Ubiquitous healthcare has become one of the prominent areas of research inorder to address the
challenges encountered in healthcare environment. In contribution to this area, this study developed a
system prototype that recommends diagonostic services based on physiological data collected in real time
from a distant patient. The prototype uses WBAN body sensors to be worn by the individual and an android
smart phone as a personal server. Physiological data is collected and uploaded to a Medical Health
Server (MHS) via GPRS/internet to be analysed. Our implemented prototype monitors the activity, location
and physiological data such as SpO2 and Heart Rate (HR) of the elderly and patients in rehabilitation. The
uploaded information can be accessed in real time by medical practitioners through a web application.
Energy-efficient cluster-based security mechanism for Wireless Body Area Netw...IJSRD
Rapid expansion of wireless technologies permits continuous healthcare monitoring of mobile patients using compact biomedical wireless sensor motes. These tiny wearable devices –have limited amount of memory, energy, computation, & communication capabilities – are positioned on a patient; after that , they self-configure to create a networked cluster that is capable to continuously monitor important signs like blood pressure and flow, ECG, core temperature, the oxygen saturation, and CO2 concentration (i.e. for the respiration monitoring). The WBAN is an energizing innovation that guarantees to convey the human services to a novel level of the personalization. The scaled down sensors can be worn on body and they can non-rudely screen individual's physiological state. The numerous sensors speak with mobile utilizing the remote interfaces shaping WBAN. The WBANs empower checking a singular's wellbeing consistently in the free living conditions, where individual is allowed to direct his or her day by day action. In propose, design a enhance cluster based protocol.
Security Requirements, Counterattacks and Projects in Healthcare Applications...arpublication
Healthcare applications are well thought-out as interesting fields for WSN where patients can be examine using wireless medical sensor networks. Inside the hospital or extensive care surroundings there is a tempting need for steady monitoring of essential body functions and support for patient mobility. Recent research cantered on patient reliable communication, mobility, and energy-efficient routing. Yet deploying new expertise in healthcare applications presents some understandable security concerns which are the important concern in the inclusive deployment of wireless patient monitoring systems. This manuscript presents a survey of the security features, its counter attacks in healthcare applications including some proposed projects which have been done recently.
SURVEY OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS)AM Publications
Using Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) in health care system has yielded an amazing effort in recent years. However, in most of those researches, tasks like detector processing, health state choices creating and emergency messages causing are completed by a foreign server. Transmission and handing with an oversized scale of knowledge from body sensors consume plenty of communication resource, bring a burden to the remote server and delay the choice time and notification time. During this paper, we tend to gift a paradigm of a sensible entranceway that we've enforced. This entranceway is associate degree interconnection and services management platform particularly for WSN health care systems reception setting. By building a bridge between a WSN and public communication networks, associate degreed being compatible with an aboard knowledge call system and a light-weight info, our sensible entranceway system is enabled to form patients' health state choices in low-power and affordable embedded system and find quicker time interval o the emergencies. We’ve conjointly designed the communication protocols between WSN, entranceway and remote servers. To boot LAN, Wi-Fi and GSM/GPRS communication module are integrated into the sensible entranceway so as to report and send word info to care-givers.
In this paper, a novel cloud-based WBAN health management system is introduced to. This system can be used for people’s health information collection, record, storage and transmission, health status monitoring and assessment, health education, telemedicine, and remote health management. Therefore it can provide health management services on-demand timely, appropriately and without boundaries.
This is particularly the case on e Health monitoring applications for chronic patients, Where Patients
monitoring refers to a continuous observation of patient’s condition (physiological and physical) traditionally
performed by one or several body sensors. The architecture for this system is based on medical sensors which
measure patients’ physical parameters by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These sensors transfer data
from patients’ bodies over the wireless network to the cloud environment. The system is aimed to prevent delays
in the arrival of patients’ medical information to the healthcare providers, Therefore, patients will have a high
quality services because the e heath smart system supports medical staff by providing real-time data gathering,
eliminating manual data collection, enabling the monitoring of huge numbers of patients. We underline the
necessity of the analysis of data quality on e-Health applications, especially concerning remote monitoring and
assistance of patients with chronic diseases.
Energy-efficient cluster-based security mechanism for Wireless Body Area Netw...IJSRD
Rapid expansion of wireless technologies permits continuous healthcare monitoring of mobile patients using compact biomedical wireless sensor motes. These tiny wearable devices –have limited amount of memory, energy, computation, & communication capabilities – are positioned on a patient; after that , they self-configure to create a networked cluster that is capable to continuously monitor important signs like blood pressure and flow, ECG, core temperature, the oxygen saturation, and CO2 concentration (i.e. for the respiration monitoring). The WBAN is an energizing innovation that guarantees to convey the human services to a novel level of the personalization. The scaled down sensors can be worn on body and they can non-rudely screen individual's physiological state. The numerous sensors speak with mobile utilizing the remote interfaces shaping WBAN. The WBANs empower checking a singular's wellbeing consistently in the free living conditions, where individual is allowed to direct his or her day by day action. In propose, design a enhance cluster based protocol.
Security Requirements, Counterattacks and Projects in Healthcare Applications...arpublication
Healthcare applications are well thought-out as interesting fields for WSN where patients can be examine using wireless medical sensor networks. Inside the hospital or extensive care surroundings there is a tempting need for steady monitoring of essential body functions and support for patient mobility. Recent research cantered on patient reliable communication, mobility, and energy-efficient routing. Yet deploying new expertise in healthcare applications presents some understandable security concerns which are the important concern in the inclusive deployment of wireless patient monitoring systems. This manuscript presents a survey of the security features, its counter attacks in healthcare applications including some proposed projects which have been done recently.
SURVEY OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS)AM Publications
Using Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) in health care system has yielded an amazing effort in recent years. However, in most of those researches, tasks like detector processing, health state choices creating and emergency messages causing are completed by a foreign server. Transmission and handing with an oversized scale of knowledge from body sensors consume plenty of communication resource, bring a burden to the remote server and delay the choice time and notification time. During this paper, we tend to gift a paradigm of a sensible entranceway that we've enforced. This entranceway is associate degree interconnection and services management platform particularly for WSN health care systems reception setting. By building a bridge between a WSN and public communication networks, associate degreed being compatible with an aboard knowledge call system and a light-weight info, our sensible entranceway system is enabled to form patients' health state choices in low-power and affordable embedded system and find quicker time interval o the emergencies. We’ve conjointly designed the communication protocols between WSN, entranceway and remote servers. To boot LAN, Wi-Fi and GSM/GPRS communication module are integrated into the sensible entranceway so as to report and send word info to care-givers.
In this paper, a novel cloud-based WBAN health management system is introduced to. This system can be used for people’s health information collection, record, storage and transmission, health status monitoring and assessment, health education, telemedicine, and remote health management. Therefore it can provide health management services on-demand timely, appropriately and without boundaries.
This is particularly the case on e Health monitoring applications for chronic patients, Where Patients
monitoring refers to a continuous observation of patient’s condition (physiological and physical) traditionally
performed by one or several body sensors. The architecture for this system is based on medical sensors which
measure patients’ physical parameters by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These sensors transfer data
from patients’ bodies over the wireless network to the cloud environment. The system is aimed to prevent delays
in the arrival of patients’ medical information to the healthcare providers, Therefore, patients will have a high
quality services because the e heath smart system supports medical staff by providing real-time data gathering,
eliminating manual data collection, enabling the monitoring of huge numbers of patients. We underline the
necessity of the analysis of data quality on e-Health applications, especially concerning remote monitoring and
assistance of patients with chronic diseases.
SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR AT-HOME MEDICAL CARE USING BODY SENSOR NETWORKijasuc
Body Sensor Networks have considerably facilitated the continuous measurement of physiological
parameters of human body. The sensors used to measure the body parameters, have several limitations
in terms of power, computation capability, memory and communication capability. In this paper a novel
architecture has been proposed to ensure continuous, unobtrusive and remote patient monitoring, taking
into account the inherent hardware constraints of the sensors. The proposed architecture would enable
senior citizens, patients with chronic ailments and patients requiring post-operative care to be remotely
monitored in the comfort of their homes. Security threats and challenges inherent to wireless
communication of sensor data have been discussed and a security mechanism to ensure data
confidentiality, integrity and authentication has been proposed.
Ecis final paper-june2017_two way architecture between iot sensors and cloud ...Oliver Neuland
Improving health care with IoT - Research into a weight monitoring bed - ECIS 2017 paper.
Resulting from smart furniture applications research project in Germany, Oliver Neuland and partners from AUT developed a smart bed concept which utilizes weight monitoring for AAL and elderly care. Initially strategies were applied to find meaningful use cases, later a prototype was developed. Here a paper presented during ECIS in Portugal which describes the architecture of the prototype.
Security Issues in Biomedical Wireless Sensor Networks Applications: A SurveyIJARTES
Abstract The use of wireless sensor networks in healthcare
applications is growing in a fast pace. Numerous applications
such as heart rate monitor, blood pressure monitor and
endoscopic capsule are already in use. To address the growing
use of sensor technology in this area, a new field known as
wireless body area networks has emerged. As most devices
and their applications are wireless in nature, security and
privacy concerns are among major areas of concern. Body
area networks can collect information about an individual’s
health, fitness and energy expenditure. Comprising body
sensors that communicate wirelessly with the patients
control device for monitoring and external communication.
This paper provides the challenges of using the wireless
sensor network in biomedical field and how to solve most of
these issues. To analyze the different security strategies in
Wireless Sensor Networks and propose this system to give
highest quality medical care with full security in their
reliability
In the last decade the healthcare monitoring systems have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers. The prime goal was to develop a reliable patient monitoring system so that the healthcare professionals can monitor their patients, who are either hospitalized or executing their normal daily life activities. In this work we present a mobile device based wireless healthcare monitoring system that can provide real time online information about physiological conditions of a patient. Our proposed system is designed to measure and monitor important physiological data of a patient in order to accurately describe the status of her/his health and fitness. In addition the proposed system is able to send alarming message about the patient’s critical health data by text messages or by email reports. By using the information contained in the text or e-mail message the healthcare professional can provide necessary medical
advising. The system mainly consists of sensors, the data acquisition unit, microcontroller (i.e., Arduino), and software (i.e., LabVIEW). The patient’s temperature, heart beat rate, muscles, blood pressure, blood glucose level, and ECG data are monitored, displayed, and stored by our system. To ensure reliability and accuracy the proposed system has been field tested. The test results show that our system is able to measure the patient’s physiological data with a very high accuracy.
Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications: An OverviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Healthcare systems have been facing various new challenges due to increasing and rising aging
population in healthcare. Advance information and communication technologies have introduced Wireless
Body Area Networks (WBANs) for healthcare systems. WBANs provide different monitoring services in
healthcare sector for monitoring their patients with more convenience. WBANs are economical solutions
and non-invasive technology for healthcare applications. This review paper provides a comprehensive
review on WBANs applications, services and recent challenges.
SECURED FRAMEWORK FOR PERVASIVE HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEMS ijscai
Pervasive Healthcare Monitoring System (PHMS)’ is one of the important pervasive computing
applications aimed at providing healthcare services to all the people through mobile communication
devices. Pervasive computing devices are resource constrained devices such as battery power, memory,
processing power and bandwidth. In pervasive environment data privacy is a key issue. In this
application a secured frame work is developed for receiving the patient’s medical data periodically,
updates automatically in Patient Record Database and generates a Checkup Reminder. In the present
work a light weight asymmetric algorithm proposed by the authors [26] is used for encrypting the data to
ensure data confidentiality for its users. Challenge response onetime password mechanism is applied for
authentication process
In the age of today, technology pays attention to how it can be implemented in keeping people alive. It is clear that technology is offering the healthcare industry a much needed upgrade to mobile apps from medical translation resources that help patients lead healthier lives. One of the dizzying innovations that could change the healthcare industry is the wireless body area network WBAN .WBAN derives from the wireless sensor network WSN that deploys sensors over the human body. Wireless Body Area Network WBAN is a wireless networking system based on radio frequency RF that interconnects tiny nodes with sensor or actuator capabilities in, on, or around a human body. WBAN also links large and local area networks. As compared to WSN, WBAN has its own characteristics. Preeti Sondhi | Javaid Ahmad Malik "A Review of Wireless Body Area Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38384.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/38384/a-review-of-wireless-body-area-network/preeti-sondhi
M health an emerging trend an empirical studycsandit
The advent and advancement in technology specific to medical field has seen a migration of its
work across the globe, adapting higher and newer levels of m-health. Technology has been
successful in transforming the way traditional monitoring and alert system work to a modern
approach wherein minimizing the need for physical monitoring. Today, the field of healthcare
use varied monitoring systems to monitor the health of patients using ubiquitous and nonubiquitous
devices. These are sensor based devices that can read vital signs of patients and send
the data to the required personnel’s using mobile networks. This paper understands and
analyses how the monitoring and alert system works specific to m-health. m-health including
wearable and non-wearable devices read various vital signs and have the ability to monitor
health real-time and transfer the information collected using mobile network. m-health has
become an useful tool for elderly in this fast paced world where almost all the family members
are working or studying to keep track and maintain optimal health status. m-health alert system
involves the patient, the caretaker and medical service provider wherein the patient wears the
device and vital signs recorded are transferred the medical service provider who then analyses
the data collected and required changes in the medication are implemented. This paper
proposes a medical alert system that enlightens the capabilities of m-health making health
monitoring easy and reliable. It contains a three-level severity check and raises an alarm to the
caretaker, the physician or the ambulatory service provider.
The most fundamental expectation from the healthcare sector is that it provides a safe and reliable environment to serve patients. Medical supplies and equipment have also improved with technological advancements, making them easier to use, providing a better experience, and increasing their longevity. With advancement in technology, medical services can also be tracked for efficiency.
January_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdfIJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Real-time Heart Pulse Monitoring Technique Using Wireless Sensor Network and ...IJECEIAES
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for healthcare have emerged in the recent years. Wireless technology has been developed and used widely for different medical fields. This technology provides healthcare services for patients, especially who suffer from chronic diseases. Services such as catering continuous medical monitoring and get rid of disturbance caused by the sensor of instruments. Sensors are connected to a patient by wires and become bed-bound that less from the mobility of the patient. In this paper, proposed a real-time heart pulse monitoring system via conducted an electronic circuit architecture to measure Heart Pulse (HP) for patients and display heart pulse measuring via smartphone and computer over the network in real-time settings. In HP measuring application standpoint, using sensor technology to observe heart pulse by bringing the fingerprint to the sensor via used Arduino microcontroller with Ethernet shield to connect heart pulse circuit to the internet and send results to the web server and receive it anywhere. The proposed system provided the usability by the user (userfriendly) not only by the specialist. Also, it offered speed andresults accuracy, the highest availability with the user on an ongoing basis, and few cost.
