This document provides an overview of computer organization and digital design concepts across 22 pages. It begins with definitions of computer architecture and organization, then covers topics like Boolean algebra, logic gates, number systems, integrated circuits, and generations of computer hardware. Digital circuits are explained as processing binary signals represented by 1s and 0s. Common logic gates like AND, OR, NAND and NOR are defined along with their truth tables. Binary and hexadecimal number systems are also introduced.
This document discusses an overview of computer organization and digital logic. It covers topics like Boolean algebra, logic gates, number systems, and computer generations. Specifically, it defines computer architecture and organization, describes the hierarchy of computer design from software to hardware. It also explains binary numbers, logic gates like AND, OR, NAND and their truth tables. Finally, it discusses number systems used in computers like binary, hexadecimal and their conversions to decimal.
The document provides instructions for a unit assignment involving simplification of logic expressions using the Variable Elimination Method (VEM) technique. It lists 3 steps - 1) simplify an expression using VEM, 2) obtain the minimal product, 3) simplify another expression using VEM. It then provides 4 logic expressions that need simplification.
This document provides information about Dr. Krishnanaik Vankdoth and his background and qualifications. It then discusses digital logic design topics like digital circuits, combinational logic, sequential circuits, logic gates, truth tables, adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Example circuits are provided and the functions of components like full adders, parallel adders, magnitude comparators are explained through diagrams and logic equations.
Digital electronics(EC8392) unit- 1-Sesha Vidhya S/ ASP/ECE/RMKCETSeshaVidhyaS
Number systems, Number conversion,Logic Gates,Boolean Theorem and Laws,Boolean Simplification,NAND,NOR Implementation,K-MAP simplification and Tabulation Method
This document provides an outline for a course on digital logic design. It includes the course title and credit hours, topics that will be covered such as Boolean algebra, logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits, programmable logic devices, and memory. It also lists recommended textbooks and provides the grading breakdown. Examples of analogue and digital quantities, signals, and number systems are given. Common logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR are described along with their truth tables and applications. Combinational circuits, functional devices, sequential circuits and memory are also introduced.
A combinational circuit is a logic circuit whose output is solely determined by the present input. It has no internal memory and its output depends only on the current inputs. A half adder is a basic combinational circuit that adds two single bits and produces a sum and carry output. A full adder adds three bits and produces a sum and carry like the half adder. Other combinational circuits discussed include half and full subtractors, decoders, encoders, and priority encoders.
Logic gate tester for IC's ( Digital Electronics and Logic deisgn EE3114 )Jikrul Sayeed
Name of the project: Logic Gate Tester for DELD EE3114
1.1Abstract:
Performing various types of logic operation we need to use logic gates and in integrated circuit there are more than one gates fabricated in a single IC. Before using gates for various purposes we need to check logic gates including all logic
combination considering in Binary (Logic 1 & 0) needs to implement. It is a time consuming task to check all the input combinations, thus the sole purpose of this project to make it automatic to check all the logic .
1. The document discusses binary code and logic gates, which are basic building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations. It defines binary code, Boolean data types, and the seven basic logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR - and provides their truth tables.
2. It explains that logic gates are typically implemented using transistors, but can also be constructed using other methods like relays, fluids, optics, or mechanical elements. Logic circuits are components of larger devices like registers, memory, and microprocessors that can contain over 100 million gates.
This document discusses an overview of computer organization and digital logic. It covers topics like Boolean algebra, logic gates, number systems, and computer generations. Specifically, it defines computer architecture and organization, describes the hierarchy of computer design from software to hardware. It also explains binary numbers, logic gates like AND, OR, NAND and their truth tables. Finally, it discusses number systems used in computers like binary, hexadecimal and their conversions to decimal.
The document provides instructions for a unit assignment involving simplification of logic expressions using the Variable Elimination Method (VEM) technique. It lists 3 steps - 1) simplify an expression using VEM, 2) obtain the minimal product, 3) simplify another expression using VEM. It then provides 4 logic expressions that need simplification.
This document provides information about Dr. Krishnanaik Vankdoth and his background and qualifications. It then discusses digital logic design topics like digital circuits, combinational logic, sequential circuits, logic gates, truth tables, adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Example circuits are provided and the functions of components like full adders, parallel adders, magnitude comparators are explained through diagrams and logic equations.
Digital electronics(EC8392) unit- 1-Sesha Vidhya S/ ASP/ECE/RMKCETSeshaVidhyaS
Number systems, Number conversion,Logic Gates,Boolean Theorem and Laws,Boolean Simplification,NAND,NOR Implementation,K-MAP simplification and Tabulation Method
This document provides an outline for a course on digital logic design. It includes the course title and credit hours, topics that will be covered such as Boolean algebra, logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits, programmable logic devices, and memory. It also lists recommended textbooks and provides the grading breakdown. Examples of analogue and digital quantities, signals, and number systems are given. Common logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR are described along with their truth tables and applications. Combinational circuits, functional devices, sequential circuits and memory are also introduced.
A combinational circuit is a logic circuit whose output is solely determined by the present input. It has no internal memory and its output depends only on the current inputs. A half adder is a basic combinational circuit that adds two single bits and produces a sum and carry output. A full adder adds three bits and produces a sum and carry like the half adder. Other combinational circuits discussed include half and full subtractors, decoders, encoders, and priority encoders.
Logic gate tester for IC's ( Digital Electronics and Logic deisgn EE3114 )Jikrul Sayeed
Name of the project: Logic Gate Tester for DELD EE3114
1.1Abstract:
Performing various types of logic operation we need to use logic gates and in integrated circuit there are more than one gates fabricated in a single IC. Before using gates for various purposes we need to check logic gates including all logic
combination considering in Binary (Logic 1 & 0) needs to implement. It is a time consuming task to check all the input combinations, thus the sole purpose of this project to make it automatic to check all the logic .
1. The document discusses binary code and logic gates, which are basic building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations. It defines binary code, Boolean data types, and the seven basic logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR - and provides their truth tables.
