This document discusses various tests used to measure visual acuity in children of different ages. It provides details on 12 different tests, including the E-cutout test used for children ages 2-5, the Sheridan-Gardiner HOTV test for ages 2-5, the Kay picture test for ages 3-6, the broken wheel test for ages 3-6, and the Landolt C test which can be used with children ages 5 and up once they are able to identify letters. It emphasizes that early detection of vision problems in children is important for prevention and treatment of conditions like amblyopia.
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.
Keratometer is an ophthalmic instruments and has a very important role in optometry field specially for IOL power calculation, Contact lens fitting, to rule out corneal pathology and its progression ie Keratoconus, PMCD.
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.
Keratometer is an ophthalmic instruments and has a very important role in optometry field specially for IOL power calculation, Contact lens fitting, to rule out corneal pathology and its progression ie Keratoconus, PMCD.
Zaznavni Procesi 2, Predavanje na Oddelku za psihologijo, Univerza v Mariboru
Perception and sensation, Lecture 2 at the Department of Psychology, The University of Maribor
Visual Schedules and Other Supports in an Early Childhood Special Education C...ConsiderateClassroom
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The Impact of a Vision Impairment on sensory, motor, communication and congit...Aimee Peterken
This powerpoint has been created as part of my Postgraduate Diploma in Specialist Teaching. It summarises my research into the impact of vision impairment on children's sensory, motor, communication and cognitive development.
Talks about the historical and theoretical perspectives of Viktor Lowenfeld and other researchers, as well as the informal survey taken on people of all ages regarding their artistic levels and developmental stages in art.
visual acuity is very important for us . its the spatial resolving capacity of the visual system . visual perception (sensation) from stimulation of the retina by light and its of four type .
1- light sense
2- form sense
3- sense of contrast
4- colour sense
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Mandarin immersion teachers have a big job, especially in the early grades. Building strong vocabulary and understanding of language while ensuring content knowledge mastery can seem daunting. How do you engage students in rigorous Mandarin literacy development? How do you maximize production in your classroom? Teachers from VIF International Education’s Splash Mandarin immersion programs in North Carolina will share the literacy model used for daily word study and guided reading and writing, as well as their strategies for maximizing simultaneous participation. Through practice of hands-on literacy activities used in these classrooms participants will take away literacy games and strategies to use immediately with their students. Participants will learn how to use a curriculum map and fun, daily literacy rotations for strong academic vocabulary and reading development.
Speaker
Jim Chiang teaches in the Splash Mandarin Immersion Program at New Century International Elementary School (NCIES), a Title I, public school in Fayetteville, North Carolina.
Vicky Kim is a HUGE advocate for innovative, inclusive and effective learning, which is why she loves dual language immersion education. As a Director at VIF International Education, a North Carolina based organization, Vicky has worked closely with districts, schools, teachers and parents to implement and develop over 50 Splash dual language programs. Before joining VIF, Vicky taught K-8 ESL and developed family literacy programs for dual language communities.
Pei-Ying Wu is a doctoral student of Early Childhood, Special Education, and Literacy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Master’s Degree in Teaching, Learning, and Curriculum from the University of Pennsylvania and had years of cross-national and cross-age teaching experiences. She is currently writing her dissertation on cultural models of teaching in contexts of heightened globalization. Over the last two years, Pei-Ying has worked closely with Mandarin Immersion Program teachers in North Carolina public schools to provide instructional support.
Test of distance vision, near vision visual field bs edNusrat Zerin
Presentation on Test of distance vision, near vision and visual field for Bachelor of Special Education (BSEd), Education for visually impaired course, Bangladesh Institute of Special Education
Bangladesh
Developmental assessment of child 1 5 yearBeenish Iqbal
Skills such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, and waving “bye bye” are called developmental milestones. Children reach milestones in how they play, learn, speak, act, and move (crawling, walking, etc.)
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. Resolving power of the eye or the
ability to see two separate objects
as separate.
4. defined as the smallest target of known size at
known testing distance correctly verbally
identified by a child.
5. Visual disorders leading cause for childhood
disabilities
Amblyopia;most common cause for
monocular vision loss
Impact on reading skills & educational
development
Early detection means PREVENTION & better
TREATMENT
6. Infants (Birth – 14 months)
Toddlers (14 months – 21/2 years)
Preschoolers (21/2 years – 5 years)
School going children (5 years – 15 years)
7. Very soon after birth - Can fix and follow a light source, face or
large, colorful toy.
1 months - Fixation is central, steady and maintained, can follow a
slow target, and converge, preference of looking at face.
3 months - binocular vision and eye cordination, eyes follow a moving
light or face, responsive smile.
6 months - Reaches out accurately for toys.
9 months – look for hidden toys.
2 years - Picture matching
3 years - Letter matching of single letters (e.g., Sheridan Gardiner)
5 years - Snellen chart by matching or naming
8. Use of the Landolt C format.
Use of single, isolated optotypes, rather than a full line or
chart.
A two-alternative force choice or matching response.
Avoidance of the need for a verbal response or a
directional response.
A short test distance such as 3 meters, rather than
traditional 6 meters distance.
9. Marble game test
Sheridan’s ball test
Worth’s ivory ball test
10. Dot visual acuity test
Coin test
Miniature toy test
11. Illiterate E- cutout test
Tumbling E-test
Isolated hand figure test
Sheridan-Gardiner HOTV test
Kay picture test
Broken wheel test
Light home picture cards
12.
13. It is used with children about 2 ½ -5 years of age
The child is given a cut out of an E & asked to match this
E with isolated Es with varying sizes.
The first trial is not always successful.
The mother may be instructed to teach E-game at home
When the children starts understanding the orientation of
E, a visual acuity chart consisting of Es oriented in various
directions may be used.
