exposure site
-External/internal
resorption
17. Technique
Rubber dam isolation
Cavity should be irrigated with saline, chloramine T, or distilled water
Arresting of hemorrhage with sterile cotton pellets in light pressure
Passive placement of pulp capping agent
Temporary restoration
Final restoration of evaluating the success of DPC clinically/
radiologically.
18. Histological changes after DPC
24 hrs
• Necrotic zone adjacent to Ca(OH)2 is separated from healthy
pulp tissue
7 days
• Increase in cellular and fibroblastic activity
14 days
• Disappearance of necrotic zone
• Formation of partly calcified fibrous tissue
28 days
• Zone of new dentin
-GLASS &ZANDER (1949)
19. Histological evaluation of hard tissue formation after direct pulp capping with
a fast-setting mineral trioxide aggregate (RetroMTA) in humans-
Till Dammaschke et al.,JCOI (2019).
20. Limitations of direct pulp capping in
primary tooth
Internal resorption
High cellular content
Faster inflammatory response
Poor localisation of infection.
21. Materials used for direct
pulp capping
Calcium hydroxide
Corticosteroids and antibiotics:
neomycin and hydrocortisone ( Brosch,1966)
ledermix ( Ca(OH)2 and prednisolone).
penicillin/ vancomycin with Ca(OH)2.
Inert materials:
isobutyl cyanoacrylate
tricalcium phosphate ceramic
Collagen fibres
4- META adhesives
22. Direct bonding
Denatured albumin ( Berkman, 1971)
MTA
Bone Morphogenic Protein
Laser
(laser assisted direct pulp capping has 89% success rate ,1998)
23. Pulpotomy
“Amputation of the affected or infected coronal
portion of the dental pulp, preserving the vitality &
function of all or part of the remaining radicular
pulp”- AAPD-1998.
VITAL NON- VITAL
•Devitalisation
•preservation
•regeneration
•Mortal pulpotomy
24. Objectives:
1. removal of inflammed/ infected coronal pulp
2. preserving the vitality of the pulp
3. Maintain the integrity of tge arch
Indications contraindicatons
Mechanical pulp exposure in
primary teeth
Persistent tooth ache
No sinus / fistula Presence of furcal/periapical
infection
Presence of atleast 2/3rd root External /internal
resorption/physiological
resorption of more than 1/3rd of
root
Controllable Hemorrhage from
the exposure site
Uncontrollable sluggish
hemorrhage
No peri radicular pathology Mobilty of tooth
25. Criteria for case selection
Teeth with deep carious lesion
Restorable tooth
No signs of periapical lesion, abscess,
fistula
No internal/ external resorption
Hemorrhage should be arrested within 5
minutes from the amputated pulp stumps.
- Heilig J et al.,(1984) & Waterhouse et al., (2000).
26. Formocresol pulpotomy/ single stage
pulpotomy
Introduced by Buckley (1904).
Sweet(1930)- multivisit pulpotomy
Doyle(1962)- two sitting procedure
Spedding(1965)- 5 minutes protocol
Venham(1967)- 15 seconds procedure
-Current concept used 4 minutes application time.
27. Mechanism of action: it prevents tissue
autolysis by bonding to the proteins.
Composition:
Cresol- 35%
Glycerol- 15%
Formaldehyde- 19%
Water- 31%
28. Procedure
LA and isolation with rubber dam
Removal of all caries and roof of pulp
chamber
Sharp spoon excavator to scoop out
coronal pulp
Application of formocresol for 4
minutes with cotton pellet
Temporary restoration and replacement
of permanent restoration after 1 week
29. Histological changes after
formocresol pulpotomy
immediate
• Pulp become fibrous and acidophilic
7-14 days
• Broad eosinophilic zone of fixation
• Pale staining zone of atrophy with poor cellular definition
• Broad zone of inflammation extending into vital pulp apically
1 yr
• Progressive apical movement of these zones.
• Only acidophilic zone left after 1 year
30. Comparative evaluation of formocresol and mineral trioxide
aggregate as pulpotomy agents in deciduous teeth-
Daya srinivasan et al., IJDR (2011).
31. Concerns about formocresol
Toxicity:
Lewis(1981)- cytotoxic, mutagenic and
carcinogenic in animals.
“over 3000 pulpotomies must be done in
an individual to reach the toxic level of
formocresol”.- Ranly.
Systemic distribution:
formocresol was found in PDL, bone,
dentine, and urine- Myers (1978).
Antigenocity:
immunogenicity is found with
fromocresol- Thoden valzen (1977).
32. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity:
formaldehyde denatures nucleic acids
Formation of methylol compounds
Genetic biosynthesis blockade
(interaction with DNA & RNA)
- Nongentini,1980.
