1. Growth and development are processes that occur simultaneously in organisms. Growth involves an increase in size through cell division and expansion, while development involves qualitative changes that lead to maturity. 2. In plants, growth occurs in meristematic regions through primary growth in length and secondary growth in thickness. Plant growth and development are influenced by internal factors like genes and hormones, and external factors like nutrients, water, light, temperature, and oxygen. 3. Animal growth and development occur through cell division, gastrulation, and organogenesis. It is influenced by internal hormones and external nutrients, water, light, temperature, and oxygen. Some animals undergo metamorphosis or metagenesis between life stages.

1. GROWTH
AND
DEVELOPMENT

2. Objectives:
Students are able to:
 Distinguish growth and development
 Explain factors that influence growth
and development in plants
 Explain factors that influence growth
and development in animals
 Compare metamorphosis and
metagenesis

3. Growth and development are
process in which the both
simultaneously.
Growth and development are
inseparable

4. Growth is the process of size increase
which is irreversible (cannot back to
the origin).
It is caused by number of cells
increment and cells size increment
Growth has quantitative property (can
be measured)
Example: Height, weight.

5. Development is process of becoming mature
Development has qualitative property
(cannot be measured)
Example:
• production of flowers in plant
• The change of seed to a sprout
• Hen lay eggs

6. Growth and development in plants
Growth in plants happen in meristematic
region, that is in the tip of stem, the tip of
root and cambium.
Growth in the plant can be measured by
using AUKSANOMETER

7. Tip of root anatomy

8. Tip of stem anatomy

9. cambium

10. There are two kinds of growth in plants,
primary growth and secondary growth.
Primary growth is the increment of length
size in the part of plant’s stem.
The Primary growth is caused by the
presence of activity of primary meristem
tissue (apical meristem) that found in the
edge of stem and the edge of root.
The Primary growth makes stem and root
higher and longer

11. Secondary growth is the increment of size or
thickness of a plant body.
It is caused by the activity of secondary
meristem tissue, that is fellogen in stem
cambium and root.
The Secondary growth causes the
enlargement of stem diameter.

12. Factors that influence growth and
development in plants
Growth and development in plants are influenced
by internal factors and external factors.
1. Internal factors
Internal factors are factors that come from
inside of the body of organisms themselves.
They are gene and hormone.
a. Gene
Gene is a carrier of genetic factors that
will be derived to its descendant.
It doesn’t appear from outside.

13. b. Hormone
Plant hormone is an organic compound which
is made in a part of plant, then bring to other
part of plant.
Plant hormone is called phytohormone.
For example:
 Auxin (IAA)
Auxin causes the increases the number and size of the
cells and causes the tree to become taller
 Giberelin
Giberelin race growth of sprout.
 Sitokinin
 Absisat acid
 Etilen

14. 2. External factors
External factors are factors that come from
outside of the body of organisms.
Some external factors are:
 Food (nutrition)
Food is main factor for growth and development o
the organisms. Foods change to be energy for
growth and development
 Water
The body of organisms consists mostly of
water.
Water is the solvent (the substance that
dissolves various other substances).
Water is raw material for photosynthesis.

15.  Light
Green plants need sunlight to support
photosynthesis process. Light also stimulate the
chlorophyl formation.
 Temperature
All organisms need certain temperature for their
life. The temperature change can influences
growth, photosynthesis, reproduction,
respiration, and transpiration in plants.
 Oxygen
Oxygen need for respiration in plants
 Humidity
The humidity influences vaporization process in
plants

16. Growth and development
in animals
The growth and development of animals
happens in all parts of its body.
The growth and development of animal
commonly begun from fertilization
process.
Growth and development of animal can be
seen from three phases, those are:
 Fission (cleavage)
 Gastrulation
 Organogenesis

17. Fission is a fission process of zygote to be cell
descendant which happens by mitosis.
The first fission begun from one to be two, two to be
four, four to be eight, eight to be sixteen, sixteen to be
thirty-two, and so on. Then cells fission continue
forming morula and blastula.
Cleavage in frog and human

18. Gastrulation is the process of arranging and
regulating of cells into different layers.
In gastrulation, it happens the formation of
gastrosol (arkenteron) then which will be
form intestine.
In gastrulation phase formed three layer,
ectoderm (external layer), mesoderm
(middle layer), and endoderm (inner layer).
Organogenesis is the process of formation
of organs and organs system.

