This document discusses various breeding techniques used in vegetable crops including mass selection, bulk method, pedigree method, pure-line selection, synthetic populations, composite cross, line breeding, and backcrossing. The objectives of plant breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, early maturity, disease and pest resistance, and good quality traits. Different vegetable crops are either self-pollinated or cross-pollinated, requiring different breeding approaches.

2. Breeding Techniques In Vegetables
Presented By:
Muhammad Arslan Qamar
13-Arid-377

3. Contents:
• Definition of Breeding
• Objectives of Breeding
• Breeding methods in vegetables
Mass selection
Bulk Method
Pedigree
Pure-line
Synthetic Population
Composite Cross
Line Breeding
Back Crossing

4. Breeding
• It is the reproduction that is producing of offspring,
usually animals or plants .
• Goals of Breeding:
o High Yield
o Earliness
o Low proportion of seed
o Soft Flesh
o Avoid Lodging
o Resistance to insects & pests

5. Vegetables On The Basis Of Breeding
Self Pollinated Vegetables Cross Pollinated Vegetables
• Tomatoes
• Green peppers, chilies
• Peppers, eggplants
• Green beans, lima beans
• Sweet peas and peanuts
• Onions, cucumbers, corn
• pumpkins, squash, broccoli
• beets, carrots, cabbage
• cauliflower, melons, radishes
• spinach, Swiss chard and
turnips

6. Mass Selection
• The mass selection method works with crossers and
multi-line selfers.
• The plant breeder starts with a highly variable
population and collecting the seed of only those
plants with desirable traits.
• These seeds are then bulked and planted the next
year and the process repeats.

8. Types Of Mass Selection
• Two types of this selection,
 Positive mass selection
 Negative mass selection

9. Advantages Of Mass Selection
• Simple, rapid and cheap procedure.
• Plants procedured by mass selection have wide
adaptability, wide genetic base.
• Use for the improvement of land races.

10. Bulk Method
• This is the practice of growing genetically diverse
populations of self-pollinated crops in a bulk plot.
• This method relies on natural or environmental
selection over many generations, so it requires much
patience and observation.
• Bulking generally produces slightly variable varieties
that may be more easily be adapted to local
conditions.

11. Steps Involved…
• Plant out stock seed from a variable seeds of an F1
cross.
• For F2, F3, and F4 generations, save all seed and
grow out the same number again.
• Plant out the F5 generation in spaced rows, then
select and save seed from certain desirable plants.
• Plant seed from each plant into its own separate row.

12. Cont…
• Select and save seed from all plants in desirable rows
and plant out in larger observational trials.
• Select the best lines from these trials and plant them
out into replicated trials.
• Choose the best line from the trial.

13. Pedigree
• This method involves detailed records of ancestry of
an individual family.
• This method takes more observational work, but
progress may be made more quickly and more
uniform lines may be produced.

14. Steps involved…
• Make an initial cross and bulk seed of the F1
generation.
• Pick several best selfed plants from the F2.
• Save seed and keep it separate.
• Plant the seed from each selfed individual plant in
separate rows or blocks. Each row or block is called a
family.

15. Cont…
• Through the F3-F7 generations, continue selecting
the best plants from the best rows from the best
families.
• From the F7 generation, select and save seed from
all plants in the best families and plant out in larger
observational trials.

17. PURELINE
The procedure is as follows:
• Make an initial cross
• Grow out the F1 without any selection.
• Grow out as many selfed F2 plants as possible.
• Select the best F2 plants; save each plant’s seed
separately.

18. Cont…
• Plant out each plant’s progenies separately, each F2
group is seen as a family.
• Continue to grow out the F2 families for many
generations.
• The best families should be stabilized by generations
five through seven.

20. SYNTHETIC POPULATIONS
• This is a great way to create diverse new landraces.
• Synthetic populations do better than regular open-
pollinated types but are not as high yielding.
It involves,
• Start with two or more variable landraces.

21. Cont…
• Make all possible hybrid combinations between all
plants.
• Pool all of the seeds of the hybrids together & plant
them out.
• Allow these plants to naturally and randomly
homogenize and mix.
• Over the next three to five generations, select out
the best plants.

22. COMPOSITE CROSS
• It is a systematic combination of all varieties
involved.
The steps in creating a composite population include,
• Select several desired parents.
• Perform several generations of controlled crosses
until you have a hybrid with equal amounts of
genetic input from each parent.

23. Cont…
• Allow your composite plants to self-pollinate or to
pollinate with a sibling.
• Select for superior lines using recurrent mass
selection, bulking, pedigree, or line selection.

24. Line Breeding
• superior plants are selected and then a row of
progeny is grown and the best plants within the best
rows are selected.
• Multiple lines are made and desired traits are
stabilized.
It involves,
• Select desired parents and make the cross.

25. Cont…
• Grow the F1 and bulk the seeds.
• Start plant to row selection in the F2 or a later
generation.
• Repeat for several generations with multiple lines
until the desired traits are stabilized.

26. BACKCROSSING
• This technique is generally used to transfer a trait or
set of traits from one variety to another.
It involves,
• Select the recurrent parent and the donor parent
and create the F1.
• If the desired trait is dominant, cross the F1 to the
recurrent parent immediately.
• If the desired trait is recessive, allow the F1 to self or
cross with F1 siblings.

27. Cont…
• Then select an F2 plant with the desired trait and
backcross it to the recurrent parent.
• Repeat backcrossing until you have reached a similar
enough phenotype to your recurrent parent with the
desired trait from the donor.
• Then stabilize using recurrent selection, pedigree or
pureline selection.

29. References:
• http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop412A/20
11_0009_Pepo_Pal-
Applied_Genetics_and_Biotechnology/ch08.html
• http://hariprathab.blogspot.com/2014/03/pure-line-
selection-plant-breeding.html
• https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=pedigree+method
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWvtCH9
OfMAhXGtRoKHXIaDMMQ_AUIBygB&biw=1366&bih=62
3#imgrc=vnj5HCj1l8r5WM%3A
• http://theseedsite.co.uk/hybrids.html
• Plant breeding . Manzoor ahmed khan, Managing author
Elena bashir, Robyn bantel, Editors