2. It explains that logic gates are typically implemented using transistors, but can also be constructed using other methods like relays, fluids, optics, or mechanical elements. Logic circuits are components of larger devices like registers, memory, and microprocessors that can contain over 100 million gates.
This document provides information on logic gates, Boolean expressions, and simple logic circuits. It defines common logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT. It explains how to write Boolean expressions, construct truth tables, and draw logic circuits. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write Boolean expressions for given logic circuits, draw truth tables, and build logic circuits for Boolean expressions. The document aims to teach students to identify logical operators, write valid Boolean expressions, and evaluate expressions using truth tables.
This document provides information about logic gates and Boolean expressions:
- It defines common logic gates (AND, OR, NOT) and their truth tables. It also introduces more complex gates like NAND and NOR.
- It explains how to write Boolean expressions, evaluate them using truth tables, and draw the corresponding logic circuits.
- Examples are provided for writing Boolean expressions for given logic circuits, drawing circuits for given expressions, and evaluating expressions using truth tables.
- The purpose is for students to understand basic logic gates, Boolean expressions, and how to represent logic relationships in circuits.
This document discusses digital logic design and binary numbers. It covers topics such as digital vs analog signals, binary number systems, addition and subtraction in binary, and number base conversions between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It also discusses complements, specifically 1's complement and radix complement. The purpose is to provide background information on fundamental concepts for digital logic design.
This document discusses multiplexers, which take multiple input signals and steer one of the inputs to the output based on control signals. It provides examples of 4-to-1, 16-to-1, and 8-to-1 multiplexers and describes how their outputs are determined by the states of the control signals. It also describes the IC 74150 16-to-1 multiplexer chip and the nibble multiplexer, which selects between two 4-bit nibbles as its output.
DLD Presentation By Team Reboot,Rafin Rayan,EUBRafin Rayan
Digital Logic Design Presentation By Team Rboot ,Student's of Computer Science & Engineering Department , European University Of Bangladesh . Total 4 Member's Team &Team Leader is Rafin Rayan (Dept. Of CSE,EUB)
The document summarizes basic digital logic gates and components including NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR gates. It also discusses multiplexers, demultiplexers, half/full adders, half/full subtractors, encoders, decoders, and conversions between binary and gray codes.
This is a classroom presentation for the basic concepts of HDL, using Verilog as the programming language. Module 3 deals with programmable logic devices.
This document summarizes a lecture on multiplexers, decoders, and encoders. It begins with definitions and examples of basic 2-to-1 multiplexers and 2-to-4 decoders. It then discusses hierarchical implementations using smaller multiplexers and decoders as building blocks. Finally, it describes techniques for designing logic circuits using multiplexers and decoders to realize Boolean functions.
This document provides an overview of signals and systems as a course topic. It begins with examples of common signal types like audio, images, and medical signals. It then discusses key concepts like how signals are defined based on their relationship to independent variables over time or space. The document outlines the Anna University syllabus for signals and systems, which includes analyzing continuous and discrete time signals and systems using transforms. It discusses potential applications in fields like engineering, medicine, and more. In closing, it highlights some common career paths for those studying signals and systems, like signal processing engineer or communication engineer.
This document discusses multiplexers, demultiplexers, and digital encoders. It provides the following information:
- Multiplexers are digital circuits that select one of several input signals and output the selected signal. Demultiplexers perform the reverse operation.
- Multiplexers and demultiplexers come in variations depending on the number of input/output channels such as 2:1, 4:1, 16:1, etc. Their operation is illustrated using logic gates.
- Digital encoders convert binary input lines into an equivalent binary code output. Priority encoders were developed to solve issues with standard encoders generating incorrect outputs when multiple inputs are high.
This document discusses complex integrated circuits used in logic design including multiplexers, decoders, and programmable logic devices. It provides details on 4 categories of integrated circuits based on the number of gates - SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI. Multiplexers are described as circuits that select one of several data inputs to connect to the output based on the control inputs. Decoders are the inverse, detecting a particular input and activating the corresponding output. Programmable logic devices can be programmed to provide different logic functions, allowing for changes without rewiring the system.
This document discusses digital systems and binary number representation. It covers:
1) An overview of digital systems including their applications and design process.
2) Converting between different number bases such as binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. Methods for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division in binary are also presented.
3) Techniques for representing negative numbers in binary including sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement representations. The process of adding numbers in both the 1's complement and 2's complement systems is explained.
This document discusses hash and MAC algorithms. It provides details on hash functions, the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), and HMAC.
Hash functions take a message and produce a fixed-size hash value. SHA is a secure hash algorithm developed by NIST that produces 160-bit or longer hash values. It involves padding the message, initializing a buffer, processing the message in blocks through a compression function, and outputting the final hash.
HMAC is a MAC algorithm that incorporates a secret key into an existing hash function like MD5 or SHA. It pads and XORs the key, hashes the result with the message, then hashes again with a padded key to produce the MAC value.
This document provides information about a digital logic design course taught by Dr. Javaid Khurshid including the instructor and lab instructor contact details, lecture and lab schedule, grading policy, textbooks, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics such as number systems, logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic, memory, and microprocessors.
This document provides an overview of digital systems and number representation in digital logic design. It discusses:
- Digital systems take discrete inputs and have discrete internal states to generate discrete outputs.
- Digital systems can be combinational (output depends only on input) or sequential (output depends on input and state). Sequential systems can be synchronous (state updates at clock) or asynchronous.
- Number systems like binary, octal, hexadecimal represent numbers using different radixes or bases. Binary uses two digits (0-1) while octal uses eight and hexadecimal uses sixteen.