19. Ectoderm layer forms nerves system,
skin, eyes, nose, ears, hair, nail, and
medula adrenal.
Mesoderm layer forms muscle, bone,
blood vessel, kidney, connective tissue,
ureter, testis, ovarium, uterus and limfe
system.
Endoderm layer forms faring,
esophagus, stomach, intestine, lever,
pancreas, trachea, and lung.

20. Factors that influence growth and
development in animals
Growth and development in animals are also
influenced by internal factors and external factors.
1. Internal factors
a. Gene
Gene is a carrier of genetic factors that will be
derived to its descendant.
It doesn’t appear from outside.
b. Hormone
Hormones are made in endocrine glands.
Some hormones which influence growth and
development are somatotrophin, tiroxin, and
gonadotrophin, testosterone, and estrogen.

21. 2. External factors
Some external factors are:
 Food (nutrition)
 Water
 Light
 Temperature
 Oxygen
.

22. Imperfect metamorphosis in grasshopper
The size of grasshopper nymphs is smaller than adult grasshoppers
and they are wingless; but on the whole they are the same as adult
grasshoppers in shape

23. The phases of perfect metamorphosis are:
egg larva pupa imago
Some animals that experience perfect
metamorphosis are:
butterfly, bee, house fly, ant, beetle.
egg
At a certain moment a larva becomes inactive and
changes into a pupa. In this phase there appears a
soft skin that forms a completely wrapping tissue.
Then, the pupa hanges into an adult butterfly, in a
completely different shape.

24. b. Metamorphosis in frog
A frog starts its life cycle as a zygote in a fertilized egg. The
egg then hatches and a tadpole comes out. A tadpole is
able to swim to small plants to find food. It continues to
grow and then change in shape. The growth starts with
limbs (or legs), lungs, and teeth that grow inside the mouth.
Changes that will support the tadpole’s life on land begin
at this time. After a few months the body of the young
frog has completed its metamorphosis process.

25. Metamorphosis in frog

26. Metamorphosis is the change in an
organism in one life cycle. When the
metamorphosis is completed, the animal
gains its adult shape. The pattern of
change is complete and the cycle may
occur in any new individual of the
species.

27. METAGENESIS
Metagenesis is rotating descendant (life cycle)
between sexual phase and asexual phase.
In one life cycle of organisms which experience
metagenesis, there are two different phases.
In plants, one phase, spores are produced. In
the other phase, sexual cells or gametes are
produced. The spore-producing phase is
called the sporophyte phase, and the gamete-
producing phase is called the gametophyte
phase.
Some organism that experience metagenesis
are Moss, Fern and Jelly fish (Aurelia).

28. Metagenesis in Moss

29. Metagenesis in Moss
Spore
Protonema
Moss plant Gametophyte
generation
Antheridium Arkegonium
Zygote
Sporangium Sporophyte
generation
The moss plants you are observing
are members of a gamethophyte generation.
Sporangium is members of a sporophyte generation

30. Metagenesis in Fern

31. Metagenesis in Fern
Spore
Prothallium Gametophyte
generation
Antheridium Arkegonium
Zygote
Fern plant Sporophyte
Sporangium generation

32. When you observe fern plants, you will see
that there are groups of sporangia on the
lower surface of the leaves. It means that the
plant is in the sporophyte stage. The fern
plants you are observing are members of a
sporophyte generation. If the spores in the
sporangia fall on a moist place, each will
grow and flatten into a heart-shaped
structure with ribbon-like roots called
prothallium, which will produce male and
female gametes. Prothallium are members
of a gamethophyte generation.

33. Metagenesis in jelly fish

34. Jelly fish is one of invertebrate which is live in
the sea. In their life, cycle jelly fish experience
descendant rotation, polyp phase when they
live in the ground sea and medusa phase
when they swim.
Polyp is member of a vegetative generation,
which reproduce by budding.
Medusa is member of generative generation,
which reproduce by produce gametes.