February_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdfIJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Predictive Data Mining for Converged Internet ofJames Kang
Kang, J. J., Adibi, S., Larkin, H., & Luan, T. (2016). Predictive data mining for Converged Internet of Things: A Mobile Health perspective. In Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), 2015 International (pp. 5-10). IEEE Xplore: IEEE. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ATNAC.2015.7366781
The most fundamental expectation from the healthcare sector is that it provides a safe and reliable environment to serve patients. Medical supplies and equipment have also improved with technological advancements, making them easier to use, providing a better experience, and increasing their longevity. With advancement in technology, medical services can also be tracked for efficiency.
Users Approach on Providing Feedback for Smart Home Devices – Phase IIijujournal
Smart Home technology has accomplished extraordinary success in making individuals' lives more straightforward and relaxing. Technology has recently brought about numerous savvy and refined frame works that advanced clever living innovation. In this paper, we will investigate the behavioral intention of user's approach to providing feedback for smart home devices. We will conduct an online survey for a sample of three to five students selected by simple random sampling to study the user's motto for giving feedback on smart home devices and their expectations. We have observed that most users are ready to actively share their input on smart home devices to improve the product's service and quality to fulfill the user’s needs and make their lives easier.
Users Approach on Providing Feedback for Smart Home Devices – Phase IIijujournal
Smart Home technology has accomplished extraordinary success in making individuals' lives more
straightforward and relaxing. Technology has recently brought about numerous savvy and refined frame
works that advanced clever living innovation. In this paper, we will investigate the behavioral intention of
user's approach to providing feedback for smart home devices. We will conduct an online survey for a
sample of three to five students selected by simple random sampling to study the user's motto for giving
feedback on smart home devices and their expectations. We have observed that most users are ready to
actively share their input on smart home devices to improve the product's service and quality to fulfill the
user’s needs and make their lives easier.
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SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR AT-HOME MEDICAL CARE USING BODY SENSOR NETWORKijasuc
Body Sensor Networks have considerably facilitated the continuous measurement of physiological
parameters of human body. The sensors used to measure the body parameters, have several limitations
in terms of power, computation capability, memory and communication capability. In this paper a novel
architecture has been proposed to ensure continuous, unobtrusive and remote patient monitoring, taking
into account the inherent hardware constraints of the sensors. The proposed architecture would enable
senior citizens, patients with chronic ailments and patients requiring post-operative care to be remotely
monitored in the comfort of their homes. Security threats and challenges inherent to wireless
communication of sensor data have been discussed and a security mechanism to ensure data
confidentiality, integrity and authentication has been proposed.
Ecis final paper-june2017_two way architecture between iot sensors and cloud ...Oliver Neuland
Improving health care with IoT - Research into a weight monitoring bed - ECIS 2017 paper.
Resulting from smart furniture applications research project in Germany, Oliver Neuland and partners from AUT developed a smart bed concept which utilizes weight monitoring for AAL and elderly care. Initially strategies were applied to find meaningful use cases, later a prototype was developed. Here a paper presented during ECIS in Portugal which describes the architecture of the prototype.
Security Issues in Biomedical Wireless Sensor Networks Applications: A SurveyIJARTES
Abstract The use of wireless sensor networks in healthcare
applications is growing in a fast pace. Numerous applications
such as heart rate monitor, blood pressure monitor and
endoscopic capsule are already in use. To address the growing
use of sensor technology in this area, a new field known as
wireless body area networks has emerged. As most devices
and their applications are wireless in nature, security and
privacy concerns are among major areas of concern. Body
area networks can collect information about an individual’s
health, fitness and energy expenditure. Comprising body
sensors that communicate wirelessly with the patients
control device for monitoring and external communication.
This paper provides the challenges of using the wireless
sensor network in biomedical field and how to solve most of
these issues. To analyze the different security strategies in
Wireless Sensor Networks and propose this system to give
highest quality medical care with full security in their
reliability
In the last decade the healthcare monitoring systems have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers. The prime goal was to develop a reliable patient monitoring system so that the healthcare professionals can monitor their patients, who are either hospitalized or executing their normal daily life activities. In this work we present a mobile device based wireless healthcare monitoring system that can provide real time online information about physiological conditions of a patient. Our proposed system is designed to measure and monitor important physiological data of a patient in order to accurately describe the status of her/his health and fitness. In addition the proposed system is able to send alarming message about the patient’s critical health data by text messages or by email reports. By using the information contained in the text or e-mail message the healthcare professional can provide necessary medical
advising. The system mainly consists of sensors, the data acquisition unit, microcontroller (i.e., Arduino), and software (i.e., LabVIEW). The patient’s temperature, heart beat rate, muscles, blood pressure, blood glucose level, and ECG data are monitored, displayed, and stored by our system. To ensure reliability and accuracy the proposed system has been field tested. The test results show that our system is able to measure the patient’s physiological data with a very high accuracy.
Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications: An OverviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Healthcare systems have been facing various new challenges due to increasing and rising aging
population in healthcare. Advance information and communication technologies have introduced Wireless
Body Area Networks (WBANs) for healthcare systems. WBANs provide different monitoring services in
healthcare sector for monitoring their patients with more convenience. WBANs are economical solutions
and non-invasive technology for healthcare applications. This review paper provides a comprehensive
review on WBANs applications, services and recent challenges.
SECURED FRAMEWORK FOR PERVASIVE HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEMS ijscai
Pervasive Healthcare Monitoring System (PHMS)’ is one of the important pervasive computing
applications aimed at providing healthcare services to all the people through mobile communication
devices. Pervasive computing devices are resource constrained devices such as battery power, memory,
processing power and bandwidth. In pervasive environment data privacy is a key issue. In this
application a secured frame work is developed for receiving the patient’s medical data periodically,
updates automatically in Patient Record Database and generates a Checkup Reminder. In the present
work a light weight asymmetric algorithm proposed by the authors [26] is used for encrypting the data to
ensure data confidentiality for its users. Challenge response onetime password mechanism is applied for
authentication process
In the age of today, technology pays attention to how it can be implemented in keeping people alive. It is clear that technology is offering the healthcare industry a much needed upgrade to mobile apps from medical translation resources that help patients lead healthier lives. One of the dizzying innovations that could change the healthcare industry is the wireless body area network WBAN .WBAN derives from the wireless sensor network WSN that deploys sensors over the human body. Wireless Body Area Network WBAN is a wireless networking system based on radio frequency RF that interconnects tiny nodes with sensor or actuator capabilities in, on, or around a human body. WBAN also links large and local area networks. As compared to WSN, WBAN has its own characteristics. Preeti Sondhi | Javaid Ahmad Malik "A Review of Wireless Body Area Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38384.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/38384/a-review-of-wireless-body-area-network/preeti-sondhi
M health an emerging trend an empirical studycsandit
The advent and advancement in technology specific to medical field has seen a migration of its
work across the globe, adapting higher and newer levels of m-health. Technology has been
successful in transforming the way traditional monitoring and alert system work to a modern
approach wherein minimizing the need for physical monitoring. Today, the field of healthcare
use varied monitoring systems to monitor the health of patients using ubiquitous and nonubiquitous
devices. These are sensor based devices that can read vital signs of patients and send
the data to the required personnel’s using mobile networks. This paper understands and
analyses how the monitoring and alert system works specific to m-health. m-health including
wearable and non-wearable devices read various vital signs and have the ability to monitor
health real-time and transfer the information collected using mobile network. m-health has
become an useful tool for elderly in this fast paced world where almost all the family members
are working or studying to keep track and maintain optimal health status. m-health alert system
involves the patient, the caretaker and medical service provider wherein the patient wears the
device and vital signs recorded are transferred the medical service provider who then analyses
the data collected and required changes in the medication are implemented. This paper
proposes a medical alert system that enlightens the capabilities of m-health making health
monitoring easy and reliable. It contains a three-level severity check and raises an alarm to the
caretaker, the physician or the ambulatory service provider.
