ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORKS (WBAN) IAEME Publication
A Body Area Network is a system of computing devices located in close proximityto the human body which coordinates and cooperates for the benefit of the user. Body
Area Networks have evolved out of sensor network technology and biomedicalengineering. In this paper we discuss various aspects of Body Area Networks,introduction section deals with various concepts associated with computer networks
and some supporting technologies of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Section
2 deals with the various definitions of Body Area Networks(BANs) followed by the
types of BAN in section 3 and system architecture in section 4. Section 5 gives the
draft guidelines by IEEE 802.15.6 for a communicationsstandard for BAN, the next
two sections list out the applications and current researctrends of BAN followed bythe conclusion.
ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORKS (WBAN) IAEME Publication
A Body Area Network is a system of computing devices located in close proximityto the human body which coordinates and cooperates for the benefit of the user. Body
Area Networks have evolved out of sensor network technology and biomedicalengineering. In this paper we discuss various aspects of Body Area Networks,introduction section deals with various concepts associated with computer networks
and some supporting technologies of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). Section
2 deals with the various definitions of Body Area Networks(BANs) followed by the
types of BAN in section 3 and system architecture in section 4. Section 5 gives the
draft guidelines by IEEE 802.15.6 for a communicationsstandard for BAN, the next
two sections list out the applications and current researctrends of BAN followed bythe conclusion.
In this thesis the impact of digitisation on radiology is analysed based upon diverse initiatives and research projects that were conducted in the period between the early days and now. Various topics such as web-based sharing of radiological images, teleradiology, digital communication and advanced processing of medical data, are discussed. Based on these findings the author formulates his vision and advises about the future role of the radiologist.
In the dissertation The impact of information technology on radiology services the author describes the most important changes that took place in the field of information technology since the end of past century, and their impact on radiology.
A real revolution has been provoked in radiology by the complete digitisation of medical imaging and the deep integration of Internet in both society and healthcare. Digital archiving, processing and distribution of radiological images, as well as the development of various types of teleradiology, are an important part of this change.
Radiology is facing many new challenges and opportunities due to the on-going exchangeability, integration and automated analysis of medical data and images. Other major trends such as the increasing personalisation of medicine and growing engagement of patients in their healthcare process are also significantly influencing this turnaround in radiology.
In this paper, a novel cloud-based WBAN health management system is introduced to. This system can be used for people’s health information collection, record, storage and transmission, health status monitoring and assessment, health education, telemedicine, and remote health management. Therefore it can provide health management services on-demand timely, appropriately and without boundaries.
The Future of mHealth - Jay Srini - March 2011LifeWIRE Corp
Jay Srini's presentation of her take on the Future of mHealth, presented at the 3rd mHealth Networking Conference, March 30, 2011. Aside from being one of the preeminent thought leader in the area of innovation and mhealth, she holds a number of positions including Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and CIO for LifeWIRE Corp.
BANs are commonly regarded as an enabling technology for a variety of applications, including health and fitness monitoring, emergency response and device control. Recent breakthroughs in solid-state electronics afford for the creation of low-power, low-profile devices that can be modularly interconnected in order to create so-called sensor nodes comprised of one or more sensor devices, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and a radio transceiver that eliminates the need for wires to communicate with the coordinator node in order to transfer the collected data. In this survey, a review of the on-going research in WBANs in terms of system architecture, applications, how it different from Wireless Sensor Network and also describes the MAC protocols in WBAN.
In this thesis the impact of digitisation on radiology is analysed based upon diverse initiatives and research projects that were conducted in the period between the early days and now. Various topics such as web-based sharing of radiological images, teleradiology, digital communication and advanced processing of medical data, are discussed. Based on these findings the author formulates his vision and advises about the future role of the radiologist.
In the dissertation The impact of information technology on radiology services the author describes the most important changes that took place in the field of information technology since the end of past century, and their impact on radiology.
A real revolution has been provoked in radiology by the complete digitisation of medical imaging and the deep integration of Internet in both society and healthcare. Digital archiving, processing and distribution of radiological images, as well as the development of various types of teleradiology, are an important part of this change.
Radiology is facing many new challenges and opportunities due to the on-going exchangeability, integration and automated analysis of medical data and images. Other major trends such as the increasing personalisation of medicine and growing engagement of patients in their healthcare process are also significantly influencing this turnaround in radiology.
In this paper, a novel cloud-based WBAN health management system is introduced to. This system can be used for people’s health information collection, record, storage and transmission, health status monitoring and assessment, health education, telemedicine, and remote health management. Therefore it can provide health management services on-demand timely, appropriately and without boundaries.
