Plant growth regulators can be natural or synthetic compounds that modify physiological processes in plants. The main classes of plant growth promoters discussed are auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Auxins promote cell elongation, root formation, and fruit development. Gibberellins promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins promote cell division. Ethylene and abscisic acid are major growth inhibitors and promote processes like fruit ripening and senescence. The document provides examples of how these growth regulators are used commercially in vegetable crops to stimulate seed germination, break dormancy, induce flowering and parthenocarpy, control sex expression, improve fruit set and yield, and enhance quality.
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable CropsNeha Verma
The document discusses the role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crops. It defines PGRs as organic compounds that can modify or control physiological processes in plants. The document covers the history and classification of PGRs such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their functions in promoting or inhibiting growth. The document also discusses commercial uses of PGRs like IAA, NAA, and GA3 to enhance seed germination, seedling growth, and tuberization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, muskmelon, and okra.
This document provides information about cauliflower, including its origins, nutrition, uses, and production. Some key points:
- Cauliflower originated from wild cabbage and was selectively bred for the edible curd through human selection.
- It is high in vitamins C and K as well as minerals like potassium. The curd is used in curries, soups, and pickles.
- Cauliflower is a member of the Brassicaceae family and the species is Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. It is tolerant to high temperatures.
- India and China are two of the top producers globally. Important Indian states include West Bengal and Bi
This study evaluated the effects of training systems and NAA application on bell pepper production in a polyhouse. The experiment consisted of three training systems (staking, bush and single stem) and two NAA concentrations (0 and 50 ppm). Results showed that the single stem training system with 50 ppm NAA application produced the highest yield, lowest fruit drop and highest fruit quality. This was due to increased plant height, more number of fruits per plant and reduced premature fruit drop from the application of NAA under the single stem system. Thus, the single stem training system with NAA was most effective for improving bell pepper production in polyhouse conditions.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
This document provides information on the production technology of Aonla (Emblica officinalis), including varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, cultivation practices, fertilizer management, irrigation, flowering, fruit set issues, and harvesting. It discusses several varieties of Aonla from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, as well as varieties released by Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology.
This document summarizes the floral biology of several important cucurbit crops. It describes features such as the type of inflorescence, timing of anthesis and anther dehiscence, pollen fertility periods, and stigma receptivity windows. Key points covered include cucumber flowers being bracteate and unisexual, bitter gourd stigmas being most receptive at anthesis, and watermelon pollen losing viability after 30 hours at room temperature. The document provides useful information on the reproductive characteristics and pollination requirements of various cucurbit species.
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
This document discusses several types of plant growth regulators including morphactins, anti-transpirants, anti-auxins, anti-oxidants, and growth retardants. Morphactins are substances that modulate plant morphogenesis and include derivatives of fluorine compounds. Anti-transpirants help reduce water loss from plants and include stomatal closing agents like phenyl mercuric acetate as well as film-forming and reflective materials. Anti-auxins inhibit the effects of auxins and examples provided are TIBA, NPA, and clofibric acid. Anti-oxidants protect plant cells from free radical damage and include vitamins A, C, and E. Growth retardants like CCC reduce shoot growth
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable CropsNeha Verma
The document discusses the role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crops. It defines PGRs as organic compounds that can modify or control physiological processes in plants. The document covers the history and classification of PGRs such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their functions in promoting or inhibiting growth. The document also discusses commercial uses of PGRs like IAA, NAA, and GA3 to enhance seed germination, seedling growth, and tuberization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, muskmelon, and okra.
This document provides information about cauliflower, including its origins, nutrition, uses, and production. Some key points:
- Cauliflower originated from wild cabbage and was selectively bred for the edible curd through human selection.
- It is high in vitamins C and K as well as minerals like potassium. The curd is used in curries, soups, and pickles.
- Cauliflower is a member of the Brassicaceae family and the species is Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. It is tolerant to high temperatures.
- India and China are two of the top producers globally. Important Indian states include West Bengal and Bi
This study evaluated the effects of training systems and NAA application on bell pepper production in a polyhouse. The experiment consisted of three training systems (staking, bush and single stem) and two NAA concentrations (0 and 50 ppm). Results showed that the single stem training system with 50 ppm NAA application produced the highest yield, lowest fruit drop and highest fruit quality. This was due to increased plant height, more number of fruits per plant and reduced premature fruit drop from the application of NAA under the single stem system. Thus, the single stem training system with NAA was most effective for improving bell pepper production in polyhouse conditions.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
This document provides information on the production technology of Aonla (Emblica officinalis), including varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, cultivation practices, fertilizer management, irrigation, flowering, fruit set issues, and harvesting. It discusses several varieties of Aonla from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, as well as varieties released by Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology.
This document summarizes the floral biology of several important cucurbit crops. It describes features such as the type of inflorescence, timing of anthesis and anther dehiscence, pollen fertility periods, and stigma receptivity windows. Key points covered include cucumber flowers being bracteate and unisexual, bitter gourd stigmas being most receptive at anthesis, and watermelon pollen losing viability after 30 hours at room temperature. The document provides useful information on the reproductive characteristics and pollination requirements of various cucurbit species.
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
This document discusses several types of plant growth regulators including morphactins, anti-transpirants, anti-auxins, anti-oxidants, and growth retardants. Morphactins are substances that modulate plant morphogenesis and include derivatives of fluorine compounds. Anti-transpirants help reduce water loss from plants and include stomatal closing agents like phenyl mercuric acetate as well as film-forming and reflective materials. Anti-auxins inhibit the effects of auxins and examples provided are TIBA, NPA, and clofibric acid. Anti-oxidants protect plant cells from free radical damage and include vitamins A, C, and E. Growth retardants like CCC reduce shoot growth
Off season flower production and vegetable in off season in green houseRakesh Pattnaik
This document discusses off-season flower production through flower forcing. It describes how flower forcing involves inducing flowering at times outside of the normal blooming season in order to produce flowers when prices are higher. Various methods are covered, including adjusting temperature and photoperiod, using chemicals like fertilizers and plant growth regulators, and mechanical techniques like pruning. Specific flower crops that can be forced, like dendrobium orchids, siam tulip, marigold, and amaryllis, are then discussed in detail including their flowering behavior and recommended forcing operations.
vegetable crop productivity as influenced by lightslkh
This document discusses the effects of light on vegetable crop productivity and development. It covers the key aspects of light including quantity, quality, and duration. It explains that light is essential for photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis in plants. The different wavelengths of light, such as red, blue, and far-red, influence processes like flowering, stem elongation, and chlorophyll production. The duration or photoperiod of light impacts whether plants are long day, short day, or day neutral. The document analyzes how light influences specific vegetable crops such as cucurbits, tomatoes, capsicums, potatoes, root crops, bulb crops, and leafy vegetables.