The most fundamental expectation from the healthcare sector is that it provides a safe and reliable environment to serve patients. Medical supplies and equipment have also improved with technological advancements, making them easier to use, providing a better experience, and increasing their longevity. With advancement in technology, medical services can also be tracked for efficiency.
January_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdfIJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Real-time Heart Pulse Monitoring Technique Using Wireless Sensor Network and ...IJECEIAES
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for healthcare have emerged in the recent years. Wireless technology has been developed and used widely for different medical fields. This technology provides healthcare services for patients, especially who suffer from chronic diseases. Services such as catering continuous medical monitoring and get rid of disturbance caused by the sensor of instruments. Sensors are connected to a patient by wires and become bed-bound that less from the mobility of the patient. In this paper, proposed a real-time heart pulse monitoring system via conducted an electronic circuit architecture to measure Heart Pulse (HP) for patients and display heart pulse measuring via smartphone and computer over the network in real-time settings. In HP measuring application standpoint, using sensor technology to observe heart pulse by bringing the fingerprint to the sensor via used Arduino microcontroller with Ethernet shield to connect heart pulse circuit to the internet and send results to the web server and receive it anywhere. The proposed system provided the usability by the user (userfriendly) not only by the specialist. Also, it offered speed andresults accuracy, the highest availability with the user on an ongoing basis, and few cost.
February_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdfIJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Predictive Data Mining for Converged Internet ofJames Kang
Kang, J. J., Adibi, S., Larkin, H., & Luan, T. (2016). Predictive data mining for Converged Internet of Things: A Mobile Health perspective. In Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), 2015 International (pp. 5-10). IEEE Xplore: IEEE. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ATNAC.2015.7366781
The most fundamental expectation from the healthcare sector is that it provides a safe and reliable environment to serve patients. Medical supplies and equipment have also improved with technological advancements, making them easier to use, providing a better experience, and increasing their longevity. With advancement in technology, medical services can also be tracked for efficiency.
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Smart Home technology has accomplished extraordinary success in making individuals' lives more straightforward and relaxing. Technology has recently brought about numerous savvy and refined frame works that advanced clever living innovation. In this paper, we will investigate the behavioral intention of user's approach to providing feedback for smart home devices. We will conduct an online survey for a sample of three to five students selected by simple random sampling to study the user's motto for giving feedback on smart home devices and their expectations. We have observed that most users are ready to actively share their input on smart home devices to improve the product's service and quality to fulfill the user’s needs and make their lives easier.
Users Approach on Providing Feedback for Smart Home Devices – Phase IIijujournal
Smart Home technology has accomplished extraordinary success in making individuals' lives more
straightforward and relaxing. Technology has recently brought about numerous savvy and refined frame
works that advanced clever living innovation. In this paper, we will investigate the behavioral intention of
user's approach to providing feedback for smart home devices. We will conduct an online survey for a
sample of three to five students selected by simple random sampling to study the user's motto for giving
feedback on smart home devices and their expectations. We have observed that most users are ready to
actively share their input on smart home devices to improve the product's service and quality to fulfill the
user’s needs and make their lives easier.
October 2023-Top Cited Articles in IJU.pdfijujournal
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
ACCELERATION DETECTION OF LARGE (PROBABLY) PRIME NUMBERSijujournal
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with such a division is the that we are trying to answer in this paper?For the theory of the matter is fully
resolved. However, that in practice we do not have much use.Therefore, we present a solution that is
probably irrelevant to theorists, but it is very useful to people who have spent many nights to produce
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success of these RFID applications depends heavily on the quality of the data stream generated by RFID
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it can be applied for high end applications. Our approach is a hybrid approach of middleware and
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existing approaches.
ENHANCING INDEPENDENT SENIOR LIVING THROUGH SMART HOME TECHNOLOGIESijujournal
The population of elderly folks is ballooning worldwide as people live longer. But getting older often
means declining health and trouble living solo. Smart home tech could keep an eye on old folks and get
help quickly when needed so they can stay independent. This paper looks at a system combining wireless
sensors, video watches, automation, resident monitoring, emergency detection, and remote access. Sensors
track health signs, activities, appliance use. Video analytics spot odd stuff like falls. Sensor fusion and
machine learning find normal patterns so wonks can see unhealthy changes and send alerts. Multi-channel
alerts reach caregivers and emergency folks. A LabVIEW can integrate devices and enables local and
remote oversight and can control and handle emergency responses. Benefits seem to be early illness clues,
quick help, less burden on caregivers, and optimized home settings. But will old folks use all this tech? Can
we prove it really helps folks live longer and better? More research on maximizing reliability and
evaluating real-world impacts is needed. But designed thoughtfully, smart homes could may profoundly
improve the aging experience.
HMR LOG ANALYZER: ANALYZE WEB APPLICATION LOGS OVER HADOOP MAPREDUCEijujournal
In today’s Internet world, log file analysis is becoming a necessary task for analyzing the customer’s
behavior in order to improve advertising and sales as well as for datasets like environment, medical,
banking system it is important to analyze the log data to get required knowledge from it. Web mining is the
process of discovering the knowledge from the web data. Log files are getting generated very fast at the
rate of 1-10 Mb/s per machine, a single data center can generate tens of terabytes of log data in a day.
These datasets are huge. In order to analyze such large datasets we need parallel processing system and
reliable data storage mechanism. Virtual database system is an effective solution for integrating the data
but it becomes inefficient for large datasets. The Hadoop framework provides reliable data storage by
Hadoop Distributed File System and MapReduce programming model which is a parallel processing
system for large datasets. Hadoop distributed file system breaks up input data and sends fractions of the
original data to several machines in hadoop cluster to hold blocks of data. This mechanism helps to
process log data in parallel using all the machines in the hadoop cluster and computes result efficiently.
The dominant approach provided by hadoop to “Store first query later”, loads the data to the Hadoop
Distributed File System and then executes queries written in Pig Latin. This approach reduces the response
time as well as the load on to the end system. This paper proposes a log analysis system using Hadoop
MapReduce which will provide accurate results in minimum response time.
SERVICE DISCOVERY – A SURVEY AND COMPARISONijujournal
With the increasing number of services in the internet, companies’ intranets, and home networks: service
discovery becomes an integral part of modern networked system. This paper provides a comprehensive
survey of major solutions for service discovery. We cover techniques and features used in existing systems.
Although a few survey articles have been published on this object, our contribution focuses on comparing
and analyzing surveyed solutions according eight prime criteria, which we have defined before. This
comparison will be helpful to determine limits of existing discovery protocols and identify future research
opportunities in service discovery.