The Future of mHealth - Jay Srini - March 2011LifeWIRE Corp
Jay Srini's presentation of her take on the Future of mHealth, presented at the 3rd mHealth Networking Conference, March 30, 2011. Aside from being one of the preeminent thought leader in the area of innovation and mhealth, she holds a number of positions including Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and CIO for LifeWIRE Corp.
BANs are commonly regarded as an enabling technology for a variety of applications, including health and fitness monitoring, emergency response and device control. Recent breakthroughs in solid-state electronics afford for the creation of low-power, low-profile devices that can be modularly interconnected in order to create so-called sensor nodes comprised of one or more sensor devices, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and a radio transceiver that eliminates the need for wires to communicate with the coordinator node in order to transfer the collected data. In this survey, a review of the on-going research in WBANs in terms of system architecture, applications, how it different from Wireless Sensor Network and also describes the MAC protocols in WBAN.
This research task develops a mobile healthcare analysis system (PHAS) which combines both easy ECG signal measurement and reliable analysis of heart rate variability for home care purpose. The PHAS is composed by a health care platform (HCP) and a data system analysis (DSA) module. The HCP consists of a self-developed two pole electrocardiography (ECG) measuring device and the DSA a data processing unit for detection and analysis of heart rate variability. For the DSA module, the adaptive R Peak detection algorithm is proposed to reliably detect the R peak of ECG for HRV analysis. A number of features are extracted from ECG signals. A data mining method is employed for HRV analysis to exploit the correlation between HRV and these features. Experiments are conducted by establishing a database of ECG signals measured from 29 subjects under rest and exercise condition. The results show the PHAS’s significant potential in mobile applications of personal daily health care.
A Infrared hyperspectral imaging technique for non-invasive cancer detection.IJERD Editor
Hyperspectral imaging(HI) is an emerging technology in the field of biomedical engineering which may be used as a non-invasive modality for cancer characterization. In this project, we propose to investigate hyperspectral imaging for the characterization of gastric cancer. The hyperspectral imaging has been used for the detection of various kinds of human cancer; breast, gastric, prostate and tongue. A research group has also investigated the use of reflectance imaging to detect canine cancer using fluorescent dyes. The use of hyperspectral imaging, however, has been limited for the characterization of cancer. In this project, we have already acquired many hyperspectral images of tumors. The malignant tissue has relatively low reflectance intensity compared to the benign tissue. The decreased reflectance intensity observed for malignant tumors is due to the increased microvasculature and therefore higher blood content of cancerous tissue relative to benign tissue. In the future, we will normalize and preprocess the spectral dataset. We propose to apply various algorithms such as Support Vector Machine, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Principal Component Analysis on the spectral data to discern the malignant and benign tumors. The advantage of cancer detection using hyperspectral imaging is that it is non-invasive, highly efficient and less time consuming than traditional methods like biopsy.
A study on “impact of artificial intelligence in covid19 diagnosis”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
A study on “Impact of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Diagnosis”, Presentation slides for International Conference on "Life Sciences: Acceptance of the New Normal", St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 27-28 August, 2021
The main purpose of crowd sensing systems is to extract information based on the crowd in environment. . This paper briefly explains each type of sensors that were widely used in real life situations. Each type of sensors is covered from basic understanding, tools, method of algorithm, their finding, way of conducting test, and results. Such as visual sensor, acoustic sensor, capacitive, infrared, radio-frequency identification and carbon dioxide gas sensors. The review focused on existing system used on human occupancy. The goal is to summarize the existing approach from various types, guides the creation of new systems and point toward future research directions. W. A. F. W. Othman | S. S. N. Alhady | A. A. A. Wahab | M. H. A. Ahmad "Crowd Sensing Systems: A Mini Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18619.pdf
Ecis final paper-june2017_two way architecture between iot sensors and cloud ...Oliver Neuland
Improving health care with IoT - Research into a weight monitoring bed - ECIS 2017 paper.
Resulting from smart furniture applications research project in Germany, Oliver Neuland and partners from AUT developed a smart bed concept which utilizes weight monitoring for AAL and elderly care. Initially strategies were applied to find meaningful use cases, later a prototype was developed. Here a paper presented during ECIS in Portugal which describes the architecture of the prototype.
