This document defines venipuncture and outlines its purpose, indications, commonly used veins, equipment, and procedure. It also discusses observations during venipuncture, potential complications, and nursing responsibilities. The objective is for students to understand venipuncture, including how to perform the procedure and address any issues. Key points include defining venipuncture as puncturing a vein to obtain intravenous access or blood samples, indications for fluid/medication administration or blood collection, proper aseptic technique and equipment used, and complications to monitor for like infection or injury to the vein.
The intramuscular injection is most common type of drug administration. Because of a single mistake we can do harm to our patient. So, we should know about the right way to administer IM injection. Here, in this slides we discuss details about the topic. It will increase your skill proficiently.
Thanks
A brief awareness and knowledge about the insertion of NGT nasogastric Tube and feeding through it.
It contains an introduction, procedure, equipment needed, method of feeding etc
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
The intramuscular injection is most common type of drug administration. Because of a single mistake we can do harm to our patient. So, we should know about the right way to administer IM injection. Here, in this slides we discuss details about the topic. It will increase your skill proficiently.
Thanks
A brief awareness and knowledge about the insertion of NGT nasogastric Tube and feeding through it.
It contains an introduction, procedure, equipment needed, method of feeding etc
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
In urinary catheterization a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube known as a urinary catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. Catheterization allows urine to drain from the bladder for collection. It may also be used to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder condition
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washingSteps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
In urinary catheterization a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube known as a urinary catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. Catheterization allows urine to drain from the bladder for collection. It may also be used to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder condition
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washingSteps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
Hospital Dental Services for Children and the Use of General AnesthesiaAl-lehyani
“a drug-induced loss of consciousness
during which patients are not arousable, even by painful
stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory
function is often impaired. Patients often require assistance
in maintaining a patent airway, and positive-pressure
ventilation may be required because of depressed spontaneous
ventilation or drug-induced depression of neuromuscular
function. Cardiovascular function may be impaired.
PHLEBOTOMY
The process of collecting a blood sample is called
phlebotomy
This procedure is also known as Venipuncture
A person who performs phlebotomy is called a
phlebotomist, although doctors nurses, and medical
laboratory scientists.
BLOOD SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
The first step in acquiring a quality lab. Test result for any
patient is the specimen collection procedure.
Blood specimen are obtained through capillary skin puncture
(finger, toe, heel), arterial , venous sampling.
VENIPUNCTURE
Venipuncture is the process of obtaining blood samples from veins
for lab testing
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
STEP 1:- Preparation of specimen collection material:
Following material should be readily available in the specimen
collection section-
Disposable syringes and needles or vacutainer systems.
Disposable lancets
Gauze pads or cotton
Tourniquet
70% (V/V) ethanol
Clean and dry wide mouth bottles
Leak- proof transportation bags and containers
A puncture-resistant sharp container
Blood collection tubes
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
STEP 1: Preparation of specimen collection material:
Sterile glass or plastic tubes with rubber caps
Vacuum-extraction blood tubes
Glass tubes with screw caps
Sterile glass or bleeding pack (collapsible) if large
quantities of blood are to be collected
well-fitting, non-sterile gloves
Laboratory specimen labels
Writing equipment
Laboratory forms
ORDER OF DRAW
To avoid cross-contamination, blood must be drawn and collected in
tubes in a specific order. This is known as the Order of Draw.
Blood culture
Blue tube for coagulation (Sodium Citrate)
Red No Gel
Gold SST (Plain tube w/gel and clot activator additive)
Green and Dark Green (Heparin, with and without gel)
Lavender (EDTA)
Pink - Blood Bank (EDTA)
Gray (Oxalate/Fluoride)
Black ( ESR)
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
Step 2:- Patient preparation:
Following instruction is given to the patient
patient should be on balanced diet at least for 2 to 3 days prior
to the test.
The day before sample collection, the patient should not drink
intoxicating substance, esp. alcoholic drinks and eat tobacco.
Patient should report to the lab. After fasting for 8-12 hrs.
Patient should not drink tea, or coffee or any other drinks
except one glassful of water.
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE STEPS
Step 2 – Identify and prepare the patient
Where the patient is adult and conscious, follow the steps
outlined below.
Introduce yourself to the patient, and ask the patient to state their
full name.
Check that the laboratory form matches the patient’s identity (i.e.
match the patient’s details with the laboratory form, to ensure
accurate identification).
Ask whether the patent has allergies, phobias or has ever fainted
during previous injections or blood draws.
If the patient is anxious or afraid, reassure the person and ask what
would make them more comfortable.
capillary method
aretial method
This powerpoint is easy to understand and consist of lots of images for easy understanding .As this topic is little vast and boring for continue studying so the images are used more.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
3. OBJECTIVE
At the end of the class student will be able to
Define Venipuncture
Explain the purpose of venipuncture
Enlist the indication of venipuncture
What should be observed during the procedure
Enlist the equipment used
Explain the procedure of venipuncture
Discuss the complication of venipuncture
Explain the Nursing Responsibilities
4.
5. DEFINITION
“ enipuncture is the process of obtaining
intravenous access for the purpose of
intravenous therapy or for blood sampling of
venous blood”.
6. In other words
“Venipuncture is puncturing vein with sterile
cannula/ needle into a vein to supply the
blood with fluids, electrolyte , nutrients and
medication”.
7.
