This document discusses the effects of light on vegetable crop productivity and development. It covers the key aspects of light including quantity, quality, and duration. It explains that light is essential for photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis in plants. The different wavelengths of light, such as red, blue, and far-red, influence processes like flowering, stem elongation, and chlorophyll production. The duration or photoperiod of light impacts whether plants are long day, short day, or day neutral. The document analyzes how light influences specific vegetable crops such as cucurbits, tomatoes, capsicums, potatoes, root crops, bulb crops, and leafy vegetables.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Fruit Drop its Causes and Measures to ControlMd Mohsin Ali
Fruit drop is a premature shedding of fruits before harvesting for commercial purpose. There are so many reasons for fruit drop like internal (Hormonal balance, morphological and genetically) and external (biotic and abiotic) factors. Fruit drop is very much serious in some fruits like apple, peach, currant, mango, citrus etc. Fruit drop may occur at various stages of fruit growth, starting right from fruit setting till its harvesting. It may be natural, environmental or pest related. Losses due to fruit drop at various stages have long been a serious threat to the fruit growers. After determining the actual cause of fruit drop, adoption of a suitable control measure can bring relief to the growers. Among different drops, pre-harvest drop is of great economic importance which can cause serious crop loss to farmer.
References:
1. Fundamental of fruit production - K. Usha, Madhubala Thakre, Amit Kumar Goswami and Nayan Deepak, G
2. Fruit Drop Is Caused By - https://tipoftime.com/wp-content/uploads/uyqubb/fruit-drop-is-caused-by-ddb908
Presentation on the production technology and cultivation practices of Periwinkle in India. Periwinkle is gaining more importance due to cancer treatment drugs extracted from its roots, stems and leaves.
Training and pruning in horticulture....difference between two...different types of pruning and training.....how it is done....its significance in agriculture...growth and productivity
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Fruit Drop its Causes and Measures to ControlMd Mohsin Ali
Fruit drop is a premature shedding of fruits before harvesting for commercial purpose. There are so many reasons for fruit drop like internal (Hormonal balance, morphological and genetically) and external (biotic and abiotic) factors. Fruit drop is very much serious in some fruits like apple, peach, currant, mango, citrus etc. Fruit drop may occur at various stages of fruit growth, starting right from fruit setting till its harvesting. It may be natural, environmental or pest related. Losses due to fruit drop at various stages have long been a serious threat to the fruit growers. After determining the actual cause of fruit drop, adoption of a suitable control measure can bring relief to the growers. Among different drops, pre-harvest drop is of great economic importance which can cause serious crop loss to farmer.
References:
1. Fundamental of fruit production - K. Usha, Madhubala Thakre, Amit Kumar Goswami and Nayan Deepak, G
2. Fruit Drop Is Caused By - https://tipoftime.com/wp-content/uploads/uyqubb/fruit-drop-is-caused-by-ddb908
Presentation on the production technology and cultivation practices of Periwinkle in India. Periwinkle is gaining more importance due to cancer treatment drugs extracted from its roots, stems and leaves.
Training and pruning in horticulture....difference between two...different types of pruning and training.....how it is done....its significance in agriculture...growth and productivity
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Effects of air pollution in vegetable productionLofi Desu
The Challenge of Food Scarcity is the next Threat that we all are gonna face in those coming few years.
What is the Rightful Solution? Is It Biotechnology? Population Control? Air Quality Control?
SO WHAT DO U THINK?
Storage vegetables for off season sales 2017 90min Pam DawlingPam Dawling
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. LIGHT
Light is the part of the
electromagnetic
spectrum having
wavelengths visible to
the human eye (about
390-760 nm) (Moore et
al. 2003).
3.
4.
All life on earth is supported by the radiant
energy of the sun.
Light is one of the most important and variable
components of the plant environment.
The visible spectrum, a small portion of UV and
infrared sections, comprise the wavelengths that
are most significant for plants.
5. Phototrophic Movement of Plant
Plants sense and respond to their environments in a
number of ways. Receptor molecules within plant
cells perceive changes in external conditions, such as
light.
Because stems grow toward a source of blue or white
light they are said to have a “positive” phototropic
response.
Conversely, roots are said to have a “negative”
phototropic response because they grow away from a
source of blue or white light.