Security in Medical Devices using Wireless Monitoring and Detection of AnomaliesIJMTST Journal
Implantable and medical devices (IMDs) have been advanced with the advancements in engineering and
medical science. IMDs are used for applying new therapies to patients, monitoring human body parameters
and making diagnosis as per the monitoring result. Increased use of IMDs has enhanced the chances of
attacks to them. Therefore, to make use of IMDs for various applications, they need to be secured. A system is
developed to achieve the security. The system monitors various human body parameters wirelessly and
detects anomaly if unauthorized node participates in communication. The system uses request response
protocol in wireless communication. Experiments show that body parameters can be successfully monitored
and signal characteristic can be used to detect anomaly.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
UBIQUITOUS HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEM USING INTEGRATED TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMET...ijujournal
Ubiquitous healthcare has become one of the prominent areas of research inorder to address the
challenges encountered in healthcare environment. In contribution to this area, this study developed a
system prototype that recommends diagonostic services based on physiological data collected in real time
from a distant patient. The prototype uses WBAN body sensors to be worn by the individual and an android
smart phone as a personal server. Physiological data is collected and uploaded to a Medical Health
Server (MHS) via GPRS/internet to be analysed. Our implemented prototype monitors the activity, location
and physiological data such as SpO2 and Heart Rate (HR) of the elderly and patients in rehabilitation. The
uploaded information can be accessed in real time by medical practitioners through a web application.
UBIQUITOUS HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEM USING INTEGRATED TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMET...ijujournal
Ubiquitous healthcare has become one of the prominent areas of research inorder to address the
challenges encountered in healthcare environment. In contribution to this area, this study developed a
system prototype that recommends diagonostic services based on physiological data collected in real time
from a distant patient. The prototype uses WBAN body sensors to be worn by the individual and an android
smart phone as a personal server. Physiological data is collected and uploaded to a Medical Health
Server (MHS) via GPRS/internet to be analysed. Our implemented prototype monitors the activity, location
and physiological data such as SpO2 and Heart Rate (HR) of the elderly and patients in rehabilitation. The
uploaded information can be accessed in real time by medical practitioners through a web application.
Low-cost central monitor based personal computer with electrocardiogram and h...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Heart rate signals and electrocardiograms are crucial indicators of a person’s health, particularly for individuals in intensive care units (ICU). The goal of this study is to wirelessly use a central monitoring system to continually and in real-time monitor the electrocardiogram signal and heart rate. The result of this research is that a wireless system can transmit continuous, distant, and real-time electrocardiogram and heart rate readings. Two transmitters and two receivers were used to send the signal in real-time. Lead II was used to capture the electrocardiogram (ECG) data, which was then processed by a microprocessor to determine the heart rate in beats per minute. The XBee Pro wireless was then used to transmit the data to the monitor in the form of an electrocardiogram and heart rate signal. The results of the XBee wireless performance test with statistics for determining heart rate value revealed that there was no discernible difference in the average value at a distance of 8, 10, 25, and 30 meters (P-value > 0.05). According to the study’s findings, wireless transmission is feasible over a limited distance and in real-time. Hospitals can use a central monitor to implement this research.
Security Issues in Biomedical Wireless Sensor Networks Applications: A SurveyIJARTES
Abstract The use of wireless sensor networks in healthcare
applications is growing in a fast pace. Numerous applications
such as heart rate monitor, blood pressure monitor and
endoscopic capsule are already in use. To address the growing
use of sensor technology in this area, a new field known as
wireless body area networks has emerged. As most devices
and their applications are wireless in nature, security and
privacy concerns are among major areas of concern. Body
area networks can collect information about an individual’s
health, fitness and energy expenditure. Comprising body
sensors that communicate wirelessly with the patients
control device for monitoring and external communication.
This paper provides the challenges of using the wireless
sensor network in biomedical field and how to solve most of
these issues. To analyze the different security strategies in
Wireless Sensor Networks and propose this system to give
highest quality medical care with full security in their
reliability
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
Visible light
1. Wireless Vital Signs Monitoring System
using Visible Light Sensing (VLS)
Hisham Abuella and Sabit Ekin
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
Abstract—In this paper, we present a wireless system for
monitoring human vital signs like breathing and heartbeat via
visible light sensing (VLS). Typical techniques for tracking heath-
condition require body contact and most of these techniques are
intrusive in nature. Body contact might irritate the patient’s
skin and he/she might feel uncomfortable while sensors are
touching their body. However, in this method, we can estimate
the breathing and heartbeat rates without any body contact
using a photo-detector. Vitals monitoring using VLS make use
of the idea that reflected light signal off the human body
received at the photo-detector will be affected by the chest
motion during heartbeats and breathing. We implemented the
system using off-the-shelf photo-detector and a signal acquisition
system and obtained the results for different people and in
different scenarios. We found out that the accuracy of our system
compared to FDA approved equipment to measure heartbeats
and breathing rate is 94%. This system can be used in various
domains and applications in medical facilities and in residential
homes.
