verbals(gerund, Infinitives, and participles)

1. ENGLISH 9 (Lesson 4)
VERBALS

2. It is important to determine the uses of gerunds,
infinitives, and participles known as verbals in
English grammar. They look like verbs, but they
don't actually function as verbs. Verbals are
formed from verbs but are used as nouns,
adjectives, and adverbs. They differ from verbs
because:
a. verbs can make a complete sentence while
verbals cannot;
b. b. verbs can change person and number
while verbals cannot.

3. There are three (3) kinds
of verbals: infinitive,
gerund, and participle.

4. Gerunds
● Gerunds are verb forms ending in –ing (v + ing)
used as nouns. They are identical to the present
participle in form but differ in function. A gerund plus
a word or words makes gerund phrases.
● Examples of gerunds: speaking, jogging,
skimming, listening, jumping, reading
● Gerund phrase: speaking to elders, listening to
music, skimming the text, reading novels

5. A gerund or gerund
phrase functions as
nouns. They can be
used as:
Sentences
Subject of the sentence Reading is a very productive hobby.
Subject
Subjective complement or
a predicate noun
Studying is searching for the unknown
Subject verb predicate noun
Direct object My sister Lucia dislikes eating sweets.
Subject Verb Direct object
Object of the preposition He was reprimanded for writing on the classroom wall.
Subject Verb Preposition Object of the preposition
Subject appositive My mother's passion, painting, makesher happy and fulfilled.
Subject Appositive Verb

6. Examples
● Swimming in the ocean has been Sharon’s
passion since she was five years old.
● The ballerina taught us dancing.
● Apologizing to me isn't enough this time.
● She is afraid of flying.
● They are capable of doing hard work.

7. EXAMPLE OF GERUND PHRASES
● Reading books quietly is my
favorite pastime.
● My favorite pastime is reading
books quietly
● I recommend reading books
quietly to pass the time.

8. Underline the gerund in each sentence below.
● My favorite pastime is reading.
● Walking the dog is my regular chore.
● Drawing would be a good activity for
the kids.
● Eating is our first priority.
● Washing clothes will have to wait until
Saturday.
● I particularly enjoy skiing.

9. Underline the gerund in each sentence below.
● I am so tired of waiting!
● Lately she has been having trouble
seeing.
● This moping has got to stop.
● Jumping is the most exciting thing you
can do on a horse.
● Listening to music is not allowed here.

10. Write gerund or gerund phrase to identify the underlined words. Write
subject, direct object, predicate nominative, or object of a preposition
to identify how each gerund or gerund phrase is used in the sentence.
● Dancing takes many forms.
● Preparation for dancing in a troupe begins early in life.
● Stretching all the muscles takes up much of a dancer’s
practice time.
● The grandest movement of ballet is leaping.
● In the 1920s modern dancers started moving in a completely
new way.
● Now dancers enjoy studying traditional forms.
● The darkness of the night prevented us from finishing the
job.
● Rising with the sun did not appeal to him.

11. Infinitives

12. Infinitives
● are verbals introduced by the preposition to + simple or base
form of the verb. They are used as nouns, adjectives, and
adverbs. When used as a noun, it functions as a subject,
predicate nominative/predicate noun, direct object, object of a
preposition and as appositive.
● Examples of Infinitives: to respect to observe to travel
to be to wear to take
● Infinitives phrase: to respect parents to observe silence
to be a contestant to wear a smile

13. Infinitive used as a noun
● As a subject
To wear a smile when upset is difficult.
● As predicate nominative/predicate noun
To obey is to listen.
● As direct object
Carlos was about to transfer to other school where his
previous classmates are.
● As appositive
His father gave him a choice, to learn to adjust.

14. Infinitive used as an adjective
● The first persons to know about his/her child
behavior are the parents.
● That is a big question to answer.
● The book to read is a mystery.

15. Infinitive used as an adverb
● They are responsible to look after their children's
well-being specially when they are at home.
● She was eager to study.
● She ran to catch the bus .

16. Underline the infinitive in each sentence. If there is no infinitive in the
sentence, write none on the line.
1. Move along folks, there’s nothing to see here.
2. I did not expect to succeed with so little effort.
3. Will you please pass the salt to me?
4. If I want permission for something, my mother is the one to
ask.
5. The shoes to have this season are Sketchers.
6. We plan to go to the concert on Saturday night.
7. We made cookies and gave them to the kids.
8. The apartment to rent is the one overlooking the bay.
9. Our hope for this event is to raise three thousand dollars.
10. The car my father gave to me was a red compact.