7. Charles Darwin, the great
evolutionary
biologist,
investigated grass seedlings’
growth responses to blue
light as early as 1881.
He already knew that
growing plants would bend
toward light coming from a
single direction.
Darwin
and
his
co
investigator son, Francis,
proposed that the seedlings
were bending toward light
in response to an “influence”
that was transported down
the stem from the growing
tip.
8.
In 1926, Fritz Went, a Dutch scientist, identified the
chemical messenger that causes cells on the shaded
side of a shoot to elongate and grow faster than cells
on the lighted side, thereby bending the stem toward
the light source. He called this messenger hormone
auxin.
9. Importance of Light for Plants
1.
2.
Plants use light for:
Photosynthesis
Photomorphogenesis
both simultaneously take place in the
plant and interact with each other.
If photosynthesis is the “engine” providing
the
energy
for
plant
growth,
photomorphogenesis is the “steering
wheel” to influence the direction and final
plant appearance.
11. Photomorphogenesis
It is defined as the ability of light to regulate
plant growth and development, independent of
photosynthesis.
Plant
processes
that
appear
to
be
photomorphogenic include :
Internode elongation
Chlorophyll development
Flowering
Abscission
Lateral bud outgrowth
Root and shoot growth
13. Three Principal Characteristics of Light
Quantity (Intensity)
◦ Photosynthesis
Quality (Wavelength)
◦ Photomorphogenesis
Duration
◦ Photoperiodism
14. QUANTITY
Light
quantity refers to the intensity or
concentration of sunlight and it varies with the
season of the year.
The more sunlight a plant receives (up to a point),
the better capacity it has to produce plant food
through photosynthesis.
Light quantity can be decreased in a garden or
greenhouse by using shade-cloth.
It can be increased by surrounding plants with
white or reflective material or supplemental lights.
15. Plant community can be classified into(Edmond et
al.,1964) :
Shade plants Partial shade
and sun
plants
Sun plants
Slight shade and
direct sun
tolerant plants
Require low
light intensity of
500-1000 foot
candles.
Require high
light intensity
of 3000-8000
ft-c.
Thrive well over
wide range of light
intensity of 20008000 ft-c.
e.g. tomato,
brinjal, chilli,
all cucurbits,
peas and
beans, sweet
potato, etc.
e.g. cabbage, potato,
etc.
Require
moderately high
light intensity of
1000-3000 ft-c.
16. QUALITY
Light quality refers to the
colour
or
wavelength
reaching the plant surface.
Red and blue light have the
greatest effect on plant
growth.
Green light is least effective
to plants as most plants
reflect green light and
absorb very little.
18. RED LIGHT
Red and orange light triggers hormones in plants that
increase flowering and budding, but plants cannot
grow with red light alone and also need blue light.
It stimulates flowering and foliage growth, but too
much red light will cause a plant to become spindly.
It also induces germination and blue light promotes
seed growth, but far-red light inhibits germination.
HPS (high-pressure sodium) lamp emit a red orange
glow and are excellent companion lights for growing
conditions.
19. BLUE LIGHT
Blue light, referred to as cool light, encourages
compact bushy growth.
Blue light regulates many plant responses including
stomata opening and phototropism.
Metal halide grow lights emit more light in the blue
spectrum and are the best source of indoor lighting to
use for plant growth if there is no sunlight available.
Blue light is considered an important factor in the
formation of chlorophyll and chloroplast development
(Akoyunoglo and Anni, 1984).