- Operations like addition and subtraction can be performed in any number base through appropriate algorithms. Numbers can be converted between bases through division and
The document discusses different types of binary adders and arithmetic circuits. A binary adder uses full adder circuits connected in cascade to generate the sum of two binary numbers of any length. A binary adder-subtractor can perform both addition and subtraction using an exclusive-OR gate with each full adder and a mode input to control the operation. A binary incrementer independently increments a number using a combinational circuit. An arithmetic circuit uses a parallel adder as its basic component and multiplexers to choose different arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and increment on its inputs and output.
A decoder is a logic circuit that takes a binary input and activates only one output corresponding to the input number. It has N input lines to handle N-bit codes and 2^N output lines. A decoder uses AND gates as the basic decoding element, producing a HIGH output only when all inputs are HIGH. For example, a 4-bit BCD-to-7-segment decoder takes a 4-bit BCD coded input and outputs the correct 7-bit code to light the appropriate segments on a 7-segment display to display the corresponding decimal number.
The document discusses encoders, decoders, multiplexers (MUX), and how they can be used to implement digital logic functions. It provides examples of using 4-to-1, 8-to-1 and 10-to-1 MUX to implement functions. It also gives examples of 4-to-2, 8-to-3 and 10-to-4 encoders. Decoder examples include a 2-to-4 and 3-to-8 binary decoder. The document explains how decoders can be used as logic building blocks to realize Boolean functions. It poses questions to be answered using terms like MUX, DEMUX, encoder, decoder.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and digital logic concepts. It discusses computer architecture and organization, Boolean algebra, logic gates, number systems, and computer hardware generations. The key topics covered include binary arithmetic, combinational and sequential logic circuits, integrated circuits, truth tables, logic expressions, and positional number representation. Conversion between decimal and binary number systems is also explained.
computer logic and digital design chapter 1tendaisigauke3
This document provides an overview of computer organization and digital logic concepts. It discusses computer architecture and organization, Boolean algebra, logic gates, number systems, and computer hardware generations. The key topics covered include binary arithmetic, combinational and sequential logic circuits, integrated circuits, truth tables, logic expressions, and positional number representation. Conversion between decimal and binary number systems is also explained.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and SCADA SystemsLiving Online
SCADA has traditionally meant a window into the process of a plant and/or a method of gathering of data from devices in the field. Today the focus is on integrating this process data into the actual business and using it in real time. In addition to this, today’s emphasis is on using open standards, such as communication protocols (e.g. IEC 60870, DNP3 and TCP/IP) and 'off-the-shelf' hardware and software, as well as focusing on keeping the costs down. PLCs continue to gain in popularity. In fact, many SCADA applications use PLCs as the RTU of choice, when communicating with field devices. This comprehensive workshop covers the essentials of SCADA and PLC systems, which are often used in close association with each other.
A selection of case studies are used to illustrate the key concepts with examples of real world working SCADA and PLC systems in the water, electrical and processing industries. This workshop will be an excellent opportunity to network with your peers, as well as to gain significant new information and techniques for your next SCADA/PLC project.
Although the emphasis of the workshop will be on practical industry topics highlighting recent developments, using case studies, the latest application of SCADA, PLC technologies and fundamentals will be covered. The workshop is aimed at those who want to be updated on the latest developments in SCADA and PLC systems and wish to gain a solid appreciation of the fundamentals of their design, installation and troubleshooting.
This workshop is designed to benefit you with practical up-to-date information on the application of PLC and SCADA systems to the automation and process control industries. It is suitable for people who have little or no exposure to PLCs, but expect to become involved in some or all aspects of PLC and SCADA installation. It aims to give practical advice from experts in the field, to assist you to correctly plan, program and install a PLC with a shorter learning curve and more confidence. While the workshop is ideal for electricians, technicians and engineers who are new to PLCs, much of the material covered will be of value to those who already have some basic skills, but need a wider perspective for larger and more challenging tasks ahead.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/programmable-logic-controllers-plcs-and-scada-systems-34
This document provides information on logic gates, Boolean expressions, and simple logic circuits. It defines common logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT. It explains how to write Boolean expressions, construct truth tables, and draw logic circuits. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write Boolean expressions for given logic circuits, draw truth tables, and build logic circuits for Boolean expressions. The document aims to teach students to identify logical operators, write valid Boolean expressions, and evaluate expressions using truth tables.
This document provides information about logic gates and Boolean expressions:
- It defines common logic gates (AND, OR, NOT) and their truth tables. It also introduces more complex gates like NAND and NOR.
- It explains how to write Boolean expressions, evaluate them using truth tables, and draw the corresponding logic circuits.
- Examples are provided for writing Boolean expressions for given logic circuits, drawing circuits for given expressions, and evaluating expressions using truth tables.
- The purpose is for students to understand basic logic gates, Boolean expressions, and how to represent logic relationships in circuits.
This document discusses digital logic design and binary numbers. It covers topics such as digital vs analog signals, binary number systems, addition and subtraction in binary, and number base conversions between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It also discusses complements, specifically 1's complement and radix complement. The purpose is to provide background information on fundamental concepts for digital logic design.
This document discusses multiplexers, which take multiple input signals and steer one of the inputs to the output based on control signals. It provides examples of 4-to-1, 16-to-1, and 8-to-1 multiplexers and describes how their outputs are determined by the states of the control signals. It also describes the IC 74150 16-to-1 multiplexer chip and the nibble multiplexer, which selects between two 4-bit nibbles as its output.
DLD Presentation By Team Reboot,Rafin Rayan,EUBRafin Rayan
Digital Logic Design Presentation By Team Rboot ,Student's of Computer Science & Engineering Department , European University Of Bangladesh . Total 4 Member's Team &Team Leader is Rafin Rayan (Dept. Of CSE,EUB)
The document summarizes basic digital logic gates and components including NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR gates. It also discusses multiplexers, demultiplexers, half/full adders, half/full subtractors, encoders, decoders, and conversions between binary and gray codes.
This is a classroom presentation for the basic concepts of HDL, using Verilog as the programming language. Module 3 deals with programmable logic devices.
