Infrared radiation therapy involves using electromagnetic waves between visible light and microwaves to heat superficial tissues. It can be generated by luminous sources like tungsten filament lamps or non-luminous sources like heated coils. Infrared radiation increases blood flow, relieves pain and muscle spasms, and accelerates healing through superficial tissue heating. Proper application and monitoring are needed to provide benefits while avoiding potential risks like burns.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
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A paraffin wax unit is a machine that heats and holds paraffin wax, a type of wax used for candles. The wax is intended to completely cover the hand (or other body parts such as the feet). Its warm temperature is meant to provide relief from arthritis pain, sore joints or sore muscles.
INTRODUCTION, SOURCES OF IRR, TYPES OF IRR, PRODUCTION OF IRR, NON LUMINOUS LAMP, LUMINOUS LAMP, ABSORPTION & PENETRATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS, CHOICE OF LAMPS, DANGERS, CONTRAINDICATIONS,
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
Search Results
Featured snippet from the web
A paraffin wax unit is a machine that heats and holds paraffin wax, a type of wax used for candles. The wax is intended to completely cover the hand (or other body parts such as the feet). Its warm temperature is meant to provide relief from arthritis pain, sore joints or sore muscles.
INTRODUCTION, SOURCES OF IRR, TYPES OF IRR, PRODUCTION OF IRR, NON LUMINOUS LAMP, LUMINOUS LAMP, ABSORPTION & PENETRATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS, CHOICE OF LAMPS, DANGERS, CONTRAINDICATIONS,
1800 by Sir FREDERICK WILLIAM HERSHEL.
Thought colours were associated with heat.
Used 3 Thermometers with blackened bulbs to measure heat of different colours.
Studied beyond red light.
Discovered below red, infrared, light radiations.
Primary source of infrared radiation is heat or thermal radiation.
This radiation is produced by the motion of atoms.
Anything above absolute 0 emits infrared radiations
Infrared, sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light. It is therefore invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to encompass wavelengths from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum around 700 nanometers, to 1 millimeter.
Laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
Ophthalmology is the first medical specialty to incorporate the use of lasers. Since its first use, lasers have been modified and adapted to different uses
Ultraviolet Light Therapy
It involves exposing the affected areas of skin to ultraviolet light (UV light). UV light reduces inflammation and slows the production of skin cells. The treatment is usually given three times a week in a dermatology practice or hospital.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Introduction
• Infrared rays are electromagnetic waves.
• It lies between visible light and microwaves.
• Wavelength : 750 nm to 400000 nm.
• Frequency : 4 * 1014Hz and 7.5 * 1011Hz.
• Infrared radiation (IR/IRR) therapy is a superficial heating
modality.
• It works on radiation principle of heat transfer.
3.
4. Classification
• Based on wavelength
IRA
IRB
IRC
760-1400 nm
1400-3000 nm
3000 nm-1 mm (not
used in therapy)
6. Sources of infrared radiation
• The sources of infrared can be either natural or artificial.
• Artificial infrared is generally produced by passing electric
current through coiled resistance wire.
• Sun is the natural source of infrared radiation.
• In the physiotherapy department Infrared radiation are
produced by two type if generators:
1. non-luminous generators
2. luminous generators
7. Production of Infrared
• Any heated material will produce infrared (sun, electric
bulb, coal fire, gas fire etc), the wavelength being
determined by the temperature.
heat provide to any
material
Molecular vibrations of
atoms
Collision of molecules
Production of heat or IR
8. • Higher temperature are associated with higher frequency
and shorter wavelength radiation.
• The most convenient method is to heat a resistance wire by
passing an electric current through it.
9. Non-luminous generators
• Non-luminous generator consists of a simple type of
element or coil wound on a cylinder of some insulating
material such as fireclay or porcelain.
An electric current is passed through the wire which results in the
production of heat.
This heat produces infrared rays which are transmitted through the
porcelain.
Porcelain gets heated by the method of conduction but the radiations
generates in this way also include some of the visible rays.
10. • To avoid this, the coil is embedded in fireclay or porcelain or placed
behind fireclay.
• Now the emission of rays is entirely from the fireclay which is
commonly painted black and thus very few visible rays are produced.
• The element or the coil is thus placed at the focal point of a parabolic
or spherical reflector.
• Wire –mesh screens are placed in front of reflector to prevent
accidental contact with the hot emitter.
• The reflector is mounted on a stand and its position can be adjusted as
required.
