Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and infect host cells by attaching to receptors on their surface. They take over the cell's machinery to replicate their nucleic acid and proteins, eventually causing the cell to burst and release new virus particles. There are two main life cycles viruses follow - the lytic cycle where the virus immediately replicates and bursts the cell, and the lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA incorporates into the host DNA and lays dormant until conditions change and switches to the lytic cycle. A virus relies entirely on host cells for replication and spreads by exiting infected cells and finding new host cells to infect.
A simple description of a virus, how it works and affects our bodies, and how the body defends itself against the virus and what is a virus originally, and how it multiplies in our bodies.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that exist almost everywhere on earth. They can infect animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria.Viruses vary in complexity. They consist of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Viruses cannot replicate without a host, so they are classified as parasitic.They are considered the most abundant biological entity on the planet.
Here we discuss the general properties of viruses in detail.
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
A simple description of a virus, how it works and affects our bodies, and how the body defends itself against the virus and what is a virus originally, and how it multiplies in our bodies.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that exist almost everywhere on earth. They can infect animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria.Viruses vary in complexity. They consist of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Viruses cannot replicate without a host, so they are classified as parasitic.They are considered the most abundant biological entity on the planet.
Here we discuss the general properties of viruses in detail.
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
Small entrepreneurs should know some fundamentals of digital marketing, as it is by far an economical yet effective marketing tool available to entrepreneurs. This slides are not for techies but for simple entrepreneurs who have very limited knowledge about the digital media. So you may find some very basic information also being discussed in these slides.
Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses. It is a subfield of microbiology that focuses on their detection, structure, classification and evolution, their methods of infection and exploitation of host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy
Education Material about Virus Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Education Material about Virus Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Virus
1. Virus
INTRODUCTION
Viruses are tiny organisms that may lead to mild to severe illnesses in humans, animals
and plants. Ex- flu or a cold to something more life threatening like HIV/AIDS.
OBJECTIVES
How big are viruses?
Are viruses alive?
Structure of a virus
Receptors
How do viruses infect?
Life cycle of a basic virus
2. Size of viruses
The virus particles are 100 times smaller than a single bacteria cell. The bacterial cell
alone is more than 10 times smaller than a human cell and a human cell is 10 times
smaller than the diameter of a single human hair.
Are viruses alive?
Viruses by themselves are not alive. They cannot grow or multiply on their own and need
to enter a human or animal cell and take over the cell to help them multiply. These
viruses may also infect bacterial cells.
The virus particle or the virions attack the cell and take over its machinery to carry out
their own life processes of multiplication and growth. An infected cell will produce viral
particles instead of its usual products.
Structure of a virus
A virion (virus particle) has three main parts:
Nucleic acid – this is the core of the virus with the DNA or RNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid respectively). The DNA or RNA
holds all of the information for the virus and that makes it unique and helps it
multiply.
Protein Coat (capsid) – This is covering over the nucleic acid that protects it.
Lipid membrane (envelope) – this covers the capsid. Many viruses do not have this
envelope and are called naked viruses.
Receptors
Viruses are not simply taken into cells. They must first attach to a receptor on the cell
surface. Each virus has its specific receptor, usually a vital component of the cell surface.
It is the distribution of these receptor molecules on host cells that determines the cell-
3. preference of viruses. For example, the cold and flu virus prefers the mucus lining cells
of the lungs and the airways.
How do viruses infect?
Viruses do not have the chemical machinery needed to survive on their own. They, thus
seek out host cells in which they can multiply. These viruses enter the body from the
environment or other individuals from soil to water to air via nose, mouth, or any breaks
in the skin and seek a cell to infect.
A cold or flu virus for example will target cells that line the respiratory (i.e. the lungs) or
digestive (i.e. the stomach) tracts. The HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) that causes
AIDS attacks the T-cells (a type of white blood cell that fights infection and disease) of
the immune system.
Video
Life cycle of a basic virus
There are a few basic steps that all infecting viruses follow and these are
called the lytic cycle. These include:
1.A virus particle attaches to a host cell. This is called the process of
adsorption
2.The particle injects its DNA or RNA into the host cell called entry.
3.The invading DNA or RNA takes over the cell and recruits the host’s
enzymes
4.The cellular enzymes start making new virus particles called
replication
5.The particles of the virus created by the cell come together to form
new viruses. This is called assembly
6.The newly formed viruses kill the cell so that they may break free and
search for a new host cell. This is called release.
Viral life cycle
Viruses are similar to living organisms, however there are differences. One of the ways a
virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to replicate and create progeny. However,
unlike organisms, a virus cannot survive on its own. It is only active when replicating
within a host, using a hosts' resources and food. Once inside a host, a virus's sole purpose
is to make as many copies of itself, and infect other host cells; everything it does is to
benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring.
4. Objectives
1 Overview
2 Exposure of host
3 Viral Entry
4 Viral replication
5 Viral shedding
6 Viral latency
Overview
A virus is totally dependent on a host cell.[1] Most viruses are species specific, and they
only infect a narrow range of plants, animals, bacteria or fungi.
Exposure of host
Usually viral infection occurs when a virus enters the host, either:
through a physical breach (a cut in the skin)
direct inoculation (e.g.mosquito bite[2])
direct infection of the surface itself (inhalation of the virus into trachea[3])
It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to possible susceptible
cells.
Viral Entry
Main article: Viral entry
For the virus to reproduce and thereby establish infection, it must enter cells of the host
organism and use those cells' materials. To enter the cells, proteins on the surface of the
virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the
viral particle and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the
virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where viral
reproduction may commence.
Viral replication
Main article: Viral replication
Next, a virus must take control of the host cell's replication mechanisms. It is at this stage
a distinction between susceptibility and permissibility of a host cell is made.
Permissibility determines the outcome of the infection. After control is established and
the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself, replication occurs
quickly.
5. Viral shedding
Main article: Viral shedding
After a virus has made many copies of itself, it usually has exhausted the cell of its
resources. The host cell is now no longer useful to the virus, therefore the cell often dies
and the newly produced viruses must find a new host. The process by which virus
progeny are released to find new hosts, is called shedding. This is the final stage in the
viral life cycle.
Viral latency
Main article: Viral latency
Some viruses can "hide" within a cell, either to evade the host cell defenses or immune
system, or simply because it is not in the best interest of the virus to continually replicate.
This hiding is deemed latency. During this time, the virus does not produce any progeny,
it remains inactive until external stimuli—such as light or stress—prompts it to activate.
Two Life Cycles of a Virus
Lytic versus lysogenic life cycles:
In the lytic stage, many viral particles are made and copies are sent back into the
environment.
A virus is found in this phase when conditions are favorable, i.e. when bacteria is
"growing like crazy"
6. The virus attaches to bacteria (host)
The virus inserts its DNA into the
bacteria
The virus takes over the cell's machinery
The virus reproduces itself and self-
assembles.
The host cell is destroyed
In the lysogenic phase there is no pathology.
Under certain conditions the lysogenic lifestyle can switch to a lytic lifestyle.
A virus is found at this stage under harsh conditions.
7. The virus is a prophage at this stage.
The virus binds to bacteria (host)
The virus inserts its DNA into the
bacteria
The viral DNA gets incorporated into the
cell's chromosome
Viral DNA is replicated
along with chromosomal material