This document summarizes a lecture on multiplexers, decoders, and encoders. It begins with definitions and examples of basic 2-to-1 multiplexers and 2-to-4 decoders. It then discusses hierarchical implementations using smaller multiplexers and decoders as building blocks. Finally, it describes techniques for designing logic circuits using multiplexers and decoders to realize Boolean functions.
This document provides an overview of signals and systems as a course topic. It begins with examples of common signal types like audio, images, and medical signals. It then discusses key concepts like how signals are defined based on their relationship to independent variables over time or space. The document outlines the Anna University syllabus for signals and systems, which includes analyzing continuous and discrete time signals and systems using transforms. It discusses potential applications in fields like engineering, medicine, and more. In closing, it highlights some common career paths for those studying signals and systems, like signal processing engineer or communication engineer.
This document discusses multiplexers, demultiplexers, and digital encoders. It provides the following information:
- Multiplexers are digital circuits that select one of several input signals and output the selected signal. Demultiplexers perform the reverse operation.
- Multiplexers and demultiplexers come in variations depending on the number of input/output channels such as 2:1, 4:1, 16:1, etc. Their operation is illustrated using logic gates.
- Digital encoders convert binary input lines into an equivalent binary code output. Priority encoders were developed to solve issues with standard encoders generating incorrect outputs when multiple inputs are high.
This document discusses complex integrated circuits used in logic design including multiplexers, decoders, and programmable logic devices. It provides details on 4 categories of integrated circuits based on the number of gates - SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI. Multiplexers are described as circuits that select one of several data inputs to connect to the output based on the control inputs. Decoders are the inverse, detecting a particular input and activating the corresponding output. Programmable logic devices can be programmed to provide different logic functions, allowing for changes without rewiring the system.
This document discusses digital systems and binary number representation. It covers:
1) An overview of digital systems including their applications and design process.
2) Converting between different number bases such as binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. Methods for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division in binary are also presented.
3) Techniques for representing negative numbers in binary including sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement representations. The process of adding numbers in both the 1's complement and 2's complement systems is explained.
This document discusses hash and MAC algorithms. It provides details on hash functions, the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), and HMAC.
Hash functions take a message and produce a fixed-size hash value. SHA is a secure hash algorithm developed by NIST that produces 160-bit or longer hash values. It involves padding the message, initializing a buffer, processing the message in blocks through a compression function, and outputting the final hash.
HMAC is a MAC algorithm that incorporates a secret key into an existing hash function like MD5 or SHA. It pads and XORs the key, hashes the result with the message, then hashes again with a padded key to produce the MAC value.
This document provides information about a digital logic design course taught by Dr. Javaid Khurshid including the instructor and lab instructor contact details, lecture and lab schedule, grading policy, textbooks, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics such as number systems, logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic, memory, and microprocessors.
This document provides an overview of digital systems and number representation in digital logic design. It discusses:
- Digital systems take discrete inputs and have discrete internal states to generate discrete outputs.
- Digital systems can be combinational (output depends only on input) or sequential (output depends on input and state). Sequential systems can be synchronous (state updates at clock) or asynchronous.
- Number systems like binary, octal, hexadecimal represent numbers using different radixes or bases. Binary uses two digits (0-1) while octal uses eight and hexadecimal uses sixteen.
- Operations like addition and subtraction can be performed in any number base through appropriate algorithms. Numbers can be converted between bases through division and
The document discusses different types of binary adders and arithmetic circuits. A binary adder uses full adder circuits connected in cascade to generate the sum of two binary numbers of any length. A binary adder-subtractor can perform both addition and subtraction using an exclusive-OR gate with each full adder and a mode input to control the operation. A binary incrementer independently increments a number using a combinational circuit. An arithmetic circuit uses a parallel adder as its basic component and multiplexers to choose different arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and increment on its inputs and output.
A decoder is a logic circuit that takes a binary input and activates only one output corresponding to the input number. It has N input lines to handle N-bit codes and 2^N output lines. A decoder uses AND gates as the basic decoding element, producing a HIGH output only when all inputs are HIGH. For example, a 4-bit BCD-to-7-segment decoder takes a 4-bit BCD coded input and outputs the correct 7-bit code to light the appropriate segments on a 7-segment display to display the corresponding decimal number.
The document discusses encoders, decoders, multiplexers (MUX), and how they can be used to implement digital logic functions. It provides examples of using 4-to-1, 8-to-1 and 10-to-1 MUX to implement functions. It also gives examples of 4-to-2, 8-to-3 and 10-to-4 encoders. Decoder examples include a 2-to-4 and 3-to-8 binary decoder. The document explains how decoders can be used as logic building blocks to realize Boolean functions. It poses questions to be answered using terms like MUX, DEMUX, encoder, decoder.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and digital logic concepts. It discusses computer architecture and organization, Boolean algebra, logic gates, number systems, and computer hardware generations. The key topics covered include binary arithmetic, combinational and sequential logic circuits, integrated circuits, truth tables, logic expressions, and positional number representation. Conversion between decimal and binary number systems is also explained.
computer logic and digital design chapter 1tendaisigauke3
This document provides an overview of computer organization and digital logic concepts. It discusses computer architecture and organization, Boolean algebra, logic gates, number systems, and computer hardware generations. The key topics covered include binary arithmetic, combinational and sequential logic circuits, integrated circuits, truth tables, logic expressions, and positional number representation. Conversion between decimal and binary number systems is also explained.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and SCADA SystemsLiving Online
SCADA has traditionally meant a window into the process of a plant and/or a method of gathering of data from devices in the field. Today the focus is on integrating this process data into the actual business and using it in real time. In addition to this, today’s emphasis is on using open standards, such as communication protocols (e.g. IEC 60870, DNP3 and TCP/IP) and 'off-the-shelf' hardware and software, as well as focusing on keeping the costs down. PLCs continue to gain in popularity. In fact, many SCADA applications use PLCs as the RTU of choice, when communicating with field devices. This comprehensive workshop covers the essentials of SCADA and PLC systems, which are often used in close association with each other.