For Horticulture Graduates,
Visit AgriHORTICO's World for more information related to the Course.
Useful for ICAR-JRF, SRF, NET, BHU, IBPS-SO, SEMESTER EXAMS and Other Competitive exams related exclusively to Horticulture
onion botanical description ,cultivation and physiological disorders.Arvind Yadav
This document provides information on the cultivation and physiological disorders of onions. It describes the botanical details of onions, including their scientific name and family. It also outlines optimal climate conditions for growth, soil requirements, common varieties, sowing times, spacing, nutrition, and expected yields. The key physiological disorders of bolting and sprouting are explained, along with their causes and recommended corrections.
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the response of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crop physiology. It defines PGRs as natural or synthetic compounds that affect plant developmental or metabolic processes at low dosages. The presentation covers the introduction, definition, classification, functions, and case studies of various PGRs - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and brassinosteroids. It provides examples of how these PGRs influence processes like seed germination, flowering, sex expression, parthenocarpy, fruit setting and ripening, and yield. The objective and methodology of a study on the effect of NAA and GA3
The document provides information on breeding of carrot and radish. It discusses the botany, genetics, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For carrot, it describes varieties such as Pusa Kesar and Nantes half long. It also covers topics like introduction, mass selection, and heterosis breeding for carrot improvement. For radish, it discusses taxonomy, botany and cross-pollination, and provides a brief introduction.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document provides an overview of brinjal/eggplant, including its taxonomy, origin, distribution, floral biology, breeding techniques, objectives, and major research centers. It discusses that brinjal is a self-pollinated crop native to India that is an important vegetable worldwide. Common breeding objectives are to develop varieties with high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, and preferred fruit qualities. Key breeding methods include pure line selection, pedigree, bulk, backcrossing, and heterosis. Major research on brinjal is conducted in India, Taiwan, and other Asian and North American countries.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
This document summarizes physiological disorders that can occur in various fruits. It discusses issues like malformation, black tip, scorching of leaves, spongy tissue, chlorosis, and deficiencies in mangoes. It also covers disorders in bananas like chlorosis and maladie du parasol. Disorders addressed in other fruits include die back and bronzing in guava, boron deficiency and skin freckles in papaya, fruit necrosis and unfruitfulness in aonla, chilling injury in jackfruit, sunscald and black heart in pineapple, die back and oblongation of fruit in sapota, sun burning in litchi, fruit drop, granulation, fruit cracking, and frenching in
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
1. The document discusses a seminar presentation on advances in the use of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) for fruit production. It begins with an introduction to PBRs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects.
2. The document then presents case studies on the effects of a brassinosteroid analogue on passion fruit yield, and the effects of brassinosteroids, gibberellins, and kinetin on almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set. Both studies showed PBRs increased yields by improving various fruit growth and development parameters.
3. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated that judicious application of PBRs can help overcome
Crop regulation, also known as bahar treatment, involves giving fruit crops a resting period through methods like withholding water or using chemicals. This alters the natural flowering cycle to produce higher yields at specific times. For pomegranate, bahar treatment can induce flowering in June-July, September-October, or January-February depending on rainfall patterns. For guava, bahar involves restricting water from February to May to induce heavy flowering and winter crop yields of higher quality fruit. Methods like root exposure, deblossoming of rainy season crops, and growth regulators like urea or potassium iodide are used to regulate guava flowering cycles.
This document provides information on papaya cultivation practices. It discusses the botanical details of papaya, including its origin, taxonomy, botany, and floral biology. It also outlines recommendations for climate and soil requirements, common varieties, propagation methods, land preparation, planting density, and cultural practices for papaya cultivation. The key points covered include papaya's origin in Mexico, its dioecious and gynodioecious forms, suitable climate and soil conditions, commonly grown varieties in India, and seed propagation.
Fruit set, growth & developmental stages of various fruitsMANDEEP KAUR
Fruit set occurs after pollen fertilizes eggs in ovaries. Fertilized eggs form seeds which stimulate fruit growth. The final fruit form depends on contributing floral organs and their development. Many factors influence fruit set including temperature, moisture, chemicals, nutrients, tree factors, and pollination mechanisms. Proper management of these factors can help maximize fruit set and yields.
Physiology of flowering and fruiting of important fruit cropsSwati Shukla
This presentation discusses the physiology of flowering and fruiting in several fruit crops including mango, apple, banana, papaya, custard apple and citrus. It covers topics such as floral initiation and development, types of flowers, flowering time and climate influences, pollination and fertilization. For each crop, details are provided on inflorescence and flower morphology, sex ratio, temperature and photoperiod influences on flowering. The presentation is intended for a course on physiology of flowering and fruiting of fruit crops.
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Growth regulators are organic compounds that modify or control specific physiological processes in plants. They include natural plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, as well as synthetic compounds. Growth regulators play various roles in vegetable crops including enhancing seed germination, breaking dormancy, inducing flowering and sex expression, stimulating fruit set and development, ripening, and increasing yields. Specifically, auxins like IAA and IBA and gibberellins promote germination, while gibberellins and ethylene break dormancy in potatoes and lettuce. Gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins induce early flowering, and auxins, gibberell
Introduction
Cucurbits belong to the family cucurbitaceae and form an important, a large group of vegetables, grown extensively throughout India and other tropical and sub tropical regions of the globe. In temperate regions some of the cucurbits like cucumber and chow- chow (chayote) are grown in greenhouses as well as under open field conditions. The fruits of cucurbits are consumed fresh as a dessert (muskmelon and watermelon) or in salads (cucumber and long melon), cooked (bottle gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, summer squash, squash melon, pumpkin etc.) and processed in pickles (gherkins, pointed gourd), jam (pumpkin) or candied (ash gourd). Cucurbits with a tough rind (bottle gourd and summer squash) are used for containers, cutlery, musical instruments, ornaments etc. Dry fruits of sponge gourd are used as scrubbing pads. The colourful ornamental gourds that come in a variety of shapes and sizes are used as decoration pieces. Most of the cucurbits are annuals, direct sown and propagated through seed.
PGR is a group of chemicals produced by plants known as plant growth regulators control the growth and development of plants. These chemicals act on plant physiological processes at very low concentrations. Often they are produced at one location and transported to another, where they exert their influences; however, they may also act on the same tissue in which they are produced. Plant growth regulators are organic substance, other than nutrients and vitamins which regulate the growth of plant when applied in small quantities. PGR’s are used in various forms like liquid, powder, paste etc on crop plants.