SIX DEGREES OF SEPARATION TO IMPROVE ROUTING IN OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKSijujournal
Opportunistic Networks are able to exploit social behavior to create connectivity opportunities. This
paradigm uses pair-wise contacts for routing messages between nodes. In this context we investigated if the
“six degrees of separation” conjecture of small-world networks can be used as a basis to route messages in
Opportunistic Networks. We propose a simple approach for routing that outperforms some popular
protocols in simulations that are carried out with real world traces using ONE simulator. We conclude that
static graph models are not suitable for underlay routing approaches in highly dynamic networks like
Opportunistic Networks without taking account of temporal factors such as time, duration and frequency of
previous encounters.
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU)ijujournal
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
PERVASIVE COMPUTING APPLIED TO THE CARE OF PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA IN HOMECARE...ijujournal
The aging population and the consequent increase in the incidence of dementias is causing many
challenges to health systems, mainly related to infrastructure, low services quality and high costs. One
solution is to provide the care at house of the patient, through of home care services. However, it is not a
trivial task, since a patient with dementia requires constant care and monitoring from a caregiver, who
suffers physical and emotional overload. In this context, this work presents an modelling for development of
pervasive systems aimed at helping the care of these patients in order to lessen the burden of the caregiver
while the patient continue to receive the necessary care.
A proposed Novel Approach for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Miningijujournal
as the people are being dependent on internet the requirement of user view analysis is increasing
exponentially. Customer posts their experience and opinion about the product policy and services. But,
because of the massive volume of reviews, customers can’t read all reviews. In order to solve this problem,
a lot of research is being carried out in Opinion Mining. In order to solve this problem, a lot of research is
being carried out in Opinion Mining. Through the Opinion Mining, we can know about contents of whole
product reviews, Blogs are websites that allow one or more individuals to write about things they want to
share with other The valuable data contained in posts from a large number of users across geographic,
demographic and cultural boundaries provide a rich data source not only for commercial exploitation but
also for psychological & sociopolitical research. This paper tries to demonstrate the plausibility of the idea
through our clustering and classifying opinion mining experiment on analysis of blog posts on recent
product policy and services reviews. We are proposing a Nobel approach for analyzing the Review for the
customer opinion
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU)ijujournal
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
USABILITY ENGINEERING OF GAMES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEASURING EXCITEMEN...ijujournal
Usability engineering and usability testing are concepts that continue to evolve. Interesting research studies
and new ideas come up every now and then. This paper tests the hypothesis of using an EDA-based
physiological measurements as a usability testing tool by considering three measures; which are observers‟
opinions, self-reported data and EDA-based physiological sensor data. These data were analyzed
comparatively and statistically. It concludes by discussing the findings that has been obtained from those
subjective and objective measures, which partially supports the hypothesis.
SECURED SMART SYSTEM DESING IN PERVASIVE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT USING VCSijujournal
Ubiquitous Computing uses mobile phones or tiny devices for application development with sensors
embedded in mobile phones. The information generated by these devices is a big task in collection and
storage. For further, the data transmission to the intended destination is delay tolerant. In this paper, we
made an attempt to propose a new security algorithm for providing security to Pervasive Computing
Environment (PCE) system using Public-key Encryption (PKE) algorithm, Biometric Security (BS)
algorithm and Visual Cryptography Scheme (VCS) algorithm. In the proposed PCE monitoring system it
automates various home appliances using VCS and also provides security against intrusion using Zigbee
IEEE 802.15.4 based Sensor Network, GSM and Wi-Fi networks are embedded through a standard Home
gateway.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijujournal
Routing protocols have an important role in any Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Researchers have
elaborated several routing protocols that possess different performance levels. In this paper we give a
performance evaluation of AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks (MANETS) to determine the best in different scenarios. We analyse these MANET routing
protocols by using NS-2 simulator. We specify how the Number of Nodes parameter influences their
performance. In this study, performance is calculated in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to
End Delay, Normalised Routing Load and Average Throughput.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technique, used to convert scanned image into editable text
format. Many different types of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools are commercially available
today; it is a useful and popular method for different types of applications. OCR can predict the accurate
result depends on text pre-processing and segmentation algorithms. Image quality is one of the most
important factors that improve quality of recognition in performing OCR tools. Images can be processed
independently (.png, .jpg, and .gif files) or in multi-page PDF documents (.pdf). The primary objective of
this work is to provide the overview of various Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools and analyses of
their performance by applying the two factors of OCR tool performance i.e. accuracy and error rate.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technique, used to convert scanned image into editable text
format. Many different types of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools are commercially available
today; it is a useful and popular method for different types of applications. OCR can predict the accurate
result depends on text pre-processing and segmentation algorithms. Image quality is one of the most
important factors that improve quality of recognition in performing OCR tools. Images can be processed
independently (.png, .jpg, and .gif files) or in multi-page PDF documents (.pdf). The primary objective of
this work is to provide the overview of various Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools and analyses of
their performance by applying the two factors of OCR tool performance i.e. accuracy and error rate.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
A SURVEY: TO HARNESS AN EFFICIENT ENERGY IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud
computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance,
shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to
develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to
optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on
reducing energy consumption
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
UBIQUITOUS HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEM USING INTEGRATED TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER, SPO2AND LOCATION SENSORS
1. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
DOI:10.5121/iju.2013.4201 1
UBIQUITOUS HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEM
USING INTEGRATED TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMETER,
SPO2 AND LOCATION SENSORS
Ogunduyile O.O1
., Zuva K2
., Randle O.A3
., Zuva T4
1,3,4
Department of Computer Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria,
South Africa
2
Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
ABSTRACT
Ubiquitous healthcare has become one of the prominent areas of research inorder to address the
challenges encountered in healthcare environment. In contribution to this area, this study developed a
system prototype that recommends diagonostic services based on physiological data collected in real time
from a distant patient. The prototype uses WBAN body sensors to be worn by the individual and an android
smart phone as a personal server. Physiological data is collected and uploaded to a Medical Health
Server (MHS) via GPRS/internet to be analysed. Our implemented prototype monitors the activity, location
and physiological data such as SpO2 and Heart Rate (HR) of the elderly and patients in rehabilitation. The
uploaded information can be accessed in real time by medical practitioners through a web application.
KEYWORDS
Android smart phone, Ubiquitous Healthcare, Web application server, Wireless Body Area Networks
1. INTRODUCTION
The challenges in healthcare system worldwide is to provide high quality service provisioning,
easy accessibility and low cost service to ever increasing population particularly the elderly
suffering from age related diseases. [1]; [2][3]. These challenges are placing a strain on the
existing healthcare systems therefore they create the necessity to develop better, smarter, cost
effective and healthcare systems to provide quality healthcare services at runtime. With this a
large number of people, especially the elderly and those in rehabilitation will have easier access
to the needed healthcare resources and quality-oriented healthcare services with limited financial
resources. In recent times people are more health conscious and as noted by [4] the demand for
better healthcare services is on the rise, individuals are demanding for better healthcare services
that can be provided through ubiquitous healthcare systems.
Healthcare services that are availed to everyone independent of time and location is known as
ubiquitous healthcare. Ubiquitous healthcare systems holds the potential of maintaining wellness,
disease management, support for independent living, prevention and prompt treatment, along with
emergency intervention anytime and anywhere as and when needed [5]. Moreover, technologies
that provide ubiquitous healthcare services will be assimilated seamlessly in our daily lives such
that they become invisible [6]. Ubiquitous healthcare systems use a large number of environments
and platforms including Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), mobile devices and wireless
grid/cloud/web services to make healthcare services available, observable, transparent, seamless,
reliable and sustainable. Using these systems medical practitioners can remotely monitor,
diagnose, access vital patient symptoms, offer advice to patients, facilitate real time
communication with patients, give patients control over their personal data and also allow
patients’ access services anywhere anytime. Accessibility to several available services from an
healthcare provider, flexibility, security and remote health data acquisitioning, service
2. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
2
personalization, automatic decision making and response form the requirements for ubiquitous
healthcare systems. WBANs are characterized by the deployment of biomedical sensors around
human body to proactively collect the physiological data measurements and transmit them
wirelessly to the base coordinator for processing [7]. WBAN environment can continuously
interact with the neighbouring network nodes and can access services from the web/cloud/grid
environment to provide new services at runtime. Providing an effective service provisioning is
still a huge challenge in a WBAN environment.