20. Effect of Light Color on Vegetable Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) growth
Height, h(cm) and thickness, t(mm)
Day 436 nm
h
t
470nm
h
1.7 7.1
t
490nm
520nm
546nm
578nm
700nm
h
t
h
t
h
h
t
h
t
1.7
8.2
1.7
t
1
8.7
1.3 6.5
2.0
6.2
1.7
7.5
1.6 5.2
2
13.2 1.8 11.0 1.3 9.0
2.0
11.0
1.6
12.5
1.6 10.0 1.6
12.0 1.7
3
16.0 1.8 15.0 1.3 11.5 2.0
12.0
1.6
13.5
1.6 11.5 1.6
16.2 1.8
4
18.2 1.7 18.0 1.3 14.0 1.8
14.5
1.6
16.5
1.5 12.0 1.5
19.0 1.8
5
22.0 1.7 21.0 1.3 17.0 1.8
15.5
1.5
20.0
1.5 13.0 1.4
22.1 1.7
6
23.0 1.7 24.0 1.3 18.3 1.8
15.7
1.5
22.5
1.5 14.0 1.4
24.9 1.7
7
23.5 1.5 27.0 1.2 19.2 1.7
15.8
1.5
23.5
1.5 14.0 1.3
28.1 1.6
8
24.0 1.4 28.0 1.2 20.0 1.7
16.8
1.5
24.0
1.5 17.0 1.3
29.2 1.6
9
25.0 1.3 29.0 1.2 22.0 1.6
23.5
1.4
25.0
1.5 20.0 1.3
30.4 1.5
10
28.0 1.3 31.0 1.3 25.0 1.6
24.8
1.4
26.0
1.5 21.0 1.3
32.4 1.4
Yerima et al., 2012
21. Response of Tomato and Pepper Transplants to
Light Spectra Provided by Light Emitting Diodes
Ratio Light Type
White
Red
3
0
2
Established Transplants(%) First Yield/ Plant (g)
Blue
Tomato
Pepper
Tomato
Pepper
0
82
78
1177
156.30
1
0
90
84
1507
161.00
1
2
0
95
93
1753
155.30
0
3
0
100
98
2440
178.70
2
0
1
95
91
1603
155.30
1
0
2
95
95
1720
143.30
0
0
3
100
100
2307
104.30
0
2
1
100
100
2693
192.00
0
1
2
100
100
2530
180.00
Javanmardi et al., Shiraz university, Iran, 2013
22. DURATION
Light duration or photoperiod refers to the amount of
time that a plant is exposed to sunlight.
Based on response to light period , plants may be
classified into :
Long day plants ( 12-14 hours)
Short day plants (8-10 hours)
Day neutral plants (photo insensitive)
23. Day neutral
Long day (short
night)
Short day (long
night)
No preferential
photoperiod for
flowering.
Require 12-14 hours of
light for flowering.
Require 8-10 hours of
light for flowering.
e.g. tomato, pepper,
eggplant, cucurbitaceous
vegetable crops, cowpea,
okra, French bean,
amaranth, etc.
e.g. Potato, onion, lettuce,
cabbage, cauliflower,
radish, spinach, beet,
turnip, carrot, etc.
e.g. Sweet potato, Indian
spinach, hyacinth bean,
cluster bean, winged
bean, etc.
24.
Day length and light intensity also influence crop
water requirements. In general, the greater the
intensity of light, the greater the rate of
transpiration or water loss from the plant and the
greater will be the need to replace the water loss.
25. Plants with tubers (%)
Effect of photoperiod on tuberization in the
Livingstone potato (Plectranthus esculentus)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
Photoperiod (hours)
13
13.5
14
Allemann et al., 2005
26. Effect of light on vegetable crops
Cucurbits
In case of cucurbits, day length and intensity of
light coupled with temperature are known to
influence sex expression.
In cucumber an abundance of light tends to
increase the number of staminate flowers.
On the other hand , reduction of light increases
the number of pistillate flowers.
Crops such as watermelon, cantaloupe and
honeydew melons require high light intensity
and warm temperatures to produce good
growth and high sugar content in their fruit.
27. Tomato
High light intensity accompanied by high temperature
is harmful to fruit set.
Reduction of light intensity by shading increases fruit
set significantly at high temperature.
Mehta and Bhavamaryana, 1981 found that red light
and far red light induced carotenoid synthesis,
particularly lycopene in ripening fruits of tomato cv.
Marglobe.
28. Capsicum
Short day conditions (9-10 hours light)
stimulated plant growth and increased the
productivity by 21-24% , beside improving the
quality of capsicum (Egorova, 1975).
Reduction of solar radiation by 50% increased the
fresh weight of whole fruit (Bigotti, 1974).
Number of days from sowing to flowering and
percentage of flower drop increased as the shade
increased. But capsaicin content was not affected
by different shade intensities (Jeon and Chung,
1982).
29. Potato
The intensity & duration of light is responsible for
higher yield & quality of tuber due to increased
photosynthesis but tuber must remain covered
under the soil to avoid sun scalding and greening.