A selection of case studies are used to illustrate the key concepts with examples of real world working SCADA and PLC systems in the water, electrical and processing industries. This workshop will be an excellent opportunity to network with your peers, as well as to gain significant new information and techniques for your next SCADA/PLC project.
Although the emphasis of the workshop will be on practical industry topics highlighting recent developments, using case studies, the latest application of SCADA, PLC technologies and fundamentals will be covered. The workshop is aimed at those who want to be updated on the latest developments in SCADA and PLC systems and wish to gain a solid appreciation of the fundamentals of their design, installation and troubleshooting.
This workshop is designed to benefit you with practical up-to-date information on the application of PLC and SCADA systems to the automation and process control industries. It is suitable for people who have little or no exposure to PLCs, but expect to become involved in some or all aspects of PLC and SCADA installation. It aims to give practical advice from experts in the field, to assist you to correctly plan, program and install a PLC with a shorter learning curve and more confidence. While the workshop is ideal for electricians, technicians and engineers who are new to PLCs, much of the material covered will be of value to those who already have some basic skills, but need a wider perspective for larger and more challenging tasks ahead.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/programmable-logic-controllers-plcs-and-scada-systems-34
This document provides information about a Digital Electronics course with the code ECT-155. It includes the course objectives, which are to understand the merits of digitization and number representation, and impart knowledge of digital circuits. The outcomes are listed as understanding digital systems and number representation, and designing combinational and sequential digital circuits. The syllabus covers topics like combinational circuits, sequential circuits, number systems, logic gates, and adders. Diagrams of half adders and full adders using logic gates are also presented.
Practical Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) for Automation and Process Co...Living Online
This workshop is designed to benefit you with practical up-to-date information on the application of PLCs for the automation and process control of plants and factories. It is suitable for people who have little or no exposure to PLCs, but expect to become involved in some or all aspects of PLC installation. It aims to give practical advice from experts in the field, to assist you to correctly plan, program and install a PLC with a shorter learning curve and more confidence. The inventible question is which PLC is being used. We present this course focusing on the generic PLC and use the open programming IEC 61131-3 standard.
For specific examples we use the Allen Bradley range, but are not selling Allen Bradley or for that matter any other PLC! While the workshop is ideal for electricians, technicians and engineers who are new to PLCs, much of the workshop and additional material in the extensive manual will be of value to those who already have some basic skills, but need a wider perspective for larger and more challenging tasks ahead. The accompanying manual includes contributions from a number of experts and will become a valuable reference in your work. The information contained in this workshop advances from the basics to challenge even the most experienced engineer in the industry today.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Consulting engineers
Design engineers
DCS personnel
Electrical engineers
Engineering managers
Instrumentation and control engineers
Instrumentation technicians
Process control engineers
Process control operators
Shift electricians
Trades staff working with or near PLCs
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-programmable-logic-controllers-plcs-automation-and-process-control-39
This document provides an overview of the Digital Logic Design course. It includes information about the instructor, textbook, topics to be covered, evaluation plan, and expectations for students. The topics that will be covered include digital systems and binary systems, Boolean algebra, logic gates, combinational logic, sequential logic, registers and counters, and digital integrated circuits. Students will be evaluated based on sessional exams, quizzes, assignments, a final exam, and a potential project. The document also provides background on digital logic and number systems that will be important foundations for the course.
Digital VLSI Design and FPGA ImplementationAmber Bhaumik
This document provides an overview of digital VLSI design and FPGA implementation training. The objective of the training is to provide exposure to VLSI engineering concepts and design methodologies relevant to industry needs. The training covers VLSI fundamentals, digital design, VHDL, FPGA implementation, and includes hands-on labs. Students will learn to design digital circuits using VHDL and will simulate and implement designs on FPGAs. After completing the training, students will be able to design any digital circuit using VHDL.
This document provides information about a course on programming PIC microcontrollers in C using the CCS PIC-C compiler. It discusses the recommended textbook, the topics that will be covered including PIC architecture, limitations of C as applied to PICs, programming PIC hardware, and using software libraries. It also describes how the course will be assessed through a 30 minute multiple choice test held at the end of term.
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and basic digital logic gates. It discusses how digital computers store data in binary format using logic 0 and 1. There are two main types of logic blocks: combinational logic blocks whose output depends only on the current inputs, and sequential logic blocks whose output depends on the current inputs and previous state. Common basic logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT are described along with more useful gates like NAND and NOR. Combinational circuits like half adders, full adders, multiplexers, decoders, and comparators are explained at a high level.
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and basic digital logic gates. It discusses how digital computers store data in binary format using logic 0 and 1. There are two main types of logic blocks: combinational logic blocks whose output depends only on the current inputs, and sequential logic blocks whose output depends on the current inputs and previous state. Common basic logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT are described along with more useful gates like NAND and NOR. Combinational circuits like half adders, full adders, multiplexers, decoders, and comparators are explained at a high level.
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and basic digital logic gates. It discusses how digital computers store data in binary format using logic 0 and 1. There are two main types of logic blocks: combinational logic blocks whose output depends only on the current inputs, and sequential logic blocks whose output depends on the current inputs and previous state. Common basic logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT are described along with more useful gates like NAND and NOR. Combinational circuits like half adders, full adders, multiplexers, decoders, and comparators are explained at a high level.
The document provides an introduction to digital systems and digital circuits. It discusses how digital systems use discrete voltage levels to represent binary digits, unlike analog systems which use continuous ranges of values. The advantages of digital systems include reproducibility, reliability, flexibility, and lower costs due to integrated circuits. Boolean algebra is introduced as the mathematical system used to analyze digital circuits, using binary operations like AND, OR and NOT. Common digital logic gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR and XOR are described along with their truth tables. Finally, it provides an overview of how logic gates can be integrated into circuits and packaged as integrated circuits.