The system prototype Service Oriented Wireless Body Area Networks (SOWBAN) developed in
this study is an effective service provisioning mechanism in ubiquitous healthcare environment. It
is designed to be used by patients in rehabilitation and to monitor the elderly, with the help of a 3
axis accelerometer and a wireless pulse oximeter (SpO2). Body movements are monitored by an
accelerometer to determine the patient’s activities i.e., running, resting, walking and dangerous
activities such as falling. The SpO2 is used to measure blood-oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) and
Heart Rate (HR) [8]. The continuous observations of physiological data has the potential to
greatly improve the quality of life of patients [9]. The hardware components of the prototype
comprises of WBAN nodes (hereafter referred to as BS nodes or Body Sensor nodes),
implemented on arduino fio platforms to collect physiological data and transmit it wirelessly to
the Central Intelligent Node (CIN). From the CIN, physiological data of patient is then uploaded
to the Medical Health Server (MHS). Physiological data received on the MHS would be
equivalent to that obtained at the medical facility, if the patient were to go there for a medical
check-up.
The prototype SOWBAN shows a system that implements fully the concept of ubiquitous
healthcare service provisioning. The prototype architecture provides another solution to the
telemedicine technology, which is high in cost in implementation and maintenance. Through
smart designing methods, we have integrated certain services in our prototype and make them
accessible at the users’ ends (patients and medical practitioner). All events and processes within
our prototype are designed as services. Such service oriented designs gives our prototype the
advantages of: interoperability, reuse, efficiency and scalability. This current study aimed to
describe our system architecture to integrate WBAN with WS for ubiquitous healthcare service
provisioning. Our objectives are the following:
(a) To enable the flawless incorporation of wireless body sensors with web service
architectures.
(b) To support the ubiquitous provisioning of high quality and cost-effective healthcare
services in a distributed service provisioning environment.
(c) To allow for real time diagnosis of the healthcare conditions of remote patients,
independent of their location.
The remainder of this paper is succinctly summarized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss the
related work. In Section 3, we discuss the prototype SOWBAN system architecture looking at its
different layers to feature all hardware and software components. In Section 4, we present the live
implementation of the prototype SOWBAN architecture. Section 5, concludes the paper and
highlights its contributions as well as our future work.
2. RELATED WORK
Most of research has been put into remote vital signals acquisition using WBAN technologies. A
survey of WBAN applications can be found in [10]. In particular, [11] developed the OnkoNet
architecture to support healthcare services independent of time and place using mobile computing
technology. A wearable health systems using WBAN for patient monitoring was introduced in
3. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
3
three (3) layers that is; physiological sensors in first layer, personal server in second, and finally
the health care servers and related services [12] . An ubiquitous Healthcare System (UHS) was
developed by [13], the system consists of vital signs devices and environment sensor devices to
acquire context information to monitor and manage health status of patients anytime anywhere.
The framework targeted the development of four healthcare applications including self-diagnosis,
remote monitoring, exercise management and emergency services. [14], proposed WBAN to
support medical applications and the necessity for design concepts of the hardware and network
protocols in a multi-patient monitoring environment were highlighted.
An information-based probabilistic relation model among the key indicators which sequenced
their data gathering priority and precedence in the WBAN was constructed. They further
constructed a cost function over the energy expenditure involved in their data gathering, and
expressed the relationship between utility gain and energy loss as a constrained optimization
problem. [15] gave a case study providing the fundamentals of how WBAN can be used for
remote data acquisition and information fusion. Wireless devices from different technologies
were made to work together in a distributed way in a smart environment. This system uses a
distributed approach to add new components in execution time. [16], proposed a Secure
Ubiquitous Healthcare System Architecture (SUHSA) to enable real time collection of healthcare
data from WBAN. The collected data is converted into a Clinical Document Architecture (CDA)
format, digitally signed, encrypted and securely transmitted over the Internet protocol Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) and Health Level 7 (HL7) messaging standards to a central hospital for patient
health condition to be accessed by doctors. The IMS provides internet services with Quality of
Service (QoS) and it integrates different services.
A comprehensive discussion of the roles of telemedicine, wireless body area networks and
wireless utility grid computing technologies to address the challenges of the conventional
healthcare system can be found in [17]. Their work integrated telemedicine technologies with
Mobile Dynamic Virtual Communities (MDVC) into the healthgrid for cost-effective, quality and
ubiquitous healthcare service provisioning. The framework allowed for remote vital signs
acquisition and personalized grid services discovery through a metadata and fuzzy logic based
intelligent context engine. The gFrame is promising because of its vision to integrate MDVC into
the health grid for ubiquitous, quality and cost-effective healthcare service provisioning. This
paper reports on life prototype implementation of SOWBAN, which is a component of gFrame
for remote vital signs acquisition. The results of this study were obtained from volunteers.
3. SOWBAN SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The system architecture of SOWBAN consists of the following layers: BS Arduino Layer,
Central Intelligent Node Layer (CINL), and Medical Health Server (MHS) Layer which is made
up of the SOWBAN applications (the web application server) and the database as shown in
Figure 1.
4. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
4
Figure 1. SOWBAN Architecture
3.1. The BS Arduino Layer
The BS Arduino layer consists of the BS nodes i.e., 3 axis accelerometer and pulse oximeter,
implemented on arduino fio platforms to be worn on the patient’s body. The BS nodes gather
physiological data from patients and transmit the data through an attached WiFly radio over a Wi-
Fi wireless network to the CINL. The BS nodes have the intelligence to sense, sample, process
and communicate physiological data. They also satisfy design requirements of minimum weight,
greatly reduced form factor, low – power consumption through configuration (which allows for
prolonged ubiquitous healthcare monitoring), seamless integration into our prototype, standard
based interface protocols and patient – specific customization. The BS nodes receive
configuration instructions and responds to commands from the CIN which is more superior in
terms of intelligence [18].
3.2. Central Intelligent Node Layer (CINL)
The CINL holds the CIN which is responsible for collecting and processing of physiological data
received from BS nodes, providing a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the patient to view
his/her data in real time and uploading patient data to the MHS. It communicates with the MHS
via GPRS/Internet. The architecture uses an android smart phone with operating system (OS) 2.3v
as the CIN. Android OS serves as a great choice for this architecture allowing for sophisticated
real time data processing and increasing processing power. Integrating an android smart phone
with certain sensors e.g., an accelerometer provides a way to determine mobility and Global
Positioning System (GPS) for location determination. This makes them more suitable for a fully
integrated BS node ubiquitous monitoring system and is a benefit to our prototype SOWBAN.
We have deployed a service on the CINL to enable configuration of the BS nodes, in terms of:
node registration, node initialization, node fusion and node customisation. We have also deployed
services to enable patients upload physiological data to the MHS, download information
(recommendations/prescriptions) from the MHS and view the medical practitioner’s consultation
times or routine, if uploaded to the MHS. This will enable patients’ book medical appointments
when needed.
5. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
5
Using a simple comparison algorithm the CIN compares changes in data received from the BS
nodes to determine whether to send data to the MHS or not. Data from the BS nodes are sent only
when the CIN detects a change in the received data (SpO2 parameters, activities and location).
This will help save cost for the patient by reducing the number of data transmissions made.
Figure 2 shows the basic data flow algorithm of the CINL.
Figure 2. CINL basic data flow algorithm
3.3. Medical Health Server (MHS) Layer
The MHS stores the electronic medical records of registered users and provides various services
to the patients, medical practitioners and healthcare providers. It is the responsibility of the MHS
to authenticate users, accept health monitoring session uploads, format and insert the session data
into corresponding patient medical records, analyse the data, determine serious health situations
in order to contact emergency healthcare providers, and forward new information to the patients,
such as recommendations, prescribed drugs and exercises. These operations are performed
autonomously, without human’s intervention by comparing the latest patient’s physiological data
updates with already existing ones in patient’s medical record as well as comparing
recommendations and prescriptions by the patient's medical practitioner or healthcare provider.
The MHS consists of the web server and application server forming a web application server
which can be accessed through a web browser. The application component of the web application
server holds the MHS’s business processes and is responsible for communications between the
CIN, web server/web services and the database.
Our developed web application server is deployed on Tomcat with Apache and MySQL is used as
a database. On the application component, Add patient, registers and initializes a new patient
record on the database. View patient, checks the existing patient medical record i.e., monitoring
status/monitoring history, received data analysis and if a patient record no longer exists on the
database, delete patient. Send alert, creates an alert when data analysis results in a potential
medical condition. With the Upload info, patient recommendations, prescriptions and medical
practitioner’s consultation slots can be uploaded to the MHS. Patients can view this uploaded
information through the download info service on the CIN over the web.
Two main services offered at the web server component are enterData and collectData. To
access these services the medical practitioners have to login first. Using the enterData enables
6. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
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data to be entered into the database while collectData helps retrieve data. These services give the
medical practitioner access to the patient’s record on the MHS over any public network provided
the correct authentication details are used. Authentication login details ensure the privacy of the
patient’s medical records. Privacy involves the confidentiality of patient’s data and the assurance
that no information leakage from the medical records is feasible.
4. SOWBAN IMPLEMENTATION
The process of monitoring a person's health condition requires a large amount of information. Our
developed BS nodes implemented on arduino fio platforms has the capacity to collect large
amount of physiological data and transmits these data continuously. Figure 3 shows the
diagrammatical description of the data transmission process of our prototype.
Figure 3. Prototype SOWBAN data transmission process
The accelerometer is worn around the patient’s waist, either using a waist belt or modified
mobile-phone carry-case. The accelerometer gives the continuous monitoring and transmission of
the patient’s angular force on the X, Y and Z axis. These movements are translated into motion
states which corresponds to the activities of the patient with the following states existing; resting
(ID - 1), walking/general movement (ID - 2), running (ID - 3) and falling (ID – 4). The
measurement of the motion is determined by using the maximum recorded values from the
accelerometer within a 1- second cycling period and based on these values, the respective states
were determined. A workflow process was designed for the accelerometer, as shown in figure 4.
7. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
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Figure 4. Workflow process of the accelerometer
Here the accelerometer is initially set in sleep state and its timer is configured to wake up at 1-sec
intervals collecting samples at both low measurement range (i.e., ±2g) and high sensitivity on the
X, Y and Z axis. This conserves power when person is in a resting state (ID – 1). The sleep state
is disabled once a measurement value exceeds a certain threshold value (To) because this signifies
person is now in an active state and the accelerometer continues collecting samples in this state.
Since the normal frequency of human activities is at ranges between 1 – 18Hz as discovered by
[19], the data sampling rate is set to be in the range of 10 – 100Hz.
Measurement range of the accelerometer is set to adapt to the exact accelerometer measurement.
For example, if the measurement range is ±4 g full resolution, with sensitivity of 128LSB/g and
the exact measurement is below -4g or above 4g, then the next measurement will be taken from a
higher range of ±8 g with lower sensitivity of 64LSB/g and if exact measurement is between -2 g
and 2g, then the next measurement will be taken with a lower range ±2 g with higher sensitivity
of 256LSB/g. These measurement ranges allows for highest sensitivity outputs on the X, Y and Z
axis while getting the closest accelerometer reading. Additionally, measurement ranges are
adjusted independently in the different axis. The accelerometer’s measurement ranges allows for
highest sensitivity outputs on the X, Y and Z axis. If measurement shows inactivity for a period of
time (e.g., 6mins) the accelerometer returns to an inactive state and restarts the work flow process
all over. This work flow process ensures automatic activity monitoring, power conservation and
alertness to changes in patient activities.
To carry out measurement test, our accelerometer, sampling at a frequency of 50Hz on all axes is
worn around a person waist using a modified mobile-phone carry-case. Figure 5 shows the test
measurements for the ID – 2 and ID – 3 states. We use AcclX, AcclY and AcclZ to represent the
front, side and vertical accelerations, respectively. Due to the earth’s gravitational force, there is
always an output of +g present if a person is in a vertical position and vertical measurement
AcclZ is taken. During test measurements, ID – 1 and ID – 2 showed acceleration movements
patterns mostly on the X and Y axis while the Z axis showed less acceleration movement patterns.
Also, measurement tests for ID – 3 and ID – 4 showed acceleration movements patterns mostly
on the Z axis while the X and Y axis showed less acceleration movement patterns.
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Figure 5. Accelerometer measurements showing (a) walking (ID – 2) and (b) running (ID – 3)
The measurement tests shows, different human activities generate different patterns in
acceleration readings. With this, it is possible to group different human activity through the
analysis of the recorded acceleration data and warn against abnormal activities such as increased
energy expenditure and falling. Moreover, once an abnormal activity is detected through the
acceleration reading, the health status can be verified with inputs from other sources, e.g., by
checking the heart rate from a SpO2 or heart activity from an ECG sensor.
The wireless pulse oximeter measures blood-oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) as well as heart rate
(HR). Measurements are based on Lambert Beer’s law of spectral analysis which relates the
concentration of absorbent in solution to amount of light transmitted through the solution [20].
Knowing the intensity, the path length and extinction co-efficient of a substance (here,
oxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin) at a particular wavelength, we determine oxygen
saturation by measuring the light transmitted at two different wave lengths through the fingertip.
This method capitalizes on the fact that, at the red region of the light spectrum around 660nm
reduced hemoglobin (Hb) has higher extinction co-efficient compared to oxyhemoglobin (HbO2).
While in the near – infrared region of the light spectrum around 940nm, the extinction co-
efficient of Hb is low compared to HbO2. With the differences in extinction co-efficient, the light
absorbed by Hb and HbO2 can be determined and used to calculate a ratio R, which correlates to
oxygen saturation. Using lambert’s law, we obtain an expression for the ratio for light absorbed
given by Equation 1.