A provisional patent (US#62/639,524) has been obtained for
this work.
Index Terms—Visible Light Sensing, Health Vitals Monitoring,
Heart rate, Respiration rate, Visible Light Health applications,
Smart Health systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
Advances in ubiquitous sensing technologies have led to
intelligent systems that can wirelessly monitor our vital signs
such as respiration (breathing) and heart rates [1]–[5]. Vital
signs monitoring is a very important and critical for physi-
ological monitoring and health assessment of a patients [6].
Accurately measuring a patient’s vital signs is important as
it gives an indication of the patient’s physiological state.
Conventional techniques for tracking body condition require
body contact, and most of these techniques are intrusive.
Body contact might irritate the patients skin and can be very
inconvenient due to the wires and lack of mobility, particularly
for babies. In addition, patients might feel uncomfortable (e.g.,
anxious, nervous, and excited) when sensors/wires are placed
on their bodies. Such a negative experience can bias the
performance of respiration and heart rate measurements, and
hence, might mislead the patient and/or healthcare provider.
Consequently, this has prompted the need for effective non-
intrusive sensing methods that can wirelessly monitor the vital
signs without perturbing the state of patients.
The two well-known state-of-the-art (SOA) wireless vi-
tals monitoring methods are based on radio-frequency (RF)
(radar) [2], [3], [5], [7]–[9] and imaging (camera) [4], [10]–
[15]. However, these efforts are in their infancy and can present
safety (RF signal penetration through the body) and privacy
(camera) concerns. They require significant enhancements to
improve their functionalities, and to be adopted in commercial
products. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop im-
proved, safe and reliable sensing methods for vitals monitoring
without raising any privacy issues.
Fig. 1. Basic idea of the VLS based Vitals monitoring system.
This study is proposes a novel wireless vital monitoring
system using visible light signals, a technology which we term
visible light sensing for vital monitoring (VLS)1
. Our proposed
method takes measurements for breathing (respiration) and
heartbeat rates without any body-contact electronic device.
The proposed system consists of a photo-detector sensor,
which measures the power level of the reflected visible light
signal from the patients body. In addition, an embedded pro-
cessing system is used for the signal processing and filtering
of the received light signal. In contrast, the RF-based method
uses the RF signal and physical movement of the body, while
imaging-based method uses the ambient light (visible light)
and the skin absorption level of the light. The VLS method
takes advantage of the visible light and physical movement
of the body. Clearly, the safety of visible light has already
been proven as it is used everywhere in illumination and the
complexity of signal processing algorithms required for one-
dimensional visible light data will be computationally lower
than that required for two-dimensional data processing in
imaging-based systems.
1The patent is pending: S. Ekin, H. Abuella, C. G. Teague, H. Idrees,
M. Uysal, and M. E.Oztemel, ”System and method of non-contact vitals
monitoring using visible light sensing”, US Patent App. 62/639,524.
arXiv:1807.05408v1[eess.SP]14Jul2018
2. Historically, it was believed that the small variations in
the received signal (in both RF- and imaging-based wireless
methods) were because of noise and undesirable (and un-
predictable) reflections and scattering from the environment.
However, as the technology in sensing and signal processing
improved, researchers have discovered that some of these
variations are actually from humans physiological movements
(heartbeats and respiration) and that they were able to extract
this information (RF-based in [2], [3], [7], [9], [16]–[19],
Imaging-based in [4], [12]–[14], [20]–[23]). Given these stud-
ies, we investigated if it is possible to extract the physiological
data from visible light signal variations and to monitor the
vital signs remotely. We introduce the idea of using visible
light sensing (VLS) in wireless vital signs monitoring. Visible
light (VL) is in the frequency range between 350-750 THz in
the electromagnetic spectrum. However, VL is still not utilized
by applications other than illumination. The proposed system
utilizes VL for vital signs estimation purposes and does not
interfere with other applications, unlike RF-based techniques.
Since light sources (LEDs) are available everywhere and
power efficient, our proposed method does not need to have a
dedicated transmitter (available light source can be used as the
transmitter). The VLS is a cost-effective novel approach and
is not yet fully explored in research. Nonetheless, in [24], the
authors suggested using VLS in several applications such as
Human-Computer Interaction (gesture recognition) and indoor
localization.