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses what VHDL is used for, including modeling digital systems at different levels of abstraction, design specification, documentation, verification through simulation, test generation, and hardware synthesis. The document outlines the design flow process from initial idea to physical design. It provides examples of modeling behavioral and structural designs in VHDL and using VHDL for register transfer level logic design.
This presentation provides an overview and introduction to a university course on computer architecture. It discusses the topics that will be covered in the first two chapters, which provide a review of digital circuits, including combinational logic and sequential logic. The presentation describes the components and building blocks used in digital design, such as gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other parts. It also discusses concepts like Boolean algebra and how to analyze the timing and operation of digital circuits. The goal is to establish the necessary background before delving into the main topics of computer architecture.
This chapter discusses digital logic circuits which are used in mechatronic systems. It introduces digital signals which have only two states of high and low, unlike analog signals. Digital devices are categorized as either combinational logic circuits whose output depends only on current inputs, or sequential logic circuits whose output depends on current and prior inputs/states. Common logic gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR are examined along with their truth tables. Boolean algebra is also covered.
This document provides an overview of computer architecture and digital circuits. It discusses combinational and sequential digital circuits. For combinational circuits, it covers logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational logic design using multiplexers, decoders and other components. For sequential circuits, it discusses latches, flip-flops, finite state machines, and sequential circuit design. It provides examples of circuit designs for a BCD to 7-segment decoder and a coin reception unit finite state machine. The document is intended to review key concepts in digital logic that are foundational for computer architecture.
This document provides an overview of computer architecture and digital circuits. It discusses combinational and sequential digital circuits. For combinational circuits, it covers logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational logic design using multiplexers, decoders and other components. For sequential circuits, it discusses latches, flip-flops, finite state machines, and sequential circuit design. It provides examples of circuit designs for a BCD to 7-segment decoder and a coin reception unit finite state machine. The document is intended to review key concepts in digital logic that are foundational for computer architecture.
This document discusses Boolean algebra and its application in designing electronic circuits. The basic elements of circuits are gates that implement Boolean operations like AND, OR and NOT. Combinational circuits are also discussed, which are circuits whose outputs depend only on the current inputs and not on any internal state or memory. Common gates like AND, OR, NOT and NAND are described along with how they can be used to build more complex circuits like adders. Flip-flops are introduced as the basic element of memory in digital circuits.
The document provides information about a lab manual for Verilog programs for the 4th year 1st semester Electronics and Communication Engineering course. It includes the course objectives, outcomes, list of experiments and programs to be covered. The programs include designing basic logic gates using Verilog HDL, a 2-to-4 decoder, and layout and simulation of CMOS circuits. It provides Verilog code examples for logic gates and the 2-to-4 decoder along with simulation results. It also includes theory and vivas related to the experiments.
The document discusses microcontrollers and the PIC16F877 microcontroller in particular. It provides the following key points:
- A microcontroller is a single-chip computer containing a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers can store and run user-written programs.
- The main parts of a microcontroller include a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O lines, timers, and analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.
- The PIC16F877 is chosen for its low cost, reliability, ease of use, and ability to perform a wide range of tasks using C language software.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Computer LLooggiicc aanndd DDiiggiittaall DDeessiiggnn
CChhaapptteerr 11
HHeennrryy HHeexxmmoooorr
• An Overview of Computer Organization
• Switches and Transistors
• Boolean Algebra and Logic
• Binary Arithmetic and Number Systems
• Combinational Logic and Circuits
• Sequential Logic and Circuits
• Memory Logic Design
• The DataPathUnit
Henry Hexmoor 2 Video.edhole.com
3. BBaassiicc DDeeffiinniittiioonnss
• Computer Architecture is the programmer’s perspective on
functional behavior of a computer (e.g., 32 bits to represent an
integer value)
• Computer organization is the internal structural relationships
not visible to a programmer…e.g., physical memory
Henry Hexmoor 3
Memory
CPU = Control unit +
datapath
Video.edhole.com I/O
4. Hierarchy ooff CCoommppuutteerr AArrcchhiitteeccttuurree
High-Level Language Programs
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system
Henry Hexmoor 4
Compiler
Operating
System
Application
Digital Design
Circuit Design
Instruction Set
Architecture
Firmware
Datapath & Control
Layout
Software
Machine Language
Program
Software/Hardware
Boundary
Hardware
Assembly Language
Programs
Microprogram
Register Transfer
Notation (RTN)
Logic Diagrams
Video.Circuit edhole.Diagrams
com
5. BBaassiicc DDeeffiinniittiioonnss
• Architectural levels: Programs and applications to transistors
• Electrical Signals: discrete, atomic elements of a digital system…binary values…
Henry Hexmoor 5
input output
An ideal switch
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6. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo DDiiggiittaall SSyysstteemmss
Analog devices and systems process time-varying
signals that can take on any value across
a continuous range.
Analog Signal
Digital systems use digital circuits that process
digital signals which can take on one of two
values, we call:
High
Low
0 and 1 (digits of the binary number system)
or LOW and HIGH
or FALSE and TRUE
Digital Signal
Digital computers represent the most common digital systems.
Once-analog Systems that use digital systems today:
◦ Audio recording (CDs, DAT, mp3)
◦ Phone system switching
◦ Automobile engine control
◦ Movie effects
◦ Still and video cameras….
Digital
circuit
inputs : : outputs
Henry Hexmoor 6
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7. Eight Advantages of Digital Systems OOvveerr AAnnaalloogg SSyysstteemmss
1. Reproducibility of the results
2. Accuracy of results
3. More reliable than analog systems due to better
immunity to noise.
4. Ease of design: No special math skills needed to
visualize the behavior of small digital (logic) circuits.
5. Flexibility and functionality.
6. Programmability.
7. Speed: A digital logic element can produce an output in
less than 10 nanoseconds (10-8 seconds).
8. Economy: Due to the integration of millions of digital
logic elements on a single miniature chip forming low
cost integrated circuit (ICs).