14. When the children starts understanding the orientation of
E, a visual acuity chart consisting of Es oriented in various
directions may be used.
15. It consists of letter ‘E’
It has different sizes of E in one of the four
position( Right, left, upward & downward)
The test is done at a distance of 6 meter.
The child is given wooden or plastic letter E and is
asked to point the direction of E as instructed by
the examiner .
Or the patient is directly told to point the finger in
the direction up down ,left, right as shown in the
main chart .
It is similar to E- cutout test.
16.
17. Sjogren has replace
the E with the isolated
figure of a hand & in
some children it works
better than Es.
18. It is used for the age group
of 2-5yrs .
It is done at 6 meter and if
child can’t read 6/60 we can
do it at 3 meter .
The chart is available in the
form of spiral booklet .
The main chart consists of
letters HOTV of different
size .
19. These letters are arranged may be in circular
form to give proper orientation so that child
can identify them properly .
The child is given a key card and is asked to
match with the letter as shown in the main card.
The four letter ‘HOTV’ are only used as they
are considered as standard letters for measuring
visual acuity .
20. More over it is found that these letters are
more child friendly .
21. It is done at a distance of 10 to 20 foot
distance .
The main chart consist of pictures of eating
items or toys .
The child is given a key card and is asked to
match with the pictures as shown in the main
chart by the examiner .
22. It is done at a distance of 3meter.
The chart is available in simple as well as spiral booklet
form .
The main card consist of 5 symbols with one symbols in
centre and the rest 4 are located in circular form around
the central symbol .
These arrangement is done in particular to develop both
crowding and confusing phenomenon for the child
difficulty .
23.
24. The examiner shows normally centre symbol but at the
same time he can ask for other symbols too.
The patient is given a key card to point out the symbol .
These symbols are fixed and are kept a standard like
apple ,house ,circle ,square etc ..
25. The size of pictures goes on
decreasing from 3/9.5 to 3/2.4
and there are four cards for each
size .
26. The size of pictures goes on decreasing
from 3/9.5 to 3/2.4 and there are four
cards for each size .
27. It is used for children of 2-3 yrs .
The test is done at distance of 6 meter .
It is based on snellen principle .
The chart is in the form of spiral booklets .
Each page has a single picture .
The size goes on decreasing from 6/60 to 6/6 with each
size having 3 cards.
Again the patient is given a key card and is asked to
match with the picture as shown in the main chart .
28.
29. It is usually used for age group of 3 to 6 yrs who cannot
recognize letters .
The chart consist of broken circles with each broken ring
subtending an angle of 5 min at nodal point .
The chart is shown to the patient at a distance of 6meter
.
30.
31. The patient has to identify the part from where the ring is
broken by pointing the direction up ,down ,left,right by
finger .
Landolt ‘c’-chart based on log MAR principle are also
available .
They consist of 5 rings per line and the size goes on
decreasing as we move a head .
32. Consist of 8 pair of test cards
20/20, 20/25, 20/30, 20/40, 20/60, 20/80, 20/100,
20/120.
Each card has a black line drawing of a car on a
white background.
1 with solid wheels,other with broken wheels.
Done from 3m distance
33.
34. 2 cards are held before the child
He simply identify which one is broken wheel
If the child can distinguish which car has the broken wheels,it
indicates that he can resolve the gap size of the landolt C for
the particular card
If acuity is less than 20/120,steps are repeated at 1.5m distance
Visual acuity is recorded as the last set of cards at which the
child correctly respond.
35. A chart containing an
apple, a house and an
umbrella, arranged in
Snellen’s equivalents of
20/200-20/10 is used, and
The child is asked to
identify the pictures
along the lines.
The test is carried out at 10 ft
12 cards are available, size of each card is
4×5 inch
36. •Here 6 pictures have been
used --Horse, Bird, Cake,
Hand Car and Telephone
•Card size : 4 × 4 inch with
white background
•distance of 3 meter .
37. The child is first shown cards at close range with both
eyes open and is asked to name each picture .
Then one eye of patient is occluded
Then the child is asked to call off the names of the
pictures he sees
Similar process is done with other eye & both eye open
OD,OS,OU recorded
If he incorrectly read 20/40line,acuity as
20/40-1or 20/30+3
38.
39. Black dots on white background
Touch a black dot
Test dist--25 cm
VA--20/800 to 20/20
PROCEDURE…….
Child is shown an illuminated box with black dots of
different sizes printed on it
The smallest dot identified denotes the visual acuity of the
child
40. The child is asked to identify the 2 faces of
coins of different sizes held at different
distances.
41. Procedure:
In this test the child are shown a miniature toy
from a distance of 10ft .
Asked to name or pick the pair from the
assortment.
42.
43. In children of 1-2 years of age reaching or
placing games can be used to estimate visual
function.
The game is the marble game.
This test is not intended to measure visual
acuity of each eye.
44. The child is asked to place marbles in the
holes of a card or in a box.
Compare the functioning of the childs eye
when one or the other is closed.
The vision of an eye is then noted as being
useful or less useful.
45. Mary Sheridan used a series of Styrofoam balls of
progressively smaller size.
Procedure
One record the smallest ball that the infant
can fixate and follow at a distance of 10ft.
Rolling the ball on a white or grey
background and asking the child to pick it
up.
46. Procedure
Ivory balls 0.5 to 2.5” in diameter are rolled on
the floor in front of the child and he is asked to
retrieve each.
Visual acuity is estimated on the basis of smallest
size for the
test distance.
47. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF OPTICS &
REFRACTION…A.K.KHURANA
CLINICAL PROCEDURE OF OPTOMETRY
CLINICAL VISUAL OPTICS ..REBETT & BENNET
INTERNET