11.
12.
13. Disadvantage :
• All of these non-luminous generators take some time to get
heated up for the production of infrared radiations, so they
should be switched on before 5-15 minutes of the treatment.
Advantage :
• Non-luminous generators provide infrared rays only.
14. Luminous Generators
• Luminous generators emit infrared, visible and a few
ultraviolet rays.
• Heat produce by it is called radiant heat.
• These generators are in the form of incandescent lamps or
bulbs.
• An incandescent lamp consists of a wire filament enclosed
in a glass bulb, which may contain an inert gas at low
pressure.
15. • The filament is a coil of fine wire which is usually made up
of tungsten.
• Tungsten is a metal which is used because it can tolerate
repeated heating and cooling.
• Front of bulb is usually red to filter out shorter visible &
ultraviolet rays.
• Incandescent bulb is usually mounted at the center of the
parabolic reflector and the reflector is mounted on an
adjustable stand.
16.
17. Disadvantage :
• luminous generators emit infrared rays, visible as well as
ultraviolet rays.
Advantage :
• Require less time for production of IRR.
18.
19. Depth of penetration of rays
Luminous generator
• Produces infrared rays
having wavelength
between 750-1500 nm
(maximum 1000 nm).
• It can penetrate into
epidermis, dermis and
subcutaneous tissue (5-
10 mm)
Non-luminous generator
• Produces infrared rays
having wavelength
between 1500-12000 nm
(maximum 4000 nm).
• It can penetrate into
epidermis & superficial
dermis (2 mm)
20. Choice of luminous and non-luminous
source
• In most cases luminous and non-luminous generators are
equally suitable, but in some instances one proves more
satisfactory than the others.
• Luminous radiation : more efficient tissue heating source
since it penetrates further (because peak emission is in the
short infrared) and therefore the energy is distributed in a
larger volume of tissue.
• Non-luminous radiation : with peak emission around
4000nm, is absorbed almost entirely in the skin.
21. • If the desired effects are due to:
Heating : the luminous infrared is preferred
Sensory stimulation : the non-luminous is preferred
• When there is acute inflammation or recent injury, the nom-
luminous generator were used.
• When there is chronic lesion or injury, the luminous
generator were used.
22. Luminous Non-luminous
Sources & types Tungsten filament enclosed in bulb
with insert gas at low pressure
Electric coil wire wrapped
around fireclay or porcelain
Wavelength 750-1500 nm (maximum 1000 nm) 1500-12000 nm (maximum
4000 nm)
Emission 70% near IRR, 24% far IRR, 5%
visible light,
1%UV
90% far IRR, and 10%
near IRR
Penetration Epidermis, dermis &
subcutaneous tissue (5-10mm)
Epidermis & dermis
(2mm)
absorption Deep Superficial
Physiological
effect
Pain reduction via counter
irritant effect
Pain reduction via
sedative effect
Uses Chronic conditions Acute conditions
Distance 40-60 cm from treated area 65-80 cm from treated
area
Treatment time 15-20 minutes 20-30 minutes
23. Power
The power of IR sources can described as;
• Small lamps (luminous and non-luminous), usually
250-500W.
• Large, non-luminous, 750-1000W.
• Large, luminous, 650-1500W.
24. Emission
Non-luminous
• Mainly 3000-4000 nm (long IR), with about 10% between
1500 nm and visible (short IR)
Luminous
• Approximately 70% short IR
• 5% visible
• 24% long IR
• 1% UVR absorbed by glass of bulb
25. Absorption and penetration of infrared
radiation
• All radiations, when it strikes the body, will be reflected,
some will penetrate, to be scattered, refracted and ultimately
absorbed in the tissues.
• Close to 95%of the radiation applied perpendicular to the
skin is transmitted rather than reflected.
• The transmitted energy is rapidly absorbed so only small
amounts of radiation penetrate to the subcutaneous tissues;
most is absorbed in the skin.
26. • The absorption of infrared and the maximal penetration of
the rays will depend upon the following variables:
1. frequency or wavelength of the rays
2. thermal conductivity of the tissue
3. angle of incidence of the rays
4. density of each tissue
5. distance from the source of infrared
6. patency of the circulation
7. source of the infrared
27.
28. Penetration
• Penetration is depends on penetration depth.
• Penetration depth : The depth at which 63% of the
original radiation has been absorbed and 37% remains.