Henry Hexmoor 7 Video.edhole.com
8. BBoooolleeaann AAllggeebbrraa
What is an Algebra? (e.g. algebra of integers)
Boolean Algebra named after George Boole who used it
to study human logical reasoning – calculus of
proposition.
Elements : true or false ( 0, 1)
Operations: a OR b; a AND b, NOT a
e.g. 0 OR 1 = 1 0 OR 0 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0
NOT 0 = 1 NOT 1 = 0
Henry Hexmoor 8
set of elements (e.g. 0,1,2,..)
set of operations (e.g. +, -, *,..)
postulates/axioms (e.g. 0+x=x,..)
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9. DDiiggiittaall ((llooggiicc)) EElleemmeennttss:: GGaatteess
Digital devices or gates have one or more inputs and
produce an output that is a function of the current input
value(s).
All inputs and outputs are binary and can only take the
values 0 or 1
A gate is called a combinational circuit because the output
only depends on the current input combination.
Digital circuits are created by using a number of
connected gates such as the output of a gate is connected
to to the input of one or more gates in such a way to
achieve specific outputs for input values.
Digital or logic design is concerned with the design of such
circuits.
Henry Hexmoor 9 Video.edhole.com
10. BBoooolleeaann AAllggeebbrraa
Set of Elements: {0,1}
Set of Operations: {., + , ¬ }
Signals: High = 5V = 1; Low = 0V = 0
Henry Hexmoor 10
x y x . y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
x y x + y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
x ¬x
0 1
1 0
x
y
x.y
x
y
x+y x x'
AND OR
NOT
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11. LLooggiicc GGaatteess
Henry Hexmoor 11
EXCLUSIVE OR
a
b a.b
a
b a+b
a a'
a
b (a.b)'
a
b (a+b)'
a
b a Å b
a
b a.b &
a
b a+b +
AND
a 1 a'
a
b (a.b)' &
a
b (a+b)' ³1
a
b a Å b =1
OR
NOT
NAND
NOR
Symbol set 1 Symbol set 2
(ANSI/IEEE Standard 91-1984)
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12. TTrruutthh TTaabblleess
Provide a listing of every possible combination of values
of binary inputs to a digital circuit and the
corresponding outputs.
inputs outputs
x
x . y
y
Henry Hexmoor 12
x y x . y x + y
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
INPUTS OUTPUTS
… …
… …
• Example (2 inputs, 2 outputs):
Digital
circuit
inputs outputs
x + y
Truth table
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13. LLooggiicc GGaatteess:: TThhee AANNDD GGaattee
The AND Gate
A B A . B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Henry Hexmoor 13
A
B
A.B
Truth table
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ground
Vcc
Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS08 Quad 2-input AND Gate IC Package Video.edhole.com
14. LLooggiicc GGaatteess:: TThhee OORR GGaattee
The OR Gate
Henry Hexmoor 14
A
B
A+B
A B A + B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth table
Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS08 Quad 2-input OR Gate IC Package Video.edhole.com
15. LLooggiicc GGaatteess:: TThhee NNAANNDD GGaattee
The NAND Gate
º (A.B)'
• NAND gate is self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with it).
• Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT.
• Implementing an inverter using NAND gate: x x'
Henry Hexmoor 15
A
B (A.B)' A
B
A B (A.B)'
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table
Video.edhole.com
Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS00 Quad 2-input NAND Gate IC Package
16. LLooggiicc GGaatteess:: TThhee NNOORR GGaattee
The NOR Gate
• NOR gate is also self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with
it).
• Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT.
• Implementing an inverter using NOR gate: x x'
Henry Hexmoor 16
º A
B
(A+B)' A
B
(A+B)'
A B (A+B)'
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Truth table
Video.edhole.com
Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS02 Quad 2-input NOR Gate IC Package
17. LLooggiicc GGaatteess:: TThhee XXOORR GGaattee
The XOR Gate
Henry Hexmoor 17
A
B
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ground
Vcc
A Å B
A B A Å B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table
Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS86 Quad 2-input XOR Gate IC Package Video.edhole.com
18. DDrraawwiinngg LLooggiicc CCiirrccuuiittss When a Boolean expression is provided,
we can easily draw the logic circuit.
Examples:
F1 = xyz'
(note the use of a 3-input AND gate)
Henry Hexmoor 18
x
y
z
F1
z'
Video.edhole.com
19. AAnnaallyyzziinngg LLooggiicc CCiirrccuuiittss
When a logic circuit is provided, we can analyze the circuit
to obtain the logic expression.
Example: What is the Boolean expression of F4?
A'B' A'B'+C (A'B'+C)'
Henry Hexmoor 19
A'
B'
C
F4
F4 = (A'B'+C)'
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20. IInntteeggrraatteedd CCiirrccuuiittss An Integrated circuit (IC) is a number of logic gated
fabricated on a single silicon chip.
ICs can be classified according to how many gates they
contain as follows:
◦ Small-Scale Integration (SSI): Contain 1 to 20 gates.
◦ Medium-Scale Integration (MSI): Contain 20 to 200 gates.
Examples: Registers, decoders, counters.
◦ Large-Scale Integration (LSI): Contain 200 to 200,000 gates.
Include small memories, some microprocessors, programmable logic
devices.
◦ Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI): Usually stated in terms of
number of transistors contained usually over 1,000,000. Includes most
microprocessors and memories.
Henry Hexmoor 20 Video.edhole.com
21. CCoommppuutteerr HHaarrddwwaarree GGeenneerraattiioonnss
The First Generation, 1946-59: Vacuum Tubes, Relays,
Mercury Delay Lines:
◦ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): First electronic
computer, 18000 vacuum tubes, 1500 relays, 5000 additions/sec.
◦ First stored program computer: EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator).
The Second Generation, 1959-64: Discrete Transistors.
(e.g IBM 7000 series, DEC PDP-
1)
The Third Generation, 1964-75: Small and Medium-Scale
Integrated (SSI, MSI) Circuits. (e.g. IBM 360 mainframe)
The Fourth Generation, 1975-Present: The Microcomputer.