Growth, development and yield analysis in crop plants helps in understanding the contribution of various growth and yield components. Plant growth regulators considered as a new generation of agro-chemicals when added in small amounts, modify the growth of plants usually by stimulating or modifying one part of the natural growth regulatory system, thereby the yield is enhanced. Higher production through breeding is a continuous endeavor of mankind. But, these methods are however, not only time consuming but also costly. Therefore, growth regulators have been known as one of the quick means of increasing production.
History
The application of plant growth regulators in agriculture has started in 1930 in United States (Fishel, 2006). The discovery of major plant growth regulators started with Charles Darwin and his child experiment, Francis Darwin experiment. They observed the growth of coleoptiles of canary grass towards the light source phototropism followed by a series of experiments and they concluded the presence of a transmittable substance that influences the growth of canary grass towards the light. Later on, that substance we know as auxin and isolated by F. W. Went. Gibberellins or gibberellic acid was formerly found in uninfected rice seedlings and was reported by E. Kurosawa and F. Skoog.
Miller
Off season flower production and vegetable in off season in green houseRakesh Pattnaik
This document discusses off-season flower production through flower forcing. It describes how flower forcing involves inducing flowering at times outside of the normal blooming season in order to produce flowers when prices are higher. Various methods are covered, including adjusting temperature and photoperiod, using chemicals like fertilizers and plant growth regulators, and mechanical techniques like pruning. Specific flower crops that can be forced, like dendrobium orchids, siam tulip, marigold, and amaryllis, are then discussed in detail including their flowering behavior and recommended forcing operations.
vegetable crop productivity as influenced by lightslkh
This document discusses the effects of light on vegetable crop productivity and development. It covers the key aspects of light including quantity, quality, and duration. It explains that light is essential for photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis in plants. The different wavelengths of light, such as red, blue, and far-red, influence processes like flowering, stem elongation, and chlorophyll production. The duration or photoperiod of light impacts whether plants are long day, short day, or day neutral. The document analyzes how light influences specific vegetable crops such as cucurbits, tomatoes, capsicums, potatoes, root crops, bulb crops, and leafy vegetables.
For Horticulture Graduates,
Visit AgriHORTICO's World for more information related to the Course.
Useful for ICAR-JRF, SRF, NET, BHU, IBPS-SO, SEMESTER EXAMS and Other Competitive exams related exclusively to Horticulture
onion botanical description ,cultivation and physiological disorders.Arvind Yadav
This document provides information on the cultivation and physiological disorders of onions. It describes the botanical details of onions, including their scientific name and family. It also outlines optimal climate conditions for growth, soil requirements, common varieties, sowing times, spacing, nutrition, and expected yields. The key physiological disorders of bolting and sprouting are explained, along with their causes and recommended corrections.
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the response of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crop physiology. It defines PGRs as natural or synthetic compounds that affect plant developmental or metabolic processes at low dosages. The presentation covers the introduction, definition, classification, functions, and case studies of various PGRs - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and brassinosteroids. It provides examples of how these PGRs influence processes like seed germination, flowering, sex expression, parthenocarpy, fruit setting and ripening, and yield. The objective and methodology of a study on the effect of NAA and GA3
The document provides information on breeding of carrot and radish. It discusses the botany, genetics, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For carrot, it describes varieties such as Pusa Kesar and Nantes half long. It also covers topics like introduction, mass selection, and heterosis breeding for carrot improvement. For radish, it discusses taxonomy, botany and cross-pollination, and provides a brief introduction.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document provides an overview of brinjal/eggplant, including its taxonomy, origin, distribution, floral biology, breeding techniques, objectives, and major research centers. It discusses that brinjal is a self-pollinated crop native to India that is an important vegetable worldwide. Common breeding objectives are to develop varieties with high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, and preferred fruit qualities. Key breeding methods include pure line selection, pedigree, bulk, backcrossing, and heterosis. Major research on brinjal is conducted in India, Taiwan, and other Asian and North American countries.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
This document summarizes physiological disorders that can occur in various fruits. It discusses issues like malformation, black tip, scorching of leaves, spongy tissue, chlorosis, and deficiencies in mangoes. It also covers disorders in bananas like chlorosis and maladie du parasol. Disorders addressed in other fruits include die back and bronzing in guava, boron deficiency and skin freckles in papaya, fruit necrosis and unfruitfulness in aonla, chilling injury in jackfruit, sunscald and black heart in pineapple, die back and oblongation of fruit in sapota, sun burning in litchi, fruit drop, granulation, fruit cracking, and frenching in
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
1. The document discusses a seminar presentation on advances in the use of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) for fruit production. It begins with an introduction to PBRs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects.
2. The document then presents case studies on the effects of a brassinosteroid analogue on passion fruit yield, and the effects of brassinosteroids, gibberellins, and kinetin on almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set. Both studies showed PBRs increased yields by improving various fruit growth and development parameters.
3. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated that judicious application of PBRs can help overcome
Crop regulation, also known as bahar treatment, involves giving fruit crops a resting period through methods like withholding water or using chemicals. This alters the natural flowering cycle to produce higher yields at specific times. For pomegranate, bahar treatment can induce flowering in June-July, September-October, or January-February depending on rainfall patterns. For guava, bahar involves restricting water from February to May to induce heavy flowering and winter crop yields of higher quality fruit. Methods like root exposure, deblossoming of rainy season crops, and growth regulators like urea or potassium iodide are used to regulate guava flowering cycles.
This document provides information on papaya cultivation practices. It discusses the botanical details of papaya, including its origin, taxonomy, botany, and floral biology. It also outlines recommendations for climate and soil requirements, common varieties, propagation methods, land preparation, planting density, and cultural practices for papaya cultivation. The key points covered include papaya's origin in Mexico, its dioecious and gynodioecious forms, suitable climate and soil conditions, commonly grown varieties in India, and seed propagation.
Fruit set, growth & developmental stages of various fruitsMANDEEP KAUR
Fruit set occurs after pollen fertilizes eggs in ovaries. Fertilized eggs form seeds which stimulate fruit growth. The final fruit form depends on contributing floral organs and their development. Many factors influence fruit set including temperature, moisture, chemicals, nutrients, tree factors, and pollination mechanisms. Proper management of these factors can help maximize fruit set and yields.
Physiology of flowering and fruiting of important fruit cropsSwati Shukla
This presentation discusses the physiology of flowering and fruiting in several fruit crops including mango, apple, banana, papaya, custard apple and citrus. It covers topics such as floral initiation and development, types of flowers, flowering time and climate influences, pollination and fertilization. For each crop, details are provided on inflorescence and flower morphology, sex ratio, temperature and photoperiod influences on flowering. The presentation is intended for a course on physiology of flowering and fruiting of fruit crops.