• Very long wavelength infrared ( around 40000nm ) behaves
like microwave and penetrates several centimetres.
• However, the long infrared used therapeutically is absorbed
at the surface, much of it by the water on the skin surface.
29. • At around 3000nm, the penetration depth is about 0.1 mm.
• There is increasing penetration with decreasing wavelength
in the short infrared region, to a maximum penetration
depth of about 3mm around the 1000nm wavelength region.
• Very short infrared and red visible radiation have
penetration depths of about 1 or 2 mm, while those of the
rest of the visible spectrum penetrate much less.
• In fact, at the blue end of the visible spectrum, the
penetration depth is about 0.07 mm and decreases uniformly
with wavelength through the UVR region.
30.
31. Physiological effect
Cutaneous vasodilatation
• Due to the heating of the cutaneous structure, infrared
radiations produce local cutaneous vasodilataion.
• This effect is due to;
1. The liberation of chemicals such as histamine and similar
substance.
2. Due to the direct effect on blood vessels.
• The vasodilatation starts after 1-2 min and is largely due to
arteriolar vasodilatation.
32. • Due to heating erythema start developing.
• The rate of erythema depends on rate and degree of heating.
• For normal individuals, heating the skin to about core
temperature (37 c) over some 20 minutes will lead to very
mild erythema; heating to around (42 c) will lead to marked
erythema.
• The local erythema lasts for about 30 minutes after radiation
has stopped.
33. Sweating
• The heat produced by the IRR increases the activity of the
sweat glands, causing release of sweat.
• Produced sweat absorb some of the applied infrared
radiation and leads to surface cooling as it evaporates.
Sensation
• Due to the effects of heating the thermal heat receptors in
the skin are stimulated, giving the sensation of warmth.
34. Increase in metabolism
• As per vant hoff’s law, which states that the chemical
changes are accelerated due to heat, the heat produced by
IRR increases the metabolisum, due to which there is
increased demand in the tissue for oxygen and food stuffs
which is maintained by an increased arterial flow.
• The waste metabolites produced are removed by increased
lymphatic and venous returns.
35. Chronic changes
• Excessive and prolonged IR application can cause the
destruction of erythrocytes, releasing pigments and causing
brown discoloration of the skin.
• This rarely occurs as a normal treatment.
• Epidemiological studies also indicate that due to prolonged
use of high temperature IR can produce carcinogenic effect.
36. Therapeutic uses
Pain relief
• Mild heating on the superficial tissues by IRR causes
sedative effects of superficial sensory nerve endings.
• Pain may be due to accumulation of waste products of
metabolism, an increased flow of blood through the part
removes these substances and thus relives the pain.
37. • The pain due to acute inflammation or recent injury is
relieved most effectively by mild heating.
• When pain is due to chronic injury, stronger heating is
required. The treatment may last up to 30 minutes.
38. Reduction of muscle spasm/muscle relaxation
• Mild heating by IR causes relaxation of muscles and thus
relieves spasm.
• Relief of pain also induces relaxation in muscles and helps
relieving muscle spasm associated with injury.
• Relaxation of muscles provide greater ROM to the
exercising part as it relieves muscular spasm.
39. Acceleration of healing and repair
• It accelerate healing and repair by increasing blood supply.
• IRR increase the temperature in the superficial tissues,
causing vasodilatation in the superficial tissues.
• It provide more WBC and fresh nutrients to the area being
treated.
40. • It also accelerates removal of waste products and helps
bring about resolution of inflammation.
• Fresh supply of blood rejuvenates the tissues, removes
waste products of metabolism and also relives muscle
spasms.
• Ex, Arthritic condition
41. Reduction of joint stiffness
• There is increased blood flow and consequent muscle
relaxation which leads to decrease in the joint stiffness and
improves range of motion.
Relives skin lesions
• In case of skin infections such as dermatitis, viral infections
caused due to bacteria.
• IRR can be given to destroy the bacteria and thus help to
reduce the infections.
42. Indications
• Subacute or chronic inflammatory conditions such as; Low
back pain, cervical spondylosis, osteo-arthritis, rheumatoid
arthritis.
