This document discusses different types of validity in psychological and medical testing. There are four main types of validity: face validity, content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity. Face validity refers to how a test appears to measure what it aims to on the surface. Content validity concerns how well a test covers all aspects of the construct being measured. Criterion validity assesses a test against a gold standard, including predictive validity which tests against future criteria and concurrent validity which tests against present criteria. Construct validity examines how a test measures an intended concept when no gold standard exists, including convergent validity which looks at correlation with similar measures and discriminant validity which looks at lack of correlation with unrelated measures.

1. Validity
Dr. Vicky Kasundra
(MPT Neuro)

2. • Its refers to the extent to which a test measures (tool or test), what is supposed to
measure
• Validity implies that a measurement is free from error: that is valid test & also
reliable.

3. Types of Validity
1. Face Validity
2. Content Validity
I. Item Validity
II. Sampling Validity
3. Criterion Validity
I. Predictive Validity
II. Concurrent Validity
4. Construct Validity
I. Discriminant Validity
II. Convergent Validity

4. Face Validity
• Extent to which the instruments itself appear to measure what it claims.
• Its concerns overall view, which is often a first impression, without going into
much detail.
• Its subjective , so it can not be quantified.
• when other form of validation isn’t possible that case we used face validity to
support instrument use.
• e.g. Measure tape, just by seeing we can claimed that its used to measure distance.

5. Content Validity
• Extent to which the content of a measurement instrument is an adequate
reflection of the construct to be measured.
• Its means that the test does contain all the elements that reflect the variable being
studied.
• E.g. McGill pain questionnaire, includes many elements of pain such as types,
duration, intensity so it has greater content validity
• Where as VAS only shows intensity of pain so its has less validity compare to
McGill pain questionnaire.

6. Types
Item Validity Sampling Validity
Definition
Its concerned with whether the
test each items represent
measurement in the intended
content area
Its concerned with the intent to
which the test sample the total
content area.
Example
DASS 21 (measuring depression,
stress, anxiety in adults). Its has 21
question. So each question tested
alone. Whether its represent the
whole content area.
Scale is to measure depression.
So it has good item validity
because all items measure mental
depression but might has less
sampling validity. Because it only
deals with mental depression, it
couldn’t cover all other parts of
depression.

7. • Extent to which the scores of measurement instruments are adequate reflection of
gold standard .
• Its assessed only when gold standard available.
Criterion Validity

8. Types
Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity
Definition
The test is correlated against
the already present gold
standard test
The test is correlated against
the already present gold
standard (criterion) to be
made available in future.
Example
90-90 test correlate with
gold standard SLR test (for
hamstring Length
measurement).
BBS/TUG is for predicting
the risk of fall
Time gap

9. Construct Validity
• In situation in which gold standard is lacking, that time construct validity be used
to provide evidence of validity.
• Less powerful than criterion validity.
• Extent to which a test measure the concept or construct that is intended to
measure.

10. Types
Convergent Validity
Discriminant / Divergent
Validity
Definition
Extent to which the scale
correlates with measures of
the same or related
concepts.
Correlation between similar
construct.
Extent which the scale
doesn’t correlate with
measures of the unrelated
or distinct concepts.
Example
Sum of skinfold vs BMI,
depression scale correlated
with depressive mood
Sum of skin fold vs age,
depression scale shows no
correlation with stress.

11. Thank You