8. INDICATION
To save the patient in life-threatening situation
To supply fluids and nutrients to the patient who are
unable to digest or absorb a diet administered mouth
or through the nasal tube
9. To introduce a drug into the
circulation for diagnostic purpose
When blood or blood products are to be
given
11. COMMONLY USED VEINS
Basilica and cephalic veins (forearm)
Median cubital, cephalic and basilica veins (
Antecubital fossa)
Radial vein ( Radical area)
Dorsal metacarpal vein ( the hand)
12.
13. Veins in the foot
Femoral and saphenous veins (thigh)
Veins in the scalp (for infants )
14.
15. GENERAL INSTRUCTION
Follow strict aseptic technique
Administer IV fluids only with a clearly written
prescription
16. Observe the rights during administration
Check the expiry date before opening the bottles.
Do not use any site that is tender, red, edematous
and inflamed
17. Keep the patient warm and comfortable with
blanket if necessary
Immobilize the joints with splints when the needle
is placed near a joint
Frequent observation of the vital signs throughout
the procedure will help to detect many
complication
18. Never allow the bottle to get empty completely to
prevent the entry of air into the tissues
Allow the patient to void before the IV infusion is
started.
19. Maintain the specified rate of flow to prevent
circulatory overload
If fluids are discolored , cloudy in appearance that
should not be used for infusion
20.
21. EQUIPMENT
A tray containing
Sterile IV Solution
Sterile IV infusion set
25. Sterile transfer forceps in a jar
Sterile cotton swabs and gauze pieces
Surgical spirit
Kidney tray and paper bag
26. Bowl with water
Tourniquet
Adhesive tape
Specimen bottle
Mackintosh and towel
IV pole
27. PRELIMINARY
ASSESSMENT
CHECK
Patient name, age, bed no and diagnosis
Purpose of infusion
Doctor’s order
Level of consciousness
General condition
Abilities and limitations
Need for additional restraints
Articles available
Previous experience
28.
29.
30.
Prepare the IV solution ; insert the drip set, and the
air went into the bottle openings
31. Hang the bottle on the IV pole about 18-24inches
high
Over the clamp and flush the IV fluid through the
tubing and needle into the kidney tray until all air is
removed
32. Prepare few strips of adhesive tapes and keep ready
for use
Apply tourniquet firmly 6-8 inches proximal to the
venipuncture site.
Lightly tap the vein with your fingertips.
33. Clean the area with surgical spirit
Insert the needle into vein by holding the needle at a
30’C angle with the hovel up.
Pierce the skin lateral to the vein
34. When back flow of blood occurs into the needle and
tubing, insert the needle further up into the vein
about ¾ or 1 inch
Release the tourniquet and open the clamp to allow
the fluid to run in.
35.
36.
37. Take consent
Know the protocols and procedures related to access
device used
Use a sterile spirit cotton
38. know the medication or solution to be infused
Report if any complication occur
Do not infuse medicine simultaneously with blood
transfusion
39. Before inserting make sure that the drug is ready for
administration
Discard the waste and sharp at appropriate bin
40. ABSTRACT
Abstract: Introduction: Painful medical procedures are the major sources of distress among children;
and for those with chronic diseases, the procedure-related pain can be worse than that of the illness
itself. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of local refrigeration prior to
venipuncture on pain-related responses in school age children. Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Setting: This study was undertaken in a paediatric emergency ward of a paediatric centre. Subjects:
The subjects were 80 children 6 to 12 years of age selected by purposive sampling after being referred
to the paediatric emergency ward. Interventions: Two groups were chosen for the study: the test and
control groups, in order to test the effect of local coldness in reducing the pain of venipuncture. In the
test group, the injection site was refrigerated for three minutes using an ice bag. In the control group,
the procedure was performed according to usual routine. Physiological responses (ie. blood pressure,
pulse, and respiration), behavioural responses (using the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain
Scale: CHEOPS), and subjective responses (or intensity of pain using the Oucher scale) were measured
in the two groups. A non-invasive (electronic) sphygmomanometer was used before and 5 minutes
after the procedure to measure the physiological responses. The measurement of behavioral responses
by CHEOPS was done at two time points (during the procedure and 5 minutes after the procedure),
measuring six areas of behaviour: cry, facial expressions, child verbal, torso, touch and leg movement
in reaction to painful stimulation. Finally, the subjective responses were measured at 5 minutes after
the procedure. Main outcome measures: In this study the main outcome measures were: range of
physiologic responses, and scores of behavioral and subjective responses. The study hypothesised
there would be a lower score in the test group than the control group in behavioural and subjective
responses and a lower range in physiologic responses.
41. Results: Results showed no significant difference
between the two groups for physiological responses
(before and after procedure). However behavioural
responses during and after the procedure (p=0.0011),
and subjective responses after the procedure
(p=0.0097) were significantly lower (ie. the test group
had lower scores in behavioural and subjective
responses compared to the control group. Conclusion:
The results of this study suggest that the use of local
refrigeration prior to venipuncture can be considered
an easy and effective intervention of reducing
venipuncture-related pain.
42. IBLIOGRAPHY
Rebecca Nissanka, Comprehensive textbook of
foundation of nursing Page No. 273-275
Ratna Prakash , Manipal manual of Nursing
procedure Page No. 145-146
Sr Nancy, Principles and practice of nursing ,Page
No. 154-155
Taylor Lillis Fundamentals of nursing , Page No.
326-328