The main contributions of this study are as follows:
• A VLS-based detection and ranging system using visible
light as done in camera-based systems but using the idea
of reflected signal from the body as done in RF-based
systems as presented in Figure 1.
• Implementation of the system and testing it on different
targets.
• Comparing the system accuracy with the SOA contact-
based vitals monitoring systems such as pulse oximeter.
Related work
Since the 1980s, researchers have had the desire for wire-
less RF-based vitals monitoring methods and have presented
successful prototypes to measure the human vitals using RF
signals. Most of the studies adopted the basic idea of RADAR
systems by detecting the phase difference of the reflected
signal. Radar uses the reflected (echo) signal to determine the
direction and distance of the reflecting object [25], [26].In case
of the radar vitals monitoring system, an unmodulated signal is
transmitted toward a human body, where it is phase-modulated
by the physiological movement of the human body depending
on the distance variations. This distance varies slightly and pe-
riodically with the breathing and heart beats [5], [7], [9]. One
of the key challenges that impact reliability in using wireless
RF signals is the extraction of vital signs due to the fact that
the RF environment is very dynamic and any motion in the
environment affects the signal. Another challenge encountered
in radar-based vital signs detection is the presence of undesired
harmonic terms and inter-modulations other than the sinusoids
of interest [3].
An initial proof of concept using electromagnetic (EM) RF
signals (radar) was successfully carried out by the pioneers
in this field [2], [9]. In [2], Chen et al. developed a sensitive
microwave life-detection which can be used to find human
subjects buried earthquake rubble or hidden behind various
barriers has been constructed which is similar to the study
presented in [16], [27], [28]. Moreover, Fadel et al. presented
a system that can track breathing and heart rates of multiple
humans in a room without having to exist in the same room.
They predict that their system will be part of future smart
homes residents well-being [7]. In [5], Li et al. introduced a
low cost and low power baby monitor prototype that utilize
unlicensed band (5.8GHz) to detect respiration of babies in
their cribs. In [25], Obeid et al. proposed a new system
for contact-less heartbeat detection which uses 2.4, 5.8, 10,
16, and 60 GHz bands. They focused on determining the
minimum transmitted power to be able to detect the heart
beats from the received signal. In [29], Gu et al. they presented
contactless Doppler Radar Respiration Measurement for Gated
Lung Cancer Radiotherapy and showed that thier system
was able to supply reliable breathing motions and accurate
gating signals for radiotherapy of mobile tumors. Churkin and
Anishchenko presented a new type of sensor for vital signs
monitoring that utilizes mmWave radar (carrier wavelength is
about 3 mm), Hence, they achieved significant noise immunity,
sensitivity and accuracy [30] and also mmWave radar was
discussed in [31]. Tracking Respiration at Different Sleeping
Positions with off-the-shelf WiFi devices by collecting the
fine-grained wireless channel state information (CSI) around a
person was discussed by Lui et al. [32] and similarly in [33].
Another technology which have been widely used in non
contact vitals monitoring is the camera (visual) based sys-
tems. This type can be divided into two systems, firstly,
photoplethysmography (PPG), a volumetric measurement of
an organ, is obtained by illuminating the skin with a dedicated
light source and measuring changes in light absorption [34]. A
conventional contact-based pulse oximeter uses PPG to sense
valuable information about the cardiovascular system, such
as heart rate, arterial blood oxygen saturation, blood pres-
sure, cardiac output and autonomic function pulse wave [10],
[12]. Recently, following the same principles, advances in
image processing allowed researchers to develop a camera-
based PPG (wireless) vital signs monitoring system [11], [12],
[21]–[23], [35], which uses digital camcorders/cameras with
ambient light as the illumination source. Secondly, image
processing and motion detection measurements using normal
cameras [13], [14], [22].