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Growth regulators are organic compounds that modify or control specific physiological processes in plants. They include natural plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, as well as synthetic compounds. Growth regulators play various roles in vegetable crops including enhancing seed germination, breaking dormancy, inducing flowering and sex expression, stimulating fruit set and development, ripening, and increasing yields. Specifically, auxins like IAA and IBA and gibberellins promote germination, while gibberellins and ethylene break dormancy in potatoes and lettuce. Gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins induce early flowering, and auxins, gibberell
Introduction
Cucurbits belong to the family cucurbitaceae and form an important, a large group of vegetables, grown extensively throughout India and other tropical and sub tropical regions of the globe. In temperate regions some of the cucurbits like cucumber and chow- chow (chayote) are grown in greenhouses as well as under open field conditions. The fruits of cucurbits are consumed fresh as a dessert (muskmelon and watermelon) or in salads (cucumber and long melon), cooked (bottle gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, summer squash, squash melon, pumpkin etc.) and processed in pickles (gherkins, pointed gourd), jam (pumpkin) or candied (ash gourd). Cucurbits with a tough rind (bottle gourd and summer squash) are used for containers, cutlery, musical instruments, ornaments etc. Dry fruits of sponge gourd are used as scrubbing pads. The colourful ornamental gourds that come in a variety of shapes and sizes are used as decoration pieces. Most of the cucurbits are annuals, direct sown and propagated through seed.
PGR is a group of chemicals produced by plants known as plant growth regulators control the growth and development of plants. These chemicals act on plant physiological processes at very low concentrations. Often they are produced at one location and transported to another, where they exert their influences; however, they may also act on the same tissue in which they are produced. Plant growth regulators are organic substance, other than nutrients and vitamins which regulate the growth of plant when applied in small quantities. PGR’s are used in various forms like liquid, powder, paste etc on crop plants.
Growth, development and yield analysis in crop plants helps in understanding the contribution of various growth and yield components. Plant growth regulators considered as a new generation of agro-chemicals when added in small amounts, modify the growth of plants usually by stimulating or modifying one part of the natural growth regulatory system, thereby the yield is enhanced. Higher production through breeding is a continuous endeavor of mankind. But, these methods are however, not only time consuming but also costly. Therefore, growth regulators have been known as one of the quick means of increasing production.
History
The application of plant growth regulators in agriculture has started in 1930 in United States (Fishel, 2006). The discovery of major plant growth regulators started with Charles Darwin and his child experiment, Francis Darwin experiment. They observed the growth of coleoptiles of canary grass towards the light source phototropism followed by a series of experiments and they concluded the presence of a transmittable substance that influences the growth of canary grass towards the light. Later on, that substance we know as auxin and isolated by F. W. Went. Gibberellins or gibberellic acid was formerly found in uninfected rice seedlings and was reported by E. Kurosawa and F. Skoog.
Miller
The document discusses recent advances in the use of plant growth regulators in cole crops like cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower. Foliar sprays of gibberellic acid at concentrations of 30-60 ppm have been shown to significantly increase plant growth and yield for cabbage. For broccoli, a combination of gibberellic acid and kinetin increased growth and yield. Studies on cauliflower found that gibberellic acid or a combination of gibberellic acid and boric acid promoted earlier growth and higher yields.
Plant growth regulators are small, naturally occurring chemicals that regulate plant growth and development. The five major plant hormones are auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Abscisic acid induces and maintains seed dormancy, while gibberellins promote seed germination by breaking dormancy. Auxin promotes fruit development and cell elongation. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and seed germination. Abscisic acid and ethylene generally act as growth inhibitors by suppressing bud growth and promoting senescence.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are small molecules that regulate plant growth and development. There are several major classes of PGRs, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. PGRs can promote growth, through cell division and elongation, or inhibit growth. Auxins promote root formation and flowering. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation. Cytokinins promote leaf growth. Ethylene induces fruit ripening and flowering. Abscisic acid inhibits seed germination and induces dormancy. PGRs allow plants to respond to environmental cues and coordinate various growth processes.
This document discusses plant hormones and plant growth regulators. It describes the main types of plant hormones - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. For each hormone, it provides details on their discovery, natural and synthetic forms, sites of synthesis, and roles in plant growth and development such as cell elongation, division, dormancy, flowering, and fruit ripening. It also discusses the roles of anti-auxins and anti-gibberellins in inhibiting the effects of auxins and gibberellins, respectively.
The document is an assignment submitted by Brahmbhatt Jay H on plant growth regulators and their role in vegetable crop production. It discusses various types of plant growth regulators including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, morphactins, anti-transpirants, anti-auxins, ripening retardants, and plant stimulants. It provides details on their functions, examples, and effects on plant growth and development processes.
Plant hormones, also known as chemical messengers, control many plant functions and developmental patterns. The five major classes of natural plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, gibberellins stimulate stem growth, and cytokinins promote cell division. Ethylene promotes ripening, while abscisic acid induces stomatal closure and bud and shoot growth inhibition. Plant hormones influence many important plant processes including flowering, fruit growth and ripening, dormancy, and response to stress.
Plant growth regulators in horticultural cropsVISHALPAL60
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are organic compounds that plants produce naturally to control growth and physiological functions. PGRs like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid act in very small quantities to stimulate or inhibit specific enzymes and regulate plant metabolism. Auxins promote cell enlargement and division, root initiation, and apical dominance. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and enzyme production. Abscisic acid induces stomata closure and dormancy, and inhibits shoot growth. Ethylene aids fruit ripening, induces femaleness in some plants, and promotes flower and fruit abscission.
This document discusses plant growth hormones, including their definitions, types, functions, and uses in agriculture. It covers the major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokines, ethylene, inhibitors, and growth retardants. For each class, it describes their roles in plant growth and development processes. It also provides examples of practical applications in crop production, such as stimulating root growth, increasing fruit size, controlling flowering, and accelerating ripening. Overall, the document outlines how plant growth hormones regulate important physiological functions and how their exogenous application can help improve crop yields and quality.
This document discusses plant growth hormones, including their definitions, types, functions, and uses in agriculture. It covers the major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokines, ethylene, inhibitors, and growth retardants. For each class, it provides examples and describes their roles in processes like cell division, elongation, flowering, fruit ripening and sex expression. It also summarizes several practical applications of hormones in crops for practices like rooting cuttings, controlling weed growth, delaying fruit drop, and improving yield.