“formaldehyde is not a potent human carcinogen under conditions of low
exposure”
- Milnes et al., persuasive evidence that formocresol use in
pediatric dentistry is safe. J Can Den Assoc.2006
33. Modified formocresol
pulpotomy
Trask (1972)
Used in tooth that have to be retained for a
short period of time only
Technique is identical to primary tooth only
but formocresol, soaked cotton pellet was
kept inside the permanent tooth.
34. Two visit devitalisation
pulpotomy
Fixation of entire coronal and radicular
pulp tissue by paraformaldehyde in two
visits.
Indications:
1. sluggish bleeding at the ampuatation
site that is difficult to control.
2.pus in the chamber but none at the
amputation site
Contraindications:
1. tooth with necrotic pulp.
2. non restorable tooth.
35. Materials used for 2 visit
pulpotomy
Gysi trio paste Easlicks paraformaldehyde
paste
Paraform devitalising
paste
tricresol paraformaldehyde paraformaldehyde
cresol Procaine base lignocaine
ZOE Powdered asbestos Propylene glycol
glycerin Petroleum jelly carbowax
paraformaldehyde Carmine to color
36. Procedure
LA & isolation
Caries removal &
enlarge the cavity
with round bur
Paraformaldehyde
paste placement and
tempotary restoration
Removal of
the old cotton
pellet
Pulpal
remnants are
removed
restoration
1st visit 2nd visit
After 1-2 weeks
- Nikhil Marwah, 4th edition
37. Gluteraldehyde pulpotomy
Kopel-1979
Mechanism:
-rapid surface fixation of pulpal tissue.
-blends into vital normal apical tissue.
-fixed tissue is replaced by dense collagenous
tissue with time.
- 2% gluteraldehyde is applied for 1-3 minutes
over the ampuated pulp. (garcia & godoy ,1986)
38. Adavntages over formocresol…
1.superior fixation by protein cross linkage.
2. excellent antimicrobial.
3. less necrosis of pulp
4. doesn’t perfuse through apex.
5. less mutagenicity and antigenicity.
39. Ferric sulphate pulpotomy
Method of application is similar to formocresol
pulpomy.
15.5% concentration of solution is applied for
15 seconds.
Mechanism: agglutination of blood proteins
results from the reaction of blood with both
ferric and sulphate ions.
-agglutinated proteins form plugs to
occlude capillary orifice.
Minimises the chance of internal resorption.
“Controlled clinical studies have been critically
reviewed, and mineral trioxide aggregate and ferric
sulfate have been considered appropriate alternatives
to formocresol for pulpotomies in primary teeth with
40. Laser pulpotomy
Ebimara-1985 used Nd-YAG laser in
pulpotomy at 20Hz.
Coronal pulp is removed with spoon
excavator
Laser is applied at pulp stumps for not
more than 2-3 minutes
restoration
Diode laser
810 nm
3W power
Non contact
mode
Continuous
wave
41.
42. “Postoperative assessment of diode laser zinc oxide eugenol and
mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy procedures in children: A
comparative clinical study”- Pratima I et al., JISPPD (2018).
43. Cvek pulpotomy
Partial pulpotomy/ calcium hydroxide
pulpotomy
Mejare & cvek-1978
Indicated in young permanent tooth
where the radicular pulp is judged vital
by clinical/ radiological criteria and
root formation is incomplete.
According to American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) guidelines,
partial pulpotomy for traumatic
exposures is a procedure, in which the
inflamed pulp tissue beneath an
exposure is removed to a depth of 1-3
mm or more to reach the deeper
healthy tissue.
44. All carious tooth structure is removed
Part of coronal pulp is removed
Ca(OH)2 is applied
Temporary
restoration
Asymptomatic during recall
Permanent restoration
45. Non vital pulpotomy
Mortal pulpotomy
Non vital tooth should be treated with pulpectomy,
but sometimes it is impracticable due to non
negotiable root canals. Mortal pulpotomy is done in
such patients.
Beechwood cresol is used in this procedure.
If the tooth is asymptomatic after 1-2 weeks ,
definite restoration is given.
50. Apexogenesis
It is defined as “the treatment
of a vital pulp by capping or
pulpotomy in order to permit
continued growth of the root and
closure of the open apex”.
Rationale:
maintanence of integrity of the
radicular pulp tissue to allow for
continued growth.
51. Procedure
LA & isolation
Removal of carious tooth structure
Removal of coronal pulp and control
of hemorrhage
Ca(OH)2 is placed over the pulp
stumps
Periodic follow up to check the root
development