In [20], Jorge et al. developed a novel method for the
extraction of respiration from camera-based measurements
taken from the top-view of an incubator for critically-ill or
premature infants, similar system was presented by Aarts et
al. in [10]. Moreover in [4], Tarassenko et al. have been able to
obtain estimates of heart rate and respiratory rate and prelim-
inary results on changes in oxygen saturation from double-
3. monitored patients undergoing haemodialysis in the Oxford
Kidney Unit. In [12], [23], Poh et al. presented a simple, low-
cost method for measuring multiple physiological parameters
using a basic webcam. By applying independent component
analysis on the color channels in video recordings, they
extracted the blood volume pulse from the facial regions. Heart
rate (HR), respiratory rate, and HR variability (HRV, an index
for cardiac autonomic activity) were subsequently quantified
and compared to corresponding measurements using Food
and Drug Administration-approved sensors. In [22], Bartula
et al. proposed a camera-based monitoring system to reliably
measure respiration rate without any body contact using low-
cost cameras. In [13], Smith et al. developed a new method for
non-contact breathing measurement, employing photometric
stereo to capture the surface topography of thetorso of an
unconstrained subject. The surface is integrated to calculate
time-dependent volume changes during respiration. In [14],
Takano and Ohta developed non-contact and non-invasive
device, which could measure both the respiratory and pulse
rate simultaneously. The time-lapse image of a part of the
subjects skin was consecutively captured, and the changes in
the average image brightness of the region of interest (ROI)
were measured for 30 s. Data was processed and filtered and
finally using AR spectral analysis two peaks for respiratory
and pulse rate were detected. Another method to measure
human cardiac pulse at a distance is through an infrared
imaging system. Statistical modeling of dynamic thermal data
captured. It works by capturing the information contained in
the thermal signal emitted from major superficial vessels [15],
[36], [37].
However, camera-based vital sign monitoring is challenging
for people with darker skin color [10]. In [11], Kumar et al.
developed a new camera-based vital sign estimation algorithm
which addresses these challenges. DistancePPG proposes a
new method of combining skin-color change signals from
different tracked regions of the face using a weighted aver-
age. Image processing algorithms require high computational
power, which makes camera-based methods power-inefficient
and inappropriate for power-limited systems. Finally, yet
equally important, camera-based systems possess great privacy
and security issues. In the era of internet, cyber security
and privacy are of the highest importance, particularly for
patients [38], [39]. Accordingly, there exists a need to develop
a wireless vital sensing method that does not incorporate any
privacy issues and requires low computational power.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. First, we
present the system model in Section II. The problem formula-
tion and algorithms used to estimate heart and breathing rate
are discussed in Section III. Following that, the implemen-
tation setup and results are presented in Section IV, while
conclusions and future directions are presented in the last
section.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
To illustrate how the received signal power (amplitude)
varies with the vital signs, let us consider the example from
our experimental setup, where the user sits facing the VLS
system (Figure 1). When the person inhales, his chest expands
and gets closer to the device; and when he exhales, his chest
contracts and gets farther away from the device. As mentioned,
because the signal power and the distance to a reflector are
proportionally related, the VLS system can track a persons
breathing and heartbeats.
Our envisioned VLS-based vitals monitoring system is
depicted in Figure 2. The system mainly consists of 1)
photo-detector as receiver, 2) light source as transmitter, and
3) digital signal processing (DSP) unit and display, which
includes the ADC unit. This initial setup was developed for
proof-of-concept purposes with low cost units. In addition,
due to hardware limitations, we have tested our system in a
controlled setting, i.e., big body movements were avoided.
Where there is two positions, First one is when the human
body is inhaling while the second position is when the human
is exhaling. The ∆d shown in the figure cause a difference
in the received power at the photo-detector. So for the case
when the human is exhaling air the distance covered by the
light wave is (dexhale), while in case of inhaling the distance
dinhale is less by (∆d).
Fig. 2. System Model where the vitals of human body is monitored using
VLS.
A. Theory of Operation
Visible Light Communication (VLC) has been studied in-
tensively in the context of indoor communications [24], [40],
one of the most used and adopted channel models for the
line-of-sight (LOS) channel model is Lambertian model [41].
We will adopt the Lambertian model for the received signal
power-distance relation as follow:
Pr(t) =
(n + 1)ARPt
2π[d(t)]γ
cosn
(φ) cos(θ), ∀θ < φ1/2, (1)
where Pt is the transmitter power and AR is the optical
detector size. φ and θ are irradiance and incidence angles,
respectively. In addition, φ1/2 is the semi-angle at half-power
4. of the LED (which is half of the FOV of the light source),
and n is the order of the Lambertian model and is given by
n = −
ln(2)
ln(cos φ1/2)
. (2)
In our case the light source and the receiver are static and at
same height, therefore we can have
θ = φ, (3)
where 0 < θ < φ1/2. Using (3), (1) can be further simplified
as
Pr(t) =
(n + 1)AR
2π[d(t)]γ
cosn+1
(θ). (4)
Finally, in order to derive Pr(t) in terms of d(t), we further
simplify (4) by defining a constant K as:
K =
(n + 1)AR cosn+1
(θ)
2π
. (5)
The received power model can be further simplified as:
Pr(t) = K[d(t)]−γ
. (6)
where d(t) is the distance between the transmitter and the
receiver. The path-loss exponent γ depends on the environment
conditions, such as reflectiveness of materials, humidity, etc.