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
Expains in detail the Plant Growth Hormones, Plant growth promoters and plant growth retardants/inhibitors. The role of Growth hormones in Physiological process of Plants and their application in Plant Tissue culture (Auxins, cytokinins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene)
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, control plant growth and development processes including germination, growth, flowering, fruit ripening and senescence. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote stem elongation and growth, stimulate fruit growth, and induce root formation. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, control flowering, and break seed dormancy. Cytokinins promote cell division and stimulate shoot and root growth. Abscisic acid inhibits seed germination and induces dormancy while ethylene induces fruit ripening and flowering.
Role of various plant growth regulators in germination of seeds.
This presentation includes - process of seed germinationand effect of plant growth regulators such as - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene on seed germination. Overall flow chart to descibe the role of pgr's are also provided in this ppt.
This document summarizes the functions of various growth regulators (hormones and other substances) in horticultural crops. It discusses the five major natural plant hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid) and describes their roles in processes like cell division/elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, dormancy, and response to stress. It also mentions several other identified plant growth regulators including brassinosteroids, morphactins, salicylic acid, jasmonates, and more. The document provides details on the molecular structures, sites of production, and mechanisms of action of the major hormones.
Plant Growth Regulators used in agriculture to manipulate plant vegetative and reproductive growth. Major plant growth regulators are Auxin, gibberellin, Cytokinin, ethylene and ABA etc.
IT IS USEFULL FOR THE PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMCY AND DOCTOR OF PHARMCY STUDENTS FOR B.PHARM SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND SECOND YEAR DOCTOR OF PHARMACY STUDENTS
Next generation plant growth regulators in horticulture productionMohamed Farag
1. The document discusses various classes of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and newer regulators like brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid.
2. It provides examples of each class and their roles in physiological processes and response to stresses. For example, jasmonic acid induces defense genes in response to damage and salicylic acid confers tolerance to heat, cold, and drought stresses.
3. A case study shows that pre-treating tomato and bean plants with salicylic acid or acetyl salicylic acid improves their survival after exposure to heat,
Advances in flower regulation and fruiting management of vegetables in protec...Basavaraj Panjagal
This document discusses advances in regulating flowering and fruit production of vegetable crops under protected cultivation. It provides information on ideal temperature, light, nutrient, and pollination conditions for crops like tomato, pepper, cucumber, and melon to optimize flowering and fruit set. It also discusses training techniques, pruning, thinning, and the use of plant growth regulators to control flowering and increase yields of these crops under protected structures. Several studies investigating the effects of temperature, light quality, pollination methods, and plant growth regulators on crop flowering and production are summarized.
This document discusses vegetable-based cropping systems. It begins with definitions of cropping system and cropping pattern. The basic principles of cropping systems are to choose crops that complement each other and utilize resources efficiently. Objectives are efficient resource utilization and maintaining stable production. Benefits include maintaining soil fertility and controlling pests. Cropping systems are classified based on whether one or multiple crops are grown, including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, mixed cropping, ratoon cropping, and crop rotation. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are provided. Factors that influence the selection of a cropping system are also discussed.
The document discusses various seed organizations in India. The Central Seeds Committee advises the central and state governments on matters related to seeds. The Central Seed Certification Board deals with seed certification issues. State Seed Certification Agencies certify seeds of notified varieties and ensure quality. The Central Seed Testing Laboratory and State Seed Testing Laboratories test seed quality. The National Seeds Corporation produces and supplies foundation seeds. Karnataka State Seed Certification Agency provides certified seeds to farmers in Karnataka. International organizations like ISTA and ISF promote standardization and quality in the global seed industry.
The document discusses various methods for seed health testing. It describes germination tests including the top-paper, between-paper, sand, and agar methods. Other tests discussed are the washing test, incubation methods using blotters or agar plates, seedling symptom tests, test tube agar methods, and grow-on tests. Objectives of seed health testing are to identify quality problems, determine planting value, and check for diseases. Specific methods covered in detail include the washing test, incubation methods, seedling symptom test, and test tube agar method.
This document discusses seed processing equipment and techniques. It begins with an introduction to seed science and processing. It then describes the basic steps in seed processing as pre-conditioning and cleaning, bulk storage, upgrading, treating, and packaging. Various machines used at each step are explained, including scalpers, indent cylinders, gravity separators, color sorters, and fluidized bed dryers. The advantages of processing are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key equipment and steps involved in seed processing.
The document discusses seed screening, grading, and packaging. It describes how seeds are screened using different sized meshes to remove debris and low quality seeds. Various machines are used to separate seeds based on physical properties like size, shape, density and surface texture. Seeds are graded using screens, indented cylinders, gravity tables, and color separators. Packaging involves filling bags to the correct weight, adding labels and storage information, and properly storing seeds based on material and environment. Vacuum packaging can extend shelf life by removing oxygen.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy forms to enhance germination. There are physical (e.g. hot water), chemical, and biological seed treatments. Hot water treatment kills diseases but can damage old seeds. Scarification mechanically or chemically damages seed coats to allow water penetration. Stratification exposes seeds to temperatures to overcome dormancy. Chemical treatments use salts or other compounds. Ultrasound increases seed permeability and germination in some crops like chickpeas but decreases it in others like peppers. It is a non-chemical method that increases alpha-amylase and germination speed.
The document discusses seed treatment and enhancement techniques. It describes how seed treatment involves applying fungicides and insecticides to seeds to disinfect and protect them from pathogens and pests. Seed enhancement techniques aim to improve germination, vigor and performance, and include methods like priming, coating, pelleting and integrated approaches. These techniques provide benefits such as early emergence, uniform stands, stress tolerance and nutrient/microbe delivery. The history, types, advantages and applications of various seed treatment and enhancement methods are reviewed.
This document summarizes research on breeding for resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in brinjal (eggplant). It discusses:
1. The causal organism R. solanacearum, its characteristics, classification into races and phylotypes.
2. Symptoms of bacterial wilt in brinjal and conditions favoring disease development.
3. Sources of resistance identified in wild relatives like S. torvum and S. sisymbriifolium.
4. Breeding methods used including marker-assisted selection and QTL mapping to identify tightly linked markers and genes controlling resistance.
Development and use of different mapping population in brinjalBasavaraj Panjagal
The document discusses the development and use of different mapping populations in brinjal (eggplant) breeding. It describes various mapping populations including F2, F2:3, backcross populations, doubled haploids (DHs), and recombinant inbred lines (RILs). It provides details on their properties, advantages, disadvantages and applications for gene mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Examples of studies using F2 and backcross populations for mapping parthenocarpy and Fusarium resistance QTLs in eggplant are also summarized.
