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On Barsalou's Grounded Cognition
This document provides an overview of grounded cognition theory, contrasting it with more traditional symbolic approaches. It discusses how grounded cognition rejects the view that knowledge is represented by amodal symbols in semantic memory, and instead is embodied and situated through simulation mechanisms that reactivate perceptual, motor, and introspective states from prior experiences. It also notes some misperceptions of grounded cognition, evidence from different areas of research, theoretical and empirical issues still being explored, and calls for more work integrating findings across disciplines and levels of analysis.
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On Barsalou's Grounded Cognition
- 1. Jeanna Nikolov-Ramirez Mei:CogSci Comenius UniversityBratislava Supervisor: Igor Farkaš Grounded Cognition Oct 6th, 2015 Image Source: http://no4ko4.com/2013/12/08/one-night-with-a- stranger-martin-briley/ Towards embodied cognition. Contrasting symbolic and embodied cognition.
- 2. OUTLINE • The Text • The Author • What is Grounded Cognition? 2 • The Key Points • Open Questions • Discussion Time
- 3. THE TEXT Barsalou L.(2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 59: 617-45. https://www.google.at/webhp?sourceid=chrome- instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#safe=off&q=l%20barsalouhttp://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/courses/GC/ 3
- 4. WHAT IS GROUNDED COGNITION? • Standard theories: Knowledge in semantic memory system separate from brain’s modal systems for • perception (vision, audition), • action (movement, proprioception), • introspection (mental states, affect) • Grounded Cognition Theory: reject view that amodal symbols represent knowledge in semantic memory 4 http://www.fromupnorth.com/photography-inspiration-537/
- 5. GROUNDED COGNITION: FOCUS Body incognition Bodily states can cause cognitive states and be effects of them Simulation in cognition: Is the reenactment of • perceptual, • motor and • introspective states acquired during experience with world, body and mind. Later multimodal representation reactivated to simulate associated qualities 5 https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/be/9e/9c/ be9e9ca4fb9584845eb864cd778e7547.jpg
- 6. SIMULATION MECHANISM Mental imagery constitutesthe best known case of these simulation mechanisms • Usually deliberate attempts to construct conscious representations in working memory • Other forms active automatically and unconsciously outside working memory 6 http://www.intropsych.com/ch07_cognition/ mental_imagery.html
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- 8. SOCIAL INTERACTION Cognitive system evolvedto support action in specific situations, including social interactions. Embodied IS NOT just bodily states https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/ad/4e/30/ ad4e3089491ce1b17a04a86f35db7447.jpg
- 9. GROUNDED IN MULTIPLE WAYS • Simulations • Situated actions • Bodily states https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/68/ea/ a4/68eaa47f29411ecb8b109dedc7ccfad4.jpg
- 10. ORIGINS AND IMAGERY Watson (1913) criticismon imagery as not being sufficiently scientific http:// psychclassics.yorku. ca/Watson/views.htm Behavioral and neural evidence for imagery eventually became so overwhelming that imagery is now accepted as a basic cognitive mechanism (Kosslyn et al, 2006) http://www.biography.com/people/john-b-watson-37049
- 11. NEURAL REPRESENTATIONS Grounded theories focus increasingly onneural representations in the modalities, and less on conscious imagery. http://www.ucalgary.ca/pip369/mod7/touch/neural2
- 12. MISPERCEPTIONS OF GROUNDED COGNITION • Completely empiricist (some simulation having genetic basis?) • Recording systems that only capture images but unable to interpret them conceptually • Only using sensory- motor representations of external world to represent knowledge. Claim: cannot represent abstract concepts not grounded externally Internal states no less important than external experience. Knowledge acquired from introspection central to representation of abstract concepts. Simulations partial recreations of experience that can contain bias and error. https://ronanwills.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/inside-out-5492d0c4e3912.jpg
- 13. THEORIES • Cognitive Linguistics (Metaphors) • Situated Action (Robotics, Dynamic systems) • Cognitive Simulation (PSS, Convergence Zone Architecture, Dual Code Theory, Basic Systems Theory) • Social Simulation (Mental states of others, Mirror Circuits) 13 https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/ea/b6/50/ eab650b9675fc841ba2505b7d16dbe54.jpg “Nonhumans have roughly the same simulation system as humans but lack linguistic system to control it.”
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- 16. EVIDENCE • Perceptual inference (similarstimuli trigger memories, associations between shape and color) • Perception-action coordination: Perceived grasp, judging weight • Perception of space: Shaped by the body, individual body differences arm length • Memory: Retrieval simulates operations performed at encoding • Knowledge and processing: switching cost between modalities (property verification task) • Lesions • Neuroimaging 16
- 17. BODILY STATES, SITUATED ACTION • Situation models • Perceptual simulation • Motor simulation • Affective simulation • Physical reasoning • Abstract reasoning 17 http://bcove.me/jns0ox4o
- 18. SOCIAL COGNITION • Embodiment effects (walkinglike the elderly, religious cognition) • Social mirroring (Joint attention and timing) • Development: Imitation 18 http://www.animhut.com/photography/50-best-vadim-stein-exotic-fashion-photography-inspiration/
- 19. THEORETICAL, EMPIRICAL ISSUES • Braincontain amodal symbols? • Simulation implement classic symbolic operations? • Simulation and embodiment causal or epiphenomenal? (TMS over motor areas) • Statistical representations? • Grounding of language? • Single Representation System in Brain? • Representation of abstract concepts? • Mirror neurons and Social cognition? 19
- 20. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES • Computational, formaltheories • Integrating disciplines • Integrating levels of explanation
- 21. KEY POINTS ANDOPEN QUESTIONS • Modal simulations, bodily states and situated action underlie cognition. • How to ground classic research paradigms (e.g. recognition memory)? Making them compatible? • Grounded perspective: Association between perception and action • Potential to integrate cognitive, social, and developmental processes. > Robotics and AI? • What levels of explanation are necessary? 21
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- 23. REFERENCES Barsalou L. (2008).Grounded cognition. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 59: 617-45. Wilson M. (2002) Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomics Bulletin Review, 9(4), 625-636. Ziemke T. (2003) What's that thing called embodiment? Proc. of the 25th Annual Conf. of the Cog. Sci. Society, 1134-1139. Borghi A.M. & Cimatti, F. (2010) Embodied cognition and beyond: Acting and sensing the body. Neuropsychologia 48.
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