Typically, the range of path-loss exponent lies between 1
and 5. Notice that for any values of K and γ, the received
power changes with the distance, as expected. The longer
the distance between the transmitter (light source, e.g. LED)
and receiver (photo-detector), the lower the received power is.
Most importantly, variations in the distance (d(t)) with certain
periodicity result in similar variations in the received power
with the same periodicity. In other words, the above equation
shows that one can identify variations in d(t) due to breathing
(inhaling and exhaling) and heartbeats, by measuring the
resulting variations in the amplitude (power) of the received
(reflected) signal. Such relation between the received signal
power and distance serves as the foundation of our proposed
system. Consequently, the periodicity of variations in the
received power are due to small physical movements of human
body (chest). These small movements are used to extract the
rates for breathing and heartbeats.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The basic principle of our proposed system is that an
unmodulated visible light signal (generally ambient light) is
transmitted toward the human body, where it is amplitude-
modulated by the periodic physiological movements and re-
flected back to the receiver. The VLS receiver captures the
reflected signal and processes it to extract the vital sign signal
components as illustrated in Figure 3.
As shown in Figure 3, the high peaks corresponds to the
inhale position while the lower peaks corresponds to the exhale
position as the signal have covered a longer distance, therefore
less power is received. In addition to the breathing peaks, it is
clear that the breathing signal is modulated by the heart beats
and small heart beats fluctuations can be easily noticed.
The main problem here is extracting the breathing and
heart beats frequency tones from a noisy time domain light
signal using DSP algorithms to monitor human vitals, similar
algorithms was used in previous studies [7], [18], [19] .
Assumptions we have in our model
• Human body is almost in a the same position2
during the
measurement.
• The light source power is constant (Not flickering with a
frequency within the range of interest (0.3-4Hz).
• The system starts giving reliable estimations after 30
seconds3
of measurements.
Signal Processing Algorithms
In Figure 4, we introduce the flow diagram of the algorithm
used in our system to estimate both heart and breathing rates.
Because breathing and heartbeats are periodic motions, we
can extract the frequencies (rates) of breathing and heartbeats
by performing a Fourier Transform (a Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT)). In addition, having different periodicities allows per-
forming separate filtering operations. As shown in the flow
diagram in Figure 4, where the same data is processed for
breathing and heart rate individually. We estimate the breathing
(or heart) rate by detecting the highest frequency tone in the
band of normal breathing (or heart) rate for an adult human
(this can be tailored to other age ranges). First, we filter the
raw data received (see Figure 3) from the photo-detector with
an infinite impulse response (IIR) Chebyshev Type-2 band pass
filter (BPF) of appropriate passband range for adult breathing
(or heart) rates. We filter the frequency domain signal around
(5-40) breaths per minute and (50-150) beats per minute for
breathing and heart rates, respectively(see Figure 5). The effect
of filtering the data is shown in Figure 6. After filtering the
data, we multiply each dataset with a Hanning window to
remove the spectral leakage before the FFT process. Since
the FFT works well with infinite data, if we want to use it
accurately with finite data we have to remove the leakage
introduced by bypassing the convolution of the frequency
domain data with the rectangular window infinite frequency
response as in [42]. After this step, we take the FFT of the
data, and then we detect the highest power tone in the region
of interest (see Figure 7). We carry out these steps on each
dataset and at the end we calculate the average of the breathing
(or heart) rate during the whole measurement.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
In Figure 8, we present the hardware setup of our proposed
system to estimate both heart and breathing rates using VLS.
2This assumption can be neglected if a algorithm for removing the limb
motion is used.
3Similar settling time is needed for off-the-shelf vital monitoring devices
as well.
5. Fig. 3. Normalized received raw data before filtering.
Start data
collection
Filter data
using BPF for
Heart rate
Hanning
Windowing
Fourier
Transform
(FFT)
Output Heart and
Breathing Rates
Find
Dominant
Frequency
Filter data
using BPF for
Breathing rate
Hanning
Windowing
Fourier
Transform
(FFT)
Find
Dominant
Frequency
Fig. 4. Flow diagram to show how the vitals of human body is monitored
using the Visible Light source power variation.