This document summarizes a study on marker assisted selection for disease resistance in legume crops. It discusses marker assisted selection (MAS) and its advantages over conventional breeding. MAS allows for indirect selection of traits using DNA markers linked to genes or traits of interest. It also describes specific examples of using MAS to develop disease resistance in pea and common bean crops by mapping genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew in pea and rust resistance in common bean. The studies aimed to validate DNA markers for use in MAS breeding programs to more efficiently develop legume varieties with improved disease resistance.
The document discusses wide hybridization techniques in vegetable crops. It begins with an introduction to wide hybridization and provides a history of early crosses done in the late 18th and early 20th centuries. It then describes the key features of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization, including the varying levels of fertility in offspring. Several techniques to overcome barriers in wide crosses are outlined, including the use of bridge species, embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, and chromosome doubling. Case studies demonstrate the application of these techniques in crops like tomato and potato to develop interspecific hybrids with desirable traits like disease resistance. The document emphasizes the role of wide hybridization in introducing valuable genes from wild species into cultivated crops to improve traits like yield, quality,
The document discusses the production of double haploid (DH) plant lines in cucumber. It describes screening cucumber accessions for resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using DAS-ELISA. Ovule culture techniques were used to establish DH plant lines from selected CMV-resistant accessions. The DH lines were then screened for CMV resistance to develop homozygous cucumber lines with improved virus resistance.
This document discusses biofortification of vegetable crops to combat hidden hunger. It defines biofortification as increasing micronutrients in edible parts of crops through breeding. Methods include agronomic, conventional, and genetic engineering approaches. Case studies show biofortifying crops like cassava, potato, and sweet potato to increase carotenoids, iron, zinc and protein through breeding. Rapid cycling selection in cassava reduced time to improve carotenoids. Co-localizing QTL for iron and zinc in common bean allowed improving both simultaneously. Overall, biofortification is a promising strategy to provide micronutrients and combat malnutrition in a sustainable way.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
3. INTRODUCTION
A Growth regulator is
- An organic compound,
- Can be natural or synthetic
- It modifies or controls one or more specific
physiological processes within a plant but the sites
of the action and production are different.
• If the compound is produced within the plant, it is
called plant harmone.
• Both internal plant harmones and lab created harmones
are called plant growth harmones
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Basavaraj Panjagal
4. Definition of growth regulators by different scientists
• Phillip (1971) defined growth harmone as substances which are
synthesized in particular cells and are transformed to other cells where in
extremely small quantities influence the developmental process.
• Phill Olaiya (2013) stated that bio-regulators are endogenous or
synthetically produced substances that can control one or more specific
biochemical and physiological functions of many species probably by their
influence on gene and enzymic interactions.
• Prajapathi et.al.(2015) stated that although, photosynthesis supplies the
carbon and respiration supplies the energy for plant growth, a groupof
chemicals produced by plants known as plant growth regulators control the
growth and development of plant.
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5. • Auxin was the first hormone to be discovered in plant and at
one time discovered to be only naturally occurring plant
growth hormone (Prajapati et.al., 2015)
• Three types of plant hormones Auxins, Gibberelines and
Cytokinins and these were discovered in the early decades of
the twentieth century, in 1930’s and in 1960’s , respectively
(Thomas, 1956)
History of Growth Regulators
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6. CLASSIFICATION OF GROWTH REGULATORS (GR’S)
ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN
6
NATURAL GR’S SYNTHETIC GR’S POSTULATED GR’S
•Produced by some
tissues in plant.
• also called
Endogenous
hormones.
•Eg: Auxins,
Gibberlins,
Cytokinins, Ethelene,
Ascorbic acid
•Produced artificially
and similar to
natural hormone in
physiological activity.
•Also called
Exogenous
hormones.
•Eg: 2,4-D, NAA, IBA,
2,4,5T, Morphactin,
Cycocel ,Maleic
hydrazide etc
•Also produced
spontaneously in the
plant body, but their
structure and
function is not
discovered clearly.
•Eg: Florigen,
Vernalin.
(Meena.2015)
Basavaraj Panjagal
8. Major group of plant growth regulators
• Plant growth promoters
- Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
• Plant growth inhibitors
- Ethylene
- Abscisic acid
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9. Plant Growth Promoters
Auxin
• The word Auxins has been derived
from a Greek word auxen- “ to grow
/ increase”.
• First isolated from human urine.
• These are generally produced by the
growing of stem and roots of the
plants.
• This was the first group of plant
hormones discovered.
• Types of Auxin
i. Natural Auxin : IAA
ii. Synthetic Auxin : IBA, NAA, 2,4-D
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10. FUNCTIONS OF AUXINS
• It causes cell elongaton by loosining of the cell wall.
• Promotes secondary growth of stem through
cambium activity.
• Promotes callus and root formation in cutting.
• Restores apical dominance.
• Induction of flowering.
• Increases fruit setting & size.
• Delays leaf abcission
• Prevention of premature drop of fruits
• Develops parthenocarpic fruits
• Acts as herbicide at higher concentration
• Inhibition of prolonged dormancy
• Inhibiting aging processes in tissues
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11. GIBBERELLINS
• Second most important growth hormone
• Gibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, which
causes rice plants to grow abnormally tall.
(Kurosawa et.al.,1930)
Gibberellin produced in the shoot apex mainly in the leaf primordial
(leaf bud) and root system, hence they translocates in the plant in
both directions.
Now 135 different Gibberellins are available.
The most commonly occuring gibberellins is GA3.
(Meena, 2015)
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12. FUNCTIONS OF GIBBERELLINS
• It induces maleness
• Promotes growth of dwarf plants
• Possesses pollenicide effect
• Replaces chilling and light requirements of plants
• Promotes seed germination
• Used for breaking of dormancy
• Delays senescence of fruits
• Enhances seedless fruits
• For stem elongation
• Accelerates flowering in long day plants
• Intensifies transpiration, photosynthesis and
respiration.
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13. CYTOKININ
• They were first isolated from
coconut milk.
• They are synthesized in root
apex, endosperm of seeds,
young fruits where cell
division takes place
continuously.
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14. FUNCTIONS OF CYTOKININ
• Cell division
• Cell enlargement
• Induce flowering in shoot day plants
• Dormancy of certain light sensitive seeds
such as lettuce can also be broken by
kinetin treatment.
• Delays leaf senescence
• Inhibit apical dominance and help in growth
of lateral buds. Therefore, it is also known
as anti-auxins.
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Basavaraj Panjagal
15. GROWTH INHIBITORS
• Ethylene
• Ethylene is a colourless gaseous hormone.
• Found in ripened fruits, flowers and leaves
and nodes of stem.
• Synthesis of ethylene is inhibited by
carbon dioxide and requires oxygen.
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Basavaraj Panjagal
16. FUNCTIONS OF ETHYLENE
• Induces ripening of fruits.
• Promotes abscission and
senescence of leaf, flowers
etc.
• Induction of Femaleness :
Cucumber, squash, melon.
• It stimulates the formation
of adventitious roots.
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17. ABSCISIC ACID
• It is also known as dormins, which acts
as anti-Gibberelins.
• It is synthesized in leaves of wide
variety of plants.
• Responsible for dosing stomata during
drought conditions, hence acts as plant
stress hormone
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Basavaraj Panjagal
18. FUNCTIONS OF ABSCISIC ACID
• Promote tuberization
• Induces senescence of leaves, abscission of leaves,
flowers and fruits.
• It induces dormancy of buds and seeds as opposed
to Gibberellins, which breaks dormancy.
• It inhibits seed germination and development.
• ABA also plays important role in controlling stomata
opening and closing.
(Prajapati,2015)
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19. Other Plant Growth Regulators
• BRASSINOSTEROIDS
• Brassinosteroids have been recognized as sixth
class of plant hormone.
• Brassinolide was the first identified
brassinosteroid and was isolated from extracts of
rapeseed (Brassica napus) pollen in 1979.
• It stimulates cell elongation and division, resistance
to stresses.
• They inhibit root growth and leaf abscission.
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Basavaraj Panjagal
20. MORPHACTINS
• Morphactins are the group of
substances which act on morphogenesis
and modulate the expression of plants.
• Role of morphactins
• Seed germination – inhibition
• Growth of seedlings – inhibit
• Stem elongation – dwarfing effect
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21. COMMERCIAL USE OF PLANT
GROWTH REGULATORS IN
VEGETABLE CROPS
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22. SEED GERMINATION
• In tomato, pre sowing seed
treatment with 100 ppm IAA, IBA
and NAA enhanced the seed
germination.
(Olaiya et.al.,
2009)
• In muskmelon, soaking of seeds
in ethephon at 480 mg/litre of
water for 24 hours improves
germination in muskmelon at
low temperature. 22
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23. SEED GERMINATION
• Pre sowing treatment of seed
with GA3 and KNO3 @50
ppm enhanced germination
of endive and chicory,
respectively.
(Tzortzakis, 2009)
IAA, NAA @ 20 ppm
enhances seed germination
in okra.
(Khan
et.al.,2013)
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24. SEED DORMANCY
• Seed dormancy is main problem
in Potato and Lettuce.
• Chemicals which have been reported to break
the rest period are GA3, Ethylene chlorhydrin
and Thiourea.
• Lettuce is another vegetable in which
treatment with GA3 or cytokinin has been
reported to break seed dormancy induced by
high temperature
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25. SEED DORMANCY
• Breaking the dormancy in potato comprise
the vapour treatment with Ethylene
chlorhydrin ( 1 litre per 20q) followed by
dipping in thiourea (1% sol.) for 1 hour and
finally in GA (1 mg/l) for 2 seconds.
• Soak the tubers in 1% aqueous solution of
Thiourea for 1 hour or solution containing
5-10 ppm GA3 for 10-20 minutes can be
used to break the dormancy of potato.
(Byran, 1989)
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Basavaraj Panjagal
26. FLOWERING
• NAA 50 ppm has been reported to induce early flowering in
paprika.
(Kannan et al., 2009)
• Plants sprayed with 300 ppm GA3 were earliest to flower and
recorded highest number of fruits and yield per plant in tomato.
• Application of GA @ 50 mg/l to young leaves of non-flowering
varieties of potato, when floral buds had just formed, resulted
in flower induction in all varieties.
• Gibberellic acid has been reported to ibduce early flowering in
lettuce.
(Sharma et.al., 1992)
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27. SEX EXPRESSION
• The treatment with growth regulators has been
found to change sex expression in cucurbits, okra
and pepper.
• GA3 (10-25 ppm), IAA (100 ppm) and NAA (100
ppm) when sprayed at 2-4 leaf stage in cucurbits,
then they have been found to increase the number
of female flowers.
(Hume et.al.,1983)
• Whereas, GA3 (1500-2000 ppm), silver nitrate
(300-400 ppm) and silver thiosulphate (300-400
ppm) sprayed at 2-4 leaf stage induces male flower
production in cucurbits.
(Hatwal et al., 2015)
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28. PARTHENOCARPY
• Plant growth regulators helps to stimulate the fruit development
without fertilization (Parthenocarpy).
• 2,4-D at 50 ppm when applied at anthesis showed better
performance over other in parthenocarpic fruit development in
kakrol. (Choudhary et.al., 2007)
• Seed treatment with 2,4-D @ 2-5 ppm gives early fruit set and
leads to parthenocarpy in tomato. (Meena, 2015)
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29. • Staminate flowers were induced in
parthenocarpic line of cucumber through
use of plant growth regulator GA3 1500
ppm and silver nitrate @ 200-300 ppm by
four sprays at 4 days interval.
• In brinjal, application of 2,4-D at 2-5 ppm
in lanolin paste to cut end of styles or as
foliar sprays to freshly opened flower
cluster has been reported to induced
parthenocarpy.
(Singh and Ram, 2004)
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30. Stimulation of fruit set
• Poor fruit set is a major problem in tomato,
brinjal and chillies which is frequently caused
by adverse weather conditions during flowering.
• Plant growth regulators such as PCPA (20-25
ppm) and 2,4-D (1-5 ppm), Kinetin (5 ppm), NAA
(10 ppm) and GA3 (10 ppm) reported to enhance
fruit set under both normal and adverse
weather conditions, when applied at flowering
stage in tomato, brinjal and chillies.
(Prajapati et.al., 2015)
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31. Hybrid seed production
• Bioregulators have also been used for
maintenance of gynoecious lines in
cucurbits.
• Growth regulators loke GA3 (1500-2000
ppm) and chemical like silver nitrate (200-
300 ppm) induces the male flowers on
gynoecious cucumber.
• Exogenous application of silver
thiosulphate (300-400 ppm) induces the
male flower in gynoecious muskmelon.
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32. Gametocides
• Some PGR’s possesses gametocidal action to
produce male sterility which can be used for F1
hybrid seed production.
• MH at 100 to 500 ppm appeared most effective in
inducing a high level of male sterility in eggplant,
okra, peppers and tomato, without detrimental
influence on female fertility.
(Saimbhi et al., 1978)
• A high concentration of gibberellic acid (2%) was
found to act as a gametocide for the common onion
(Allium cepa L.), when sprayed in the beginning of
the bolting process.
(Meena et.al.,1973)
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33. FRUIT RIPENING
• Application of ethephon at 1000 mg/l at
turning stage of earliest fruits induced
early ripening of fruits thus increasing
the early fruit yield by 30-35%.
(Prajapati, 2015).
• Post harvest dip treatment with
ethephon at 500-2000 mg/l has also
been reported to induce ripening in
mature green tomatoes.
(Gould, 1992)
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34. FRUIT YIELD
1. TOMATO
- Spraying with 60 ppm GA3 10 days before transplanting increased
the yield per ha of variety Roma.
(Naeem et.al.,2001)
- Spray with 6 ppm 2,4-D gave highest yield of tomato.
(Patel et.al.,2014)
2. BRINJAL
- Foliar sprays of 2,4-D @ 4 ppm gave the highest yield of brinjal.
(Patel et.al., 2012)
- Seed treatment with 10 ppm GA3 or IAA gave the highest yield in
brinjal
(Sharma et.al.,1992).
3. CHILLI
- Foliar sprays of 2 ppm 2,4-D, 40 ppm NAA and 10 ppm GA3 gave
28.75%, 13.61% and 2.30% higher fruit yield over control,
respectively. (Choudhary et.al., 2006)
- Spraying plants with 10 ppm NAA gave significantly highest fruit
yield (277.8 g/plant). (Sultana et.al.,2006)
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35. EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON QUALITY
OF VEGETABLE
Growth
Regulators
Concentr
ations
(ppm)
Methods of
Application
Crops Effect on
quality
GA3 15 Foliar spray Muskmelon Improve rind
thickness
GA3 5-15 Foliar spray Cauliflower,
cabbage
Increase head
or curd size
GA3 50 Foliar spray Lettuce &
chinese
cabbage
Increases dry
matter,protein
& ascorbic acid
content
PCPA 50 Foliar spray Tomato Increases
sugar and
vitamin C, but
reduces acidity
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36. EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON QUALITY OF
VEGETABLE
Growth
Regulato
rs
Concentrati
ons (ppm)
Methods of
Application
Crops Effect on quality
CCC 250 Foliar spray Potato Increases TSS and
vitamin C content in
tuber
Cytozyme 1% Foliar spray Garden
pea
Increase vitamin C,
reducing sugars and
total sugars
Ethephon 250 Foliar spray Tomato Increase TSS
NAA 50-70 Seed
treatment
Chilli Increases amino acid
and vitamin C content in
fruits.
36
(Bahadur and Singh,2014)
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37. List of plant growth regulators and their important uses in vegetable crops
GROWTH
REGULATORS
CONC.
(mg/L)
METHODS OF
APPLICATION
CROPS ATTRIBUTES
AFFECTED
Cycocel (CCC) 250-500 Foliar spray Cucurbits,
tomato, okra
Flowering, sex
expression, fruit yield
P-
Chlorophenoxy
Acetic Acid
(PCPA)
50 Foliar spray Tomato Fruit set and Yield
Ethephon
(CEPA)
100-500 Foliar spray Cucurbits,
orka and
tomato
Flowering, fruiting, sex
expression and yield
2000 Post-harvest Tomato,
chillies
Fruit ripening
Gibberellic acid
(GA)
10 Foliar spray Watermelon,
tomato
Sex expression,
fruiting, yield
Indoleacetic
acid (IAA)
10-15 Foliar spray Okra,
tomato,
brinjal
Seed germination fruit
set and yield
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38. GROWTH
REGULATORS
CONC(
mg/L)
METHODS OF
APPLICATION
CROPS ATTRIBUTES AFFECTED
Naphthalene
acetic acid
(NAA)
20 Seedling
roots
Tomato,
brinjal, onion
Growth and yield
10-20 Foliar sprays Chillies and
tomato
Flower drop, fruit set and
yield
25-30 Seed/foliar Okra, tomato,
brinjal, onion,
cucurbits
Seed germination, growth
and yield
Naphthoxyacet
ic acid (NOA)
25-100 Seed / foliar Tomato, okra Germination, growth and
yield
Silver nitrate 500 Foliar spray Cucumber Induction of male flower in
gynoecious lines
Silver
thiosulphate
400 Foliar spray Muskmelon Induction of male flower in
gynoecious lines
2,3,5-tri-
iodobenzoic
acid (TIBA)
25-50 Foliar sprays Cucurbits Flowering, sex expression
and yield
Source: Chadda and
Kalloo,1993) 38
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39. Precaution in Growth Regulator Application
• Growth substances should be sprayed
preferably in the evening hours.
• Avoid to spray in windy hours.
• Spray should be uniform and wet both the
surface of leaves.
• Use growth substances at an appropriate stage
of plant growth is of great importance.
• Chemical should be completely dissolved before
application.
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40. • Use always fresh solution of chemicals.
• Use PGR’s strictly at recommended concentration.
• Solution should always be prepared in distilled
water only.
• Fine spray can be ensured by hand automizer. It is
most economical and effective method od spray.
• Wash the machine / pump after each spray.
• Repeat the spray within eight hours, if chemical is
wash out due to rain.
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41. Constraints in the use of growth regulators
• The difference in sensitivity of each plant
species or even cultivars to a given
chemical treatment prevent easy
prediction of the biological effects.
• The cost of developing new plants growth
regulator is very high, due to which they
are very much costly.
• Screening for plant growth regulatory
activities entails high costs and is very
much difficult.
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42. • Some synthetic plant growth regulators cause
human health hazzards.
eg: Dominozide.
• Lack of basic knowledge of toxicity and mechanism
of action.
• Inadequate market potential.
• Lack of support from agricultural researchers in
public and private sectors.
• Difficulty in identification of proper stage of crop
at which the growth regulators should be applied.
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43. FUTURE THRUST
• Most of the biological processes associated are
polygenic, so gene transfer may be difficult and hence
the use of PGR’s may be beneficial for short
imperatives.
• PGR’s provide an immediate impact on crop
improvement programmes and are less time consuming.
• Applications PGR’s must lead to quantifiable
advantages for the user.
• Industries involved in development of PGR’s should be
well informed about the latest scientific development in
production of PGR’s.
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44. • Plant growth regulators should be recognized as
more than academic curiosities.
• They are not only interesting but profitable to use
to grower, distributor and manufacturer.
• More research is needed to develop simple,
economical and technical viable production systems
of PGR’s.
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45. CONCLUSION
• Plant growth regulators has an immense potential in vegetable
production to increase the yield, quality; synchronization in
flowering, earliness, cold and high temperature, fruit setting,
sex modification, increase post-harvest life and resistance to
biotic and abiotic stresses of vegetables to better meet the
requirements of food supply in general.
• But more research is needed to develop simple, economical
and technical viable production system of bio-regulator.
• Bio-regulator must be toxicologically and environmentally
safe.
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