Plains (Grown as SD
In India
Tuber initiation
early
Hills (Grown as LD
Tuber initiation
delayed
during winters)
during summers)
Murti, 1975
30. Root crops
Sulgin et al., 1963 in radish reported that maximum
shoot growth occurred in plants exposed to low light
intensity , but fresh weight of the whole plants, leaves,
stems and roots increased with increasing light
intensity.
Tikhomirov et al., 1976 and Sarkar et al., 1978 noticed
that root yield and quality rose with increasing light
intensity in radish.
31. Bulb crop
In onion and garlic for vegetative growth lower
temperature and short photoperiod are required,
while relatively higher temperatures and long
photoperiod are needed for bulb development.
Mann, 1952 also found that long days and high
temperature encouraged bulb development in
garlic.
32. Leafy vegetables
In spinach, long days and warm weather are very
favorable for quick bolting of the crop.
In Amaranthus; A. caudatus, A. cruentus and A.
edulis are short day species, while A.
hypochondriacus is reported to be day neutral.
33. Influence of Light Induced Greening On
Storage of Potato Microtubers
60
50
(%)
40
30
Control
Greened
20
10
0
Biomass loss
Sprout emergence
MICROTUBER STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Naik and Sarkar , CPRI, Shimla1997
34. TECHNIQUES FOR REGULATING
LIGHT INTERCEPTION
The control of light is significant part of the
technology of horticulture. The quality, intensity,
and duration of light has manifold effects on the
many physiological processes of the plant.
Light interception can be increased or decreased by
many ways.
35. Increasing Light Interception
It depends on:
1. Geographic location: The duration and intensity of
light depend on climate and geography.
Crops planted in rows oriented east and west utilize
light more effectively than those planted north and
south.
2. Equidistant spacing: Equidistant plant spacing is
more efficient than any other because it decreases light
competition.
3. Cultural practices: Weed control may be considered
in part a practice to eliminate competition for light
between crop and weed.
36. Reducing Light Intensity
Why shade?
Low light plants don’t like high light.
Reduce temperature.
A shade percentage of 30 to 50% is ideal for vegetables.
Shade cloth
Artificial
Shading
methods
Natural
Shading
compounds
Tree shade
38. Effect of tree shading on production of major
solanaceous crop
1600
Production per plant
(in gram)
1400
1200
No shading
Medium light
Low light
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Egg plant
Chilli
Tomato
Tree – scattered system
Manurung et al., AVRDC Taiwan;November 2008
39. Artificial shade:
1. Shade cloth: It is a simple knit or woven fabric
designed to reduce the amount of sun that reaches the
vegetable bed.
Crop requiring shade cloth are lettuce, broccoli,
cauliflower, peas, celery.
Size of shade cloth : 1.8mx30m, 3.6mx30m, 1.8mx50m,
3.6mx50m
2. Shading compounds: For sunburn protection at a
field scale, use of film spray-on materials such as
Surround, Screen Duo, and many others.
40. Different percentages of shade cloth
30% black shade
cloth
70% ultra blue
shade cloth
40% black shade
cloth
50% black shade
cloth
60% black shade
cloth
65% ultra red
shade cloth
60% green shade
cloth
60% black white
shade cloth
41. Types of Supplemental Light Sources
Incandescent lamps: It produces a continuous spectrum
from blue to infrared. The greater part of overall emission
is in the invisible infrared.
Fluorescent lamps: Light from ordinary fluorescent lamps
is low in red and deficient in far red. Now special
fluorescent lights are available that will produce light richer
in red. More efficient than incandescent.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps: Their use is
increasing in greenhouses, despite the relatively high cost
of fixtures and installation.
43.
High pressure sodium
lamps: It yield red visible
light as well as small
portions of all other visible
light. They are used for
the reproductive or
flowering phase of the
vegetable growth.
LED (Light Emitting
Diode) : The newest type
of grow lights use LED
technology. It grow lights
maximize blue and red
light to provide and
excellent balance for
plants.
High-pressure sodium lighting of
greenhouse cucumber in Norway
44. Conclusion
There are many countries in which water and land are
scarce. So, by using different colored lights on
vegetable crops can help to get higher yield with
minimum use of valuable resources.
The improvement of productivity under low light
conditions can be done by using artificial sources, thus
extending the production season into the winter
months of the year.