Photogrammetry is the science of obtaining reliable information about physical objects through analyzing photographs. It involves recording, measuring, and interpreting images and patterns of electromagnetic radiation. There are different types of photogrammetry based on the distance from the camera to the object, including close-range photogrammetry from distances less than 10 meters, terrestrial photogrammetry from 10-100 meters, aerial photogrammetry from 2-10 km, and space photogrammetry from 30+ km. Photographs can also be categorized by tilt, including vertical, low oblique, and high oblique. Vertical aerial photographs are taken in parallel strips with overlap between photos to allow measurement. Photogrammetry has advantages like extracting geometric data cheaply and quickly to

1. The fundamental of
Photogrammetry
Submitted by
VIPIN SOLANKI
11411360

2. TERMINOLOGY
'photo' - light
'gram' - drawing
'metry' – measurement
Photogrammetry = “photo-measurement”
PHOTOGRAMMETRY

3. INTRODUCTION
BASIC DEFINITION
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IS THE SCIENCE AND ART OF DETERMINING THE
SIZE AND SHAPE OF OBJECTS BY MEANS OF ANALYSING IMAGES
RECORDED ON FILM OR ELECTRONIC MEDIA.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY HAS BEEN DEFINED BY THE
“AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE
SENSING”(ASPRS) AS THE ART SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OF OBTAINING RELIABLE INFORMATION ABOUT PHYSICAL
OBJECTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH PROCESSES OF
RECORDING,MEASURING AND INTERPRETING
PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES AND PATTERNS OF RECORDED
RADIANT EM ENERGY AND OTHER PHENOMENA.

4. Relationships of the Mapping Sciences as they relate
to Mathematics and Logic, and the Physical,
Biological, and Social Sciences

5. HISTORY OF AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY

6. Photogrammetric Types
Photogrammetric Types from Applications Point of View (d is distance
from camera to object)
Close Range Photogrammetry d<10 m
Terrestrial Photogrammetry 10 m<d<100 m
Aerial Photogrammetry 2 km<d<10 km
Space Photogrammetry 30 km<d

7. Types of Images
• Panchromatic, Black & White, Grayscale
• Color RGB
• Multispectral
• Hyperspectral

8. Types of photographs
(categorized by tilt)
TILT:-
TILT IS AN ANGLE BETWEEN THE
OPTICAL AXIS OF THE CAMERA AND
THE PLUMB LINE OR IT IS ALSO THE
ANGLE BETWEEN THE GROUND PLANE
AND THE PHOTO PLANE.

9. Types of photographs
(categorized by tilt)
•Vertical - camera axis as nearly
vertical as Possible
•Oblique - camera axis
intentionally tilted
•Low Oblique
•High Oblique

10. VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH->
IT IS OBTAINED WHEN THE CAMERA ‘S OPTICAL
AXIS IS WITHIN 3 DEGREE OF BEING VERTICAL
TO THE EARTH’S AXIS.
LOW OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPH->
OBTAINED WHEN THE CAMERA’S OPTICAL AXIS
DEVIATES MORE
THAN 3 DEGREE FROM VERTICAL AXIS.& HORIZON IS
NOT VISIBLE
HIGH OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPH->
DEVIATES MUCH MORE (AROUND 60 DEGREE)
AND HERE HORIZON IS VISIBLE

11. VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH-
LOW OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPH-
HIGH OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPH-

12. Vertical Aerial Photogrammetry
Mainly used for mapping

13. Low Oblique

14. High Oblique
• Horizon line
in the photo

15. Taking Vertical Aerial
Photographs
• Photos taken in parallel flight strips

16. Taking Vertical Aerial
Photographs
• Each successive photograph overlap previous photo

17. OVERLAPPING IN AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPH
OVERLAP:
OVERLAP INCLUDES THE AMOUNT OF PHOTOGRAPH IN
WHICH ONE PHOTOGRAPH INCLUDES SAME AREA COVERED
BY ANOTHER AND IS CUSTOMARILY EXPRESSED AS A
PERCENTAGE.
FORWARD OVERLAP AND SIDE OVERLAP:

18. Forward Overlap (End Lap)

19. Side Overlap (Side Lap)

20. Advantages Photogrammetry
• Extracting geometrical information
and producing maps.
• Cheaper than terrestrial methods.
• Extracting qualitative information.
• High speed of map generation.
• Cover areas quickly

21. CONCLUSION
Close-range photogrammetry is being used more and
more as a technique for measuring and modelling
objects. It is relatively quick and easy to set up,
requiring, in its simplest form, simply a digital camera
and a compatible software product. In this project
there has been an introduction to close
photogrammetry and some of its applications, leading
to an investigation into how the accuracy of object
coordinates can be optimized through the network
design of camera stations, with a particular focus on
the elements of a camera network which strengthen or
weaken it.