• Skin infections
• Pressure sore/decubitus ulcer
• Bell’s palsy following middle ear infection
• Peripheral nerve injuries before the application of electrical
stimulation
• Prior to stretching, massage, mobilization, traction and
electrical stimulation
43. Contraindication
• Acute skin disease (dermatitis or eczema)
• Defective cutaneous circulation (Peripheral vascular
disease)
• Haemorrhagic condition
• Areas with impaired thermal sensation
• Recently radiated tissues (following radiotherapy)
• Over areas of scars
• Severe edema
• Region of suspected mallignant tumor
• Metal impalnts tissues
• Directly over Eyes
• After deep X ray or cobalt therapy
44. Advantages
• Cost effective
• Easy to use at home
• Dry heat is very comfortable in the winter
• Can be used to treat large areas, with local superficial
heating effects.
• Superficial tissue temperature can be increased; even
though the unit does not touch the patient.
45. Disadvantages
• Uneven body parts can not be treated due to uneven heating.
• Constant temperature source increases the risk of burns.
• Lack of therapeutic evidence.
• Heating only superficial tissues, not effective as moist heat
pack and paraffin wax.
46. precautions
• IRR exposure of the tissue should not be more than 30
minutes.
• Distance between the source of the lamp and the tissue
should not be less than 18 inches.
• Ask the patient not to touch the IRR lamp and wires during
the treatment.
• Ask the patient not to sleep and move towards IRR lamp
during IR radiation exposure.
• People with sensitive skin.
• Never apply IRR directly over the eyes and genitals.
47. Technique of application
Patient
• Position the patient in a suitable, well supported position
with the area to be treated exposed.
• Explain the nature and effects of the treatment to the
patient.
• Before starting the treatment examine the skin to be treated
and test the thermal sensation.
48. Apparatus
• If non-luminous lamp is chosen, switch it on at least 10
minutes prior to treatment, to allow time for it to warm and
reach its maximum emission.
• A luminous lamp needs no warm up time and can be
switched on once patient is ready for the treatment.
49. Setting up
• Expose the skin to be treated and cover the eye with towel
or goggles.
• Position the lamp 90 degree so that the radiation strikes the
surface at near right angle to achieve maximum penetration.
• Set the lamp at appropriate distance: about 60-75 cm for
large lamps and about 45-50 cm for the smaller ones.
50. Instructions and warnings
• Ask the patient to indicate the level of heat they can feel
and where.
• Advice the patient not to touch any part of lamp or not to
move during treatment and alert therapist if it is more than
comfortably warm level of heating.
51. Application
• The intensity of the heating is most IR lamps is controlled by the
distance of the lamp from the skin.
• Adjacent areas can be protected from heating by placing the
layer of towel.
• The therapist should check the level of heating on completion of
the set up and again after 5 to 8 minutes and, if required, adjust
the distance of the lamp to the skin.
• IR is usually only applied for 10 to 15 minutes as it is only part
of a treatment, not a treatment itself.
52.
53. Termination
• On completion of the treatment the skin should be carefully
checked.
• On palpation it may feel mildly or moderately warm and a
moderate erythema should be evident.
54. Dangers
Burn
• Excessive heating of superficial tissues can causes burn.
• Erythema after the treatment is a physiological effect, but if the
intensity of IR is more, it may cause the formation of blisters.
• The burn may be caused due to the following reasons:
1. If intensity of radiation is too high
2. If sensation is not proper
3. Patients fails to report over heating
4. Unconscious patient
5. Patient moves closer to the lamp
6. Falls asleep during the treatment
7. Metal implanted tissue
55. Electric shock
• It can occur if some exposed part of the circuit is touched
by the patient.
• Due to heating of the wires in the circuit, insulation of wires
may go off and thus regular checking of wires is necessary
to avoid electric shock.
56. Faintness of giddiness
• Excessive IRR cause fall in BP which may result in
faintness or giddiness due to hypoxia of the brain.
• This is observed when the patient rises up suddenly from
the recumbent position after extensive treatment.
57. Reduced or altered peripheral blood flow
• Do not use IRR if the vascular response is insufficient
because of the risk of tissue damage.
• Areas affected by arterial disease, such as atherosclerosis,
arterial injury or after skin grafting, should not normally
treated with IRR.
58. Headache
• IRR over the back of the head may cause headache.
• Headache is also occur when treatment is given during hot
weather.
Following Radiotherapy
• Avoid IRR at least 2 months following radiotherapy.
59. Injury to eyes
• Direct heating over the eyes causes drying up and thus leads
to corneal and retinal burns.
• Another problem is forming cataracts.
Infection/skin inflammatory conditions
• Avoid applying heat over acute skin infections or previously
known tumours to prevent spreading of disease.