The document summarizes the history of the Vikings from the 8th to 11th centuries. It discusses how the Vikings originated from Scandinavian countries and conducted raids on places like England, Scotland, Ireland, and France. The Vikings eventually established settlements in some of these lands and influenced the local cultures, including contributing about 2,000 words to the English language. It also describes some major Viking figures like Ivar the Boneless and Guthrum and their military campaigns and treaties that expanded Viking territory in places like England and led to a blending of Norse and Anglo-Saxon cultures.

1. Lexicalization Processes
Arnoldo Cabrera

2. # Started in the 8th century untill the 11th
# They came from scandinavian countries
# The name ‘Viking’ comes from a language
called ‘Old Norse’ and means ‘a pirate raid’
# They fought the Angle-Saxons
# They were crafters, farmers and expert sailors
# They spoke Old Norse

3.  Vikings first raid was in 793, when they destroyed the abbey of Lindisfarne in
Northumbria.
 They killed all the monks
and took all the trasures
they wanted.
 After the attack, a letter
was wrote to Ethelred,
King of Northumbria, and
the vikings were
declared as enemies.

4.  Viking raids were sporadic until the 840s, but then they began to winter in
England, which later led them to start to settle with a clear intent of conquest.
 Later a great army was raised by Ivar ‘the boneless’, Halfdan, Ubba and Guthrum
captured York and Northumbria establishing the viking community of Jorvik,
which later became Danelaw, in the area that today is the north and east of
England.
 Generally, Vikings who travelled from Scandinavia settled in Danelaw, some
others sailed and conquered lands in Scotland.
 Vikings also set in the Isle of Man, from where often raided wales, but just a few
settled there
 Vikings who travelled from Norway conquered a part of Ireland and founded the
city of Dublin

6.  After the foundation of the Danelaw, the Viking King, Guthrum,
tried to expand the viking territory invading Wessex.
 He was defeated by King Alfred of the West Saxons in the Battle
of Edington (878)
 King Alfred and King Guthrum agreed a truce. It required
Guthrum to be baptised under the name of Aethelstan, and essentially the division
of England into the Anglo-Saxon Southern kingdom and the Danelaw.
 As a result of the peace, Vikings and Anglo-Saxons started to trade, resulting in a
melting of Old Norse and Old English

7.  As a result of the interaction of these two cultures, the vikings gave around 2,000
words to the English language.
 Anger
angr (“=trouble, affliction”); root ang (=”strait, straitened, troubled”); related to
anga, plural öngur (=”straits, anguish”)
 Bug
búkr (=”insect within tree trunks”)
 Cake
kaka (=”cake”)
 Die
deyja (=”pass away”)
 Egg
egg = egg

8.  Husband
husbondi (=”master of the house”)
 Mistake
mistaka (=”miscarry”)
 Root
rót
 Skin
skinn (=”animal hide”)
 Troll
troll (=”giant, fiend, demon”; further etymology is disputed)
 Ugly
uggligr (=”dreadful”)
 Want
vanta (=”to lack”

9.  1013 Cnut Became King of England, and after some further campaings in
Scandinavia he became King of England and Denmark and Norway and parts of
Sweden.
 He introduced Some Danish customs to England, but England also influenced
Denmark.
- For instance, most of the words of church organization in Denmark are in
English.
 He married Emma, the widow of Aethelred, the former King of england.
 When Cnut and his last descendants died, there was a fight for the throne, which
winner was Harold II of Norway.
 Three weeks later William the conqueror arrives and takes over, defeating an
exhausted resistant army.

10.  Who where the vikings?
 Overview: The vikings, 800 to 1066
 Viking Age
 Legacy of the vikings
 Guthrum
 Viking influence on English Language
 The History of English Language on 10 minutes
 Vikings: What happened to the Vikings?