(1)
I1 and I2 are the light intensity at different wave length calculated by Equation 2 and Equation 3
At wavelength λ1, (2)
At wavelength λ2, (3)
Where
Co is the concentration of oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2)
Cr is the concentration of reduced oxyhaemoglobin (Hb)
( )
( )
10 1 1
10 2 2
log
log
in
in
I I
R
I I
=
( )
1 1
1 1 1 0 o o r r
C C l
i n
I I
− +
=
( )
2 2
2 2 1 0 o o r r
C C l
in
I I
− +
=
9. International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.4, No.2, April 2013
9
αon is the extinction co-efficient of HbO2 at wavelength λn
αrn is the extinction co-efficient of Hb at wavelength λn
From Equation 1 we show that:
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) = (4)
By measuring the elapsed time between peaks of the infrared light signal we get a value for heart
rate using Equation 5. The infrared light signal is used to calculate for heart rate because it has
low noise and can be used in different environments [21].
Heart Rate (BPM) = (5)
Our pulse oximeter test calculations report hearts rates in the range of 30 – 245bpm and SpO2
values from 0 – 97%. In developing our wireless microcontroller based pulse oximeter, we made
use of available off the shelf products that provide self-contained logics for driving LEDs (red,
infrared, silicon photodiode) and performing SpO2/HR calculations. The pulse oximeter performs
all required calculations and transmits physiological data via a WiFly radio module over the Wi-
Fi network to the CIN. The WiFly is attached to the arduino fio platforms to enable radio
transmission. The WiFly can connect to any router whenever the necessary security protocols are
correctly configured. Once connected, the module will create a server and listens on IP Address –
192.168.0.68 and Port – 60000.
The performance of the wireless network is important in pervasive healthcare service
provisioning. We set up our Wi-Fi wireless network to ensure efficient transmission of patient
physiological data because medical practitioners can only assess patient’s status correctly by the
medical information they receive. To achieve this, we configured an Access point (AP) to set up
a wireless connection and deployed TDMA schemes to operate on the Wi-Fi’s existing MAC
protocols. Our TDMA schemes results in: a scheduled data transmission process, reduction in
network congestion, power conservation and extended battery life of BS nodes.
We developed a MoSync python application to run on the android smart phone. Python for
MoSync is a very effective programming language with efficient high-level data structures that
delivers a simple but effective approach to object-oriented scripting programming [22]. The
MoSync python application gathers data sent from the BS nodes. The CIN uses the python APIs
(Application Program Interfaces) to manage the AP’s processes i.e., setting up wireless
connections to both BS nodes and the MHS. On receiving data from the BS nodes, the CIN uses
comparison algorithms to compare data received with the last data sent. The comparison
algorithm is programmed to send data to the MHS only when there is a difference in data just
received from the last data sent. The CIN also enables the patient view his/her medical status in
real time through its GUI. Figure 6 shows screenshots of the GUI interface on the CIN.
( ) ( )
2 1
2 2 1 1
o r r
o r r o r o
C R
C C R
−
=
+ − − −
( )
60
sec
Period
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Figure 6. Screenshots of the CIN’s GUI showing (a) patient walking (ID – 3) on accelerometer
monitoring and (b) an alert message in case of an emergency on pulse oximeter monitoring
To upload patient data to the MHS, the CIN connects with the upload info service on its GUI and
sends to the web application server in TCP/HTTP over GPRS/Internet. The web application
server mines data received and determines health risks using logistic regression. Functionality on
the web application server is implemented in HTML/PHP. The medical practitioners can see the
patient’s activities and SpO2 health status in real time through a web application over a web
browser. An abnormal condition triggers the alert signal which is received by both patient and
medical practitioner and in high risk situations the GPRS on the android can be used to determine
the patient’s location. Our implementation of various off the shelf components and Open Source
Softwares (Python, PHP, MySQL and Apache Tomcat) helps reduces overall cost of the
prototype SOWBAN.
The power consumption and size for the major components in the BS Arduino Layer and CINL
are listed in Table 1 to give a cost evaluation. The size of the entire BS arduino layer is limited to
90 *62* 22mm and powered by a Li-Ion battery pack which is selected due to its low cost and
convenience in testing and recharging. With smart implementation power consumption is greatly
reduced in the prototype development. The CINL has a more reliable and longer lasting source of
power, therefore will not be an issue.
Table 1. Cost evaluation of the prototype SOWBAN
Component Current (mA) Size (mm)
BS nodes i.e., accelerometer
and pulse oximeter
0.023 3 * 5 * 1
90 * 60.5 * 22
Arduino Fio platform 40 27.9 * 66.0 *3.5
WiFly radio transmitter 38 27*18*3.1
Li-Ion battery pack _ 67.5*49.5*17
The cost to build the prototype SOWBAN (excluding the MHS) is around 1450 rands, which
makes it feasible for ubiquitously monitoring the elderly and patients in rehabilitation. Based on
our implementation, we can evaluate our prototype in terms of:
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(a) Safety – patient’s conditions being monitored constantly and in real time guarantees early
detection in patient’s status and treatment can be administered early enough.
(b) Timeliness – with real time detection in the patient’s status i.e., especially in critical
conditions where the medical practitioner is notified in immediately and can contact the
healthcare providers in closest proximity to the patient for immediate attention.
(c) Effectiveness – by monitoring patient’s status and providing services ubiquitously, cost
spent on healthcare is reduced, patients do not have to travel the distance to a health
facility, wait in queues at the health facility before being attended to. Effectiveness also
ensures that patient’s conditions, prescriptions and recommendations are properly
documented.
(d) Efficiency – this is experienced in the ability for the designed prototype to provide an
overall outcome for the patients in days of survival, years of survival, improvement in
status (especially in recovering patients) and reduction in disability (especially in some
age – related illness).
5. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the implementation of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) that
seamlessly combines Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) with Web services (WS) for
ubiquitous healthcare service provisioning. The prototype SOWBAN developed proactively
collects body signals of remote patients to recommend diagnostic services. This prototype
provides continuous physiological data monitoring capabilities with minimum intervention of
medical personnel and ubiquitous accessibility to variety of services allowing distributed
healthcare resources to be massively reused for providing cost-effective services without
individuals physically moving to the locations of those resources. By automating the
physiological data monitoring process the most updated information of patient will be available at
all times. The SOWBAN enables the monitoring of patients physiological data in real time,
promising ubiquitous, yet an affordable and effective way to provide healthcare services. The
developed SOWBAN is one of the first that successfully integrates body area networks with web
services for ubiquitous healthcare service provisioning. The SOWBAN ensures interoperability
between heterogeneous devices and technologies, data representations, scalability and reuse. The
contributions of this paper are:
(a) It provides the effective provisioning of services within ubiquitous healthcare system.
SOWBAN achieves this by seamlessly combining the WBAN technologies i.e., sensor
systems and networks, embedded engineering etc. with web services i.e. internet
technologies, apache servers etc.
(b) It allows health data monitoring, through activity information such as body positions and
SpO2 parameters, to know a patient’s health status.
(c) It provides reliable and power efficient medical data transmission within the 802.11/Wi-
Fi using developed TDMA schemes.
The SOWBAN also ensures privacy, integrity and authentication protocols by using passwords
and encryptions because privacy is seen as a fundamental right of humans and is a sensitive issue
in healthcare applications. However, future works are required to improve the quality of service
of body sensors wireless communication, reliability of sensor nodes, security and standardization
of interfaces. In addition, further studies of different medical conditions in clinical and
ambulatory settings are necessary to determine specific limitations and possible new applications
of this technology.
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Authors
1
Ogunduyile O.Oluwagbenga, is a lecturer at
the Tshwane University of Technology,
Pretoria, South Africa
2
Zuva T, is a lecturer at the Tshwane University
of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
3
Randle O. Abayomi, is a lecturer at the
Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria,
South Africa.
4
Zuva K, is a lecturer at the University of
Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana