A brief presentation on the history of Values research including a practical exercise part with a Values auction

1. Group: The Connectomes
• Anže Erjavec
• Alex Khosrov Grégorian
• Karolina Havličkova
• Jeanna Nikolov-Ramírez Gaviria
Mei:CogSci
Comenius University Bratislava
Supervisor: Martin Takač
Values
Cog. Semantics &
Cog. Theories of Representation:
Dec 10th, 2015
What holds meaning to
you
?
https://www.visioncritical.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/illustration_3_business-men-in-a-maze-ideas.jpg

2. OUTLINE
• Theoretical Introduction
(20 min)
• Practical Part:
Values Auction (40 min)
• Discussion (30 min)
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3. CONNECTION TO
REPRESENTATION & MEANING
• What we value is
what holds meaning
to us
• How we prioritize
values reflects our
beliefs and principles;
builds the framework
of our character
• Values as neural
representations and
constitutions of our
character
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4. http://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/courses/CSCTR/
Abstract concept
that motivates behaviour
(Smith & Schwartz, 1997)
WHAT ARE VALUES?
How well can you predict specific
behavior by knowing something about
a person's values?
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5. • A personal or cultural value
is an individual's assumptions
of ethical value that can form
basis for action.
PERSONAL AND CULTURAL
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• A value system is a set of
consistent values and
measures.
• A principle value is a
foundation upon which other
values and measures of
integrity are based.
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6. CONNECTION TO CHARACTER
Character: self-aware knowledge that helps the
individual to set goals, values, and ethical
principles (Cloninger, 2004).
Research from at least three different fields,
• Cultural (Shweder et al., 1997),
• Personality (Cloninger, 2004), and
• Social psychology (Abele and Wojciszke, 2007)
suggest that character can be organized along three
broad principles:
1. Agency, which is related to the autonomy and
the fulfillment and enhancement of the self;
2. Communion, which is related to engagement
in the protection and relations to others such
as families, companies or nations;
3. Spirituality, which is related to the human
ability to transcend the self and find and
interconnection with all life and appreciation of
the whole world around us
(Haidt, 2006; Cloninger, 2013).
Garcia, D. (2015). Editorial: Character, responsibility, and well-being:
influences on mental health and constructive behavior patterns. Frontiers in
psychology, 6, 1079.
https://powerofh.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/franz-
falckenhaus/
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7. Brain connectivity pattern
similarity - the 'positive-negative'
axis:
• “Positive” variables -
education, better physical
endurance and above-average
performance on memory
tests.
• “Negative” traits - smoking,
aggressive behaviour or a
family history of alcohol
abuse.
CONNECTIONS INSIDE BRAINS
Source: http://www.nature.com/news/wiring-diagrams-link-
lifestyle-to-brain-function-1.18442?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
https://mindgardener.com/wired-for-life/
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8. VALUES THEORY
AND RESEARCH
Anthropology: Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck (1961) -
basic existential questions
Sociology: Parsons & Shils (1951) - ease the
conflict between individual and collective interests
Values as a window through which one can view
conflicts and variations within and between
societies
Schwartz: Values reflect three basic
requirements of human existence:
• needs of individuals as biological
organisms,
• requisites of coordinated social
interaction, and
• survival and welfare needs of groups.
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9. ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY
• Developed an instrument to measure values
• Compare individual commitment to a set of values
• Used by numerous researchers to explore many
facets of values:
• the relationship between values and behavior
• the role of values in justifying attitudes
• the extent to which people remain committed to particular
values over time
http://
cdn.damninteresting.com/
wp-content/uploads/
2013/11/rokeach-1979.jpg
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10. TERMINAL
VALUES
• True Friendship
• Mature Love
• Self-Respect
• Happiness
• Inner Harmony
• Equality
• Freedom
• Pleasure
• Social Recognition
• Wisdom
• Salvation
• Family Security
• National Security
• A Sense of Accomplishment
• A World of Beauty
• A World at Peace
• A Comfortable Life
• An Exciting Life
• Cheerfulness
• Ambition
• Love
• Cleanliness
• Self-Control
• Capability
• Courage
• Politeness
• Honesty
• Imagination
• Independence
• Intellect
• Broad-Mindedness
• Logic
• Obedience
• Helpfulness
• Responsibility
• Forgiveness
INSTRUMENTAL
VALUES
Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: The Free Press.
Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values: A theory of organization and change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Johnston, Charles S. (1995). The Rokeach Value Survey: Underlying structure and multidimensional scaling. Journal of Psychology, 129(5),
583-597.
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11. THE SCHWARTZ
SCALE OF
VALUES
• Major evolution of
the Rokeach Values
Survey
• Values arrayed
along two general
dimensions
http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/32/5/519.full.pdf+html
Figure 1. Structural rela/ons
among ten mo/va/onal types of
values, Schwartz (1997)
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12. WORLD VALUE SURVEY
The World Values Survey (WVS)
is a global research project that
• explores people’s values
and beliefs,
• how they change over time
and
• what social and political
impact they have.
It is carried out by a worldwide
network of social scientists who,
since 1981, have conducted
representative national surveys in
almost 100 countries.
http://40.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lwaovdVrmJ1qlu0pxo1_1280.jpg
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13. WORLD VALUE SURVEY 2
• Global network of social scientists studying changing values and
their impact on social and political life
• Largest investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed
• Nationally representative surveys using a common questionnaire
• Economic and technological changes are transforming the basic
values and motivations
• Conducted in six waves so far (1981-2014)
• Demonstrated: people’s beliefs play a key role in economic
development, the emergence and flourishing of democratic
institutions, the rise of gender equality, and the extent to
which societies have effective government!
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14. INGLEHART-WELZEL
CULTURAL MAP
Two major dimensions of cross cultural variation in the world:
• Traditional Values vs Secular-rational Values
• Survival Values vs Self-expression Values
Traditional values: importance of religion, parent-child ties,
deference to authority and traditional family values
Secular-rational: less emphasis on religion, traditional family values
and authority
Survival: emphasis on economic and physical security
Self-expression: high priority to environmental protection, growing
tolerance of foreigners, homosexuals and gender equality etc.
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15. CULTURAL MAP WAVE 6: 2010-2014
https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=ABWYOcru7js
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16. http://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/courses/CSCTR/
COMPANY
CORE
VALUES
http://www.visualcapitalist.com/
core-values-of-americas-top-7-
tech-firms/
• Ethics
• Innovation
• Excellence
• Simplicity
• Self-Improvement
• Freedom
• Fairness/Generosity
• Openness
• Respect
• Etc.
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17. REFERENCES • Kluckhohn, Florence R., and Fred L.
Strodtbeck (1961) Variations in Value
Orientations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood
Press.
• Parsons, Talcott, and Edward A. Shils (1951)
"Values, Motives, and Systems of Action." In
T. Parsons and E. A. Shils, eds., Toward a
General Theory of Action. Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press.
• Rokeach, Milton (1973) The Nature of Human
Values. New York: Free Press.
• Smith, Peter B., and Shalom Schwartz (1997)
"Values," In: W. Berry, M. H. Segall, and C.
Kagitcibasi, eds., Handbook of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, vol. 3. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992) "Universals in
the Content and Structure ofValues:
Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in
20 Countries." Advances in Experimental
Social' Psychology 25:1-65.
• Kirschenbaum, H. (1992). A comprehensive
model for values education and moral
education. Phi Delta Kappan, 771-776.
• http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
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18. PRACTICAL PART
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19. WHAT FUNCTION DO
VALUES HOLD?
• Values are those inner standards from which you receive the
motivation to act as you do and by which you judge behavior
(both yours and others).
• Values signify what is important and worthwhile. They serve as
the basis for moral codes and ethical reflection.
• Individuals have their own values based on many aspects
including family, religion, peers, culture, race, social
background, gender, etc.
• Values guide individuals, professions, communities, and
institutions.
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20. HOW TO IDENTIFY
VALUES?
1. A value must be chosen freely.
2. A value is always chosen from
among alternatives.
3. A value results from a choice
made after thoughtful
consideration of choices
4. When you value something, it
has a positive quality for you. If
your decision not to cheat is
something you feel good about,
then it is based on a value. You
like yourself for your honesty and
integrity. You prize them and
cherish these qualities in yourself.
5. You are willing to publicly stand
by your values.
6. When you have a value, it shows
up in every aspect of your life.
7. Values show up again and again
in your actions.
Not cheating on one thing does not
mean you hold a value. Only when you
make the same kind of choices over
and over again in similar circumstances
is value at play. Because of your
honesty and integrity, you don’t cheat
on anything. From small quizzes to big
tests, from board games to big
contests, your value is in effect in every
circumstance.
Based on: https://www.nwabr.org/sites/default/files/ValuesActivities.pdf
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21. ‘WHAT’S
IMPORTANT
TO ME?’
• Creativity,
• confidence,
• health,
• higher education,
• financial success,
• lots of friends,
• cooperative spirit,
• leadership skills,
• political power,
• close family ties,
• influencing others,
• self-confidence and
• physical attractiveness?
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22. EXERCISE1:
‘WHAT’S IMPORTANT TO ME?’
• Go back through the list and pick the four to
five values that are the most important to
you
• Write the numbers in the blanks at the
bottom.
• Then refer to the ‘Values Characteristics’
handout
• Find the numbers you have chosen on the
left side of the page and write the
corresponding words on the lines at the
bottom of the page
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http://bibliopoemes.blogspot.com.es/2012/09/poesia-per-estimar-els-arbres-article.html

23. EXERCISE 2:
VALUES AUCTION
• Create groups of 2 people
• Your group has 5000 EUR – no additional loans or credit!
• Bid on the values you would like to have the most.
100 EUR increments
• Try to secure your top values.
• There are 4 surprise doors. If you would like to bid
on one of the doors at the end, you need to have
1000 EUR left.
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24. LET THE BIDDING BEGIN…
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25. VALUES
1. To be a famous rock star
2. To never be terminally ill
3. To be very intelligent
4. To be a famous athlete
5. To be beautiful
6. To be the top cognitive scientist
7. To have a great body
8. To be a famous model
9. To be a school teacher
10. To get a PHD
11. To have a beautiful complexion
12. To be a social worker and help children
13. To be a powerful leader
14. To be a spiritual icon
15. To be a good parent and have a large family
16. To live a long happy life
17. To own an expensive sports car
18. To marry a good looking person
19. To own my own successful business
20. To help the homeless find a place to live
21. To win a million dollars in the lottery
22. To travel around the world
23. To help the elderly in the nursing home
24. To have a secure job with good benefits
25. To be an officer in the military
26. To stay at home and raise happy children
27. To be a famous movie star
28. To have lots of real close friends
29. To be a successful artist, musician or dancer
30. To be wise
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26. SURPRISE DOORS
http://d.ibtimes.co.uk/en/full/1409811/george-w-bush-door.jpg
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27. DISCUSSION
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28. DISCUSSION
1. Values: Difference to Goals and Expectations?
2. Do you think the four or five values you have selected are the
qualities that motivate you to act as you do?
3. Was it difficult to prioritize values? Which were most in conflict?
4. Have you shared your values in the group? Did you have any the
same? How might these similarities and differences play out in
decisions we make as a group?
5. What urged you to bid the way you did?
6. What might the “money” represent in real life? How and what do
we spend to gain and develop our values?
7. Where do our values come from? Who or what influences the
values we have, get, keep, or discard?
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29. 29/29
THANK YOU!
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