A. Setup and Hardware used
We have prepared our initial experimental setup by using a
Thorlabs PDA100A photo-detector [43], a RaspberryPi minia-
ture computer [44], an ADC (PiPlate) circuit [45], an off-the-
shelf fixed power LED light source, and display unit. On the
other hand, the contact based (Off-the-Shelf) devices used to
compare our system performance is Spire stone [46], Kardia
for ECG measurements [47] and a Pulse Oximeter as shown
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Normalized Frequency (×π rad/sample)
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Magnitude(dB)
Breathing rate BPF
Heart rate BPF
Fig. 5. The filter frequency response for the Butterworth infinite impulse
response (IIR) band pass filter used in the Breathing and Heart rate estimation
algorithm.
TABLE I
ACCURACY OF OUR SYSTEM COMPARED TO SOA.
VLS Off-the-Shelf Accuracy (%)
Heart (bpm) 76.0 80.7 94.2
Breathing (bpm) 14.6 15.1 96.7
in Figure 9.
B. Results and Comparisons
In this section, we discuss the results we got to compare
our system with the SOA devices. In Table 8, we present the
results of our system and Off-the-Shelf devices values and the
accuracy of the measurement taken by our system compared
to the Off-the-Shelf devices.
Finally, using the setup and algorithm mentioned, we have
obtained vitals monitoring and compared with the low-cost
6. 20 22 24 26 28 30
Time (Seconds)
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
NormalizedFilteredSignal(a.u.)
Heart filtered data
Breathing filtered data
Fig. 6. The effect of filtering the data received from the photo detector.
70 80 90 100 110
Heart rate (beats per mintute)
0
0.5
1
NormalizedFFTMagnitude(a.u.)
5 10 15 20 25
Breathing rate (beats per mintute)
0
0.5
1
Peak at Heart rate
Peak at Breathing rate
Fig. 7. The data after FFT in the range of normal breathing and heart rate.
off-the-shelf contact-based devices (shown in Figure 9) to
determine the accuracy of our results. It is worth mentioning
that the off-the-shelf devices [46] are assumed to be 100%
accurate. The results are based on average value of 15 mea-
surements. We have observed more than 94% accuracy as
shown in Table I.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
In this paper, we proposed the idea of using VLS in the
wireless vitals monitoring sensing. By using off-the-shelf light
source and photo-detector, we were able to collect the reflected
visible light signal from the target human chest. Then, by
applying simple filtering to the signal, we estimate the heart
and breathing frequency components by using some basic
signal processing algorithms (FFT, Windowing). Finally, in
order to validate the results obtained by the implemented
system, we compare our proposed system results with the
vitals results obtained from off-the-shelf devices for vitals
measurements. Our basic system was able to extract breathing
rate information with very high accuracy (more than 95%).
Fig. 8. The hardware setup of the VLS based Vital monitoring system using
a RaspberryPi and Photodetector (PDA 100A).
Fig. 9. The contact based (Off-the-Shelf) devices to measure heart and
breathing rates.
A. Continuing Work
Improving and updating the software and hardware used
in the current proposed system will attract a lot of interest,
because there is a lot of daily life promising applications for
wireless vitals monitoring with a secure and low cost VLS-
based system.
First direction that need to be considered is improving the
used hardware, by testing different light sources (transmitter),
lens (receiver), and the reflective material on the human
body. These additions will improve the signal to noise ratio
received at the photo-detector with will improve the overall
performance of the system. Moreover, using diversity methods
and adding more photo-detectors and light sources will also
improve the received signal quality make it less prone to body
movements as in [48].
Secondly, utilizing more complex signal processing algo-
rithms will give more accurate results in case of different
lighting conditions and body movements by adaptive filtering
of the unwanted parts of the received signal. In addition,
replacing the existing approach to find the frequency peak
7. estimation from the basic FFT algorithm to more optimized
algorithms like RELAX algorithm, which was adopted in RF
based vitals estimation in [49].
Finally, in order to introduce a medical device to the medical
community, it is important to test this device on different range
of humans (age, weight, height, gender). Therefore, a final
phase to improve the user interface of the system use to help
collecting these measurements.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was done with the help of current and previous
students of Wireless Communication and Sensing Research
Lab (WCSRL) in OSU ECE department: Caleb G. Teague,
Habeeb Idrees, and special thanks to Amit Kachroo for his
valuable comments and suggestions to improve this paper.
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