VLSI-based Microprocessors.
Henry Hexmoor 21 Video.edhole.com
23. PPoossiittiioonnaall NNuummbbeerr SSyysstteemmss
A number system consists of an order set of symbols (digits) with
relations defined for +,-,*, /
The radix (or base) of the number system is the total number of digits
allowed in the the number system.
◦ Example, for the decimal number system:
Radix, r = 10, Digits allowed = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
In positional number systems, a number is represented by a string of
digits, where each digit position has an associated weight.
The value of a number is the weighted sum of the digits.
The general representation of an unsigned number D with whole and
fraction portions number in a number system with radix r:
Dr = d p-1 d p-2 ….. d1 d0.d-1 d-2 …. D-n
The number above has p digits to the left of the radix point and n
fraction digits to the right.
A digit in position i has as associated weight ri
The value of the number is the sum of the digits multiplied by the
associated weight ri :
i n i D=å ´ -
p 1 d ri
=-
Henry Hexmoor 23 Video.edhole.com
24. Number SSyysstteemmss UUsseedd iinn CCoommppuutteerrss
Name
of Radix Radix Set of Digits Example
Decimal r=10
{0,1} 111111112
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Henry Hexmoor 24
r=2
r= 8
r=16
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} 25510
Binary
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} 3778
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A, B, C, D, E, F} FF16
Octal
Hexadecimal
Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Video.edhole.com
25. BBiinnaarryy nnuummbbeerrss
• a bit: a binary digit representing a 0 or a 1.
• Binary numbers are base 2 as opposed to base 10 typically used.
• Instead of decimal places such as 1s, 10s, 100s, 1000s, etc., binary uses
powers of two to have 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s, 16s, 32s, 64s, etc.
1012=(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)=410 + 110 = 510
101112=(1×24)+(0×23)+(1×22)+(1×21)+(1×20)=2310
4110 = 41/2 + remainder = 11LSB
= 20/2 + remainder = 0 2SB
= 10/2 + remainder = 0 3SB
= 5/2 + remainder = 1 4SB
= 4/2 + remainder = 0 5SB
= 2/2 = 1 6SB
1010012
Henry Hexmoor 25 Video.edhole.com
26. LLaarrggeesstt nnuummbbeerrss
• the largest number of d digits in base R is
Rd- 1
Examples:
3 digits of base 10: 103-1 = 999
2 digits of base 16: 162 -1 = 255
Henry Hexmoor 26 Video.edhole.com
27. DDeecciimmaall-ttoo-BBiinnaarryy CCoonnvveerrssiioonn
Separate the decimal number into whole and fraction portions.
To convert the whole number portion to binary, use successive
division by 2 until the quotient is 0. The remainders form the
answer, with the first remainder as the least significant bit
(LSB) and the last as the most significant bit (MSB).
Example: Convert 17910 to binary:
179 / 2 = 89 remainder 1 (LSB)
/ 2 = 44 remainder 1
/ 2 = 22 remainder 0
/ 2 = 11 remainder 0
/ 2 = 5 remainder 1
/ 2 = 2 remainder 1
/ 2 = 1 remainder 0
/ 2 = 0
remainder 1 (MSB)
17910 = 101100112
Henry Hexmoor 27 Video.edhole.com
31. DDeecciimmaall--ttoo--BBiinnaarryy CCoonnvveerrssiioonn
To convert decimal fractions to binary, repeated multiplication by 2 is used, until
the fractional product is 0 (or until the desired number of binary places). The whole
digits of the multiplication results produce the answer, with the first as the MSB,
and the last as the LSB.
Example: Convert 0.312510 to binary
Result Digit
.3125 ´ 2 = 0.625 0 (MSB)
.625 ´ 2 = 1.25 1
.25 ´ 2 = 0.50 0
.5 ´ 2 = 1.0 1 (LSB)
0.312510 = .01012
Henry Hexmoor 31 Video.edhole.com
32. Binary Arithmetic OOppeerraattiioonnss -- AAddddiittiioonn
Similar to decimal number addition, two binary numbers
are added by adding each pair of bits together with carry
propagation.
Addition Example:
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Carry
X 190 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
Y + 141 + 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1
X + Y 331 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Henry Hexmoor 32
Video.edhole.com
36. Negative Binary NNuummbbeerr RReepprreesseennttaattiioonnss
Signed-Magnitude Representation:
◦ For an n-bit binary number:
Use the first bit (most significant bit, MSB) position to
represent the sign where 0 is positive and 1 is negative.
Ex. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 = - 12710
◦ Remaining n-1 bits represent the magnitude which may range
from:
-2(n-1) + 1 to 2(n-1) - 1
◦ This scheme has two representations for 0; i.e., both positive
and negative 0: for 8 bits: 00000000, 10000000
◦ Arithmetic under this scheme uses the sign bit to indicate the
nature of the operation and the sign of the result, but the sign bit
is not used as part of the arithmetic.
Henry Hexmoor 36
Sign Magnitude
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37. PPaarriittyy bbiitt
• Pad an extra bit to MSB side to make the number of 1’s to be even or
odd.
• Sender and receiver of messages make sure that even/odd transmission
patterns match
Henry Hexmoor 37 Video.edhole.com
38. GGrraayy ccooddeess
• In binary codes, number of bit changes are not constant,
0000010100111001011101111000…
• bit changes in gray codes are constant
•000001011010110111000…
Henry Hexmoor 38 Video.edhole.com
39. Alphanumeric BBiinnaarryy CCooddeess:: AASSCCIIII
Seven bit codes are used to represent all upper and lower case letters, numbers,
punctuation and control characters
Henry Hexmoor 39
MSBs
LSBs 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 “ 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ‘ 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 O RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
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40. HHWW 11
1. What is the decimal equivalent of the largest
integer that can be represented with 12 binary
bits.
2. Convert the following decimal numbers to
binary: 125, 610, 2003, 18944.
Henry Hexmoor 40 Video.edhole.com