17. Underline the infinitive in each sentence. On the line, write
whether it is being used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
1. John really wants to play with us.
2. I am reluctant to confess my feelings
3. That stain will be difficult to clean.
4. The boy to watch this game is Colin.
5. I doubt it will be simple to explain.
6. To try is the first step to success.
7. To believe in yourself is very important.

18. Underline the infinitive in each sentence. On the line, write
whether it is being used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
8. The rule to break is rule number one.
9. Which is the healthiest snack to eat?
10. The teacher to have this fall is Miss
Jones.
11. To study is the habit of a good student.
12. To recommend something is friendly.
13. To upset you was not my intention.
14. I am ashamed to admit I was wrong.

19. Participles

20. ● Participles are verbal adjectives.
They are used to describe nouns and
pronouns.
There are two (2) kinds of participles:
the present participle and the past
participle.

21. The present participle is formed by adding
the suffix –ing to the present tense of the
verb.

22. The past participles of regular verbs are
formed by adding -d or –ed to the present
tense of the verbs.

23. The past participles of some irregular verbs
are the same as their present tense and past
tense forms.

24. The past participles of some irregular
verbs are the same as their past tense
form.

25. The past participles of some irregular
verbs change their forms or spellings form.

26. Read each sentence carefully, identify the verbal in the
sentence. Write whether it is a gerund or participle.
1. The jumping frog landed in her lap.
2. Lucinda had a calling to help other people.
3. The mother barely caught the crawling baby before
he went into the street.
4. The house was filled with a haunting spector.
5. Running in the halls is strictly forbidden.
6. They won the award for caring for sick animals.
7. Paul bought new climbing gear.
8. Escaping was the only thought he had.

27. ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES

28. CONCEPTS
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System—it’s
a bit larger than the Moon
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet
from the Sun. Its
atmosphere is extremely
poisonous

29. WHAT IS THIS
TOPIC ABOUT? 01
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
02
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s terribly hot
03
MARS
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place

30. SCHEDULE
MONDAY
Neptune is the
farthest planet
from the Sun
TUESDAY
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
cold place
WEDNESDA
Y
Venus has a
beautiful name,
but it’s hot
THURSDAY
Jupiter is the
biggest planet in
the Solar System

31. A PICTURE IS
WORTH A
THOUSAND
WORDS

32. A PICTURE
ALWAYS
REINFORCES
THE CONCEPT
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place

33. EXAMPLES
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s hot
MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a cold
place
JUPITER
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System

34. INFOGRAPHIC
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is a really cold
place
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s hot
JUPITER
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System

35. TIME SPENT ON EACH TOPIC
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
MARS
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place
To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link,
change the data and paste the resulting graph
here
JUPITER
It’s the biggest planet in
the Solar System

36. HOW ABOUT SOME PERCENTAGES?
A B C
40%
D
25%
15%
20%
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the
farthest planet
from the Sun
MARS
Despite being
red, it’s actually
a cold place
VENUS
Venus has a
beautiful name,
but it’s hot
JUPITER
It’s the biggest
planet in the
Solar System

37. FEATURES OF THE TOPIC
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s terribly hot
MARS
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place
JUPITER
It’s the biggest planet in
the Solar System
SATURN
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun

38. RECOMMENDATIONS
MERCURY
Mercury is the
closest planet to
the Sun
VENUS
Venus has a
beautiful name,
but it’s hot
MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is a actually
a cold place
JUPITER
Jupiter is the
biggest planet in
the Solar System

39. PRACTICAL EXERCISE
01
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
02
MARS
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
03
JUPITER
It’s the biggest planet in
the Solar System

40. OUR DATA
MASS
(EARTHS)
DIAMETER
(EARTHS)
GRAVITY
(EARTHS)
MARS 100 355 370
MERCURY 490 150 890
VENUS 1,000 260 245

41. AWESOME
WORDS

42. THIS IS A MAP
NEPTUNE
It’s the farthest
planet from the Sun
MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
JUPITER
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System

43. Big numbers catch your audience’s
attention easily
100,400,000

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