Reliability refers to how consistent and stable your research results are ,and how well they can be replicated by other researchers. Validity refers to how well your research measures what it intends to measure, and how accurately it reflects the reality of the phenomenon you are studying,
A presentation on validity and reliability of questionnaire. In this presentation, you can learn-
1) Classification of validity
2) Validity which is good
2) Classification of Reliability
3) Reliability which is good
4) Difference between validity and reliability
5) How to calculate validity and reliability using SPSS and STATA
Hello everyone, this is Vartika Verma, student of B. El. Ed 4. This presentation titled 'Reliability' is helpful for the subject 'Measurement and Evaluation' in B. El. Ed 4 and also for all the Education students. Thanking you :)
Quality of research requires valid and reliable results that can be trusted. So, the psychometric property is an essential step of successful research alongside the novelty of your research idea.
ABSTRACT : This paper critically examined a broad view of Structural Equation Model (SEM) with a view
of pointing out direction on how researchers can employ this model to future researches, with specific focus on
several traditional multivariate procedures like factor analysis, discriminant analysis, path analysis. This study
employed a descriptive survey and historical research design. Data was computed viaDescriptive Statistics,
Correlation Coefficient, Reliability. The study concluded that Novice researchers must take care of assumptions
and concepts of Structure Equation Modeling, while building a model to check the proposed hypothesis. SEM is
more or less an evolving technique in the research, which is expanding to new fields. Moreover, it is providing
new insights to researchers for conducting longitudinal investigations.
.
All About Psychology >>
Psychology Super-Notes >> Research Methodology >> Research Methods in Psychology >> Understanding Research and Research Process
A presentation on validity and reliability of questionnaire. In this presentation, you can learn-
1) Classification of validity
2) Validity which is good
2) Classification of Reliability
3) Reliability which is good
4) Difference between validity and reliability
5) How to calculate validity and reliability using SPSS and STATA
Hello everyone, this is Vartika Verma, student of B. El. Ed 4. This presentation titled 'Reliability' is helpful for the subject 'Measurement and Evaluation' in B. El. Ed 4 and also for all the Education students. Thanking you :)
Quality of research requires valid and reliable results that can be trusted. So, the psychometric property is an essential step of successful research alongside the novelty of your research idea.
ABSTRACT : This paper critically examined a broad view of Structural Equation Model (SEM) with a view
of pointing out direction on how researchers can employ this model to future researches, with specific focus on
several traditional multivariate procedures like factor analysis, discriminant analysis, path analysis. This study
employed a descriptive survey and historical research design. Data was computed viaDescriptive Statistics,
Correlation Coefficient, Reliability. The study concluded that Novice researchers must take care of assumptions
and concepts of Structure Equation Modeling, while building a model to check the proposed hypothesis. SEM is
more or less an evolving technique in the research, which is expanding to new fields. Moreover, it is providing
new insights to researchers for conducting longitudinal investigations.
.
All About Psychology >>
Psychology Super-Notes >> Research Methodology >> Research Methods in Psychology >> Understanding Research and Research Process
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
American psychologist Henry Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, and needs. Murray described a need as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances.
Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
American psychologist Henry Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, and needs. Murray described a need as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances.
Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.
The conditioning theory of learning describes a form of learning where learning occurs s a result of associating a condition or stimulus with a particular reaction .
Abnormal psychology is the branch of Psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior ,emotion ,and thought ,which could be understood as a mental disorder.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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2. INTRODUCTION
• The reliability and validity of a test is important for data collection process.
• Before and after collecting the data , the researcher need to consider the
reliability and validity of their data.
• Reliability- Are we measuring accurately?
• Validity- Are we measuring the right things?
3. RELIABILITY
• It is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and
consistent results.
• The extent to which an experiment or measuring procedure yields the
same result on repeated trials
• A measure can be reliable without being valid but it cannot be valid
without being reliable.
4. TYPE OF RELIABILITY
• Test-retest Reliability
• Parallel form Reliability
• Split half or internal Consistency Reliability
• Rational equivalence Reliability
5. TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
• Obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group
of individuals.
• The scores are tabulated and the correlation calculated
• Correlation is higher then there will be more reliability
6. PARALLEL FORM RELIABILITY
• Different version of an assessment tool to the same group of individuals
• Both version must contain same construct, skill ,knowledge etc.
• The number of items in both the forms should be the same.
• Distribution of the indexes of difficulty of the items in both should be similar
• Means and SD of both the forms should be equal or nearly so.
• Mode od administration and scoring of both the forms should be uniform
7. SPLIT HALF RELIABILITY
• “Splitting in half” all items of a test that are intended to probe the same area of
knowledge in order to form two “sets” of items
• Items are divided into two halves and then compared. Odd, even items, or 1-50
and 51-100 are two ways to split items.
• Product moment correlation is computed between two sets of scores.
• Spearman-Brown prophecy formula is used for estimating the reliability of the
whole test
8. FACTORS INFLUENCING RELIABIITY
Extrinsic Factors
• Time interval between testing: testing with shorter intervals resulting in the higher
reliability coefficient
• Guessing by the examinee
• Condition under which measure: Favorable conditions will give high reliability
coefficient
Intrinsic Factors
• Length of test: The longer the test, higher the reliability due to the fact that longer test
will provide more adequate sample of the behavior being measured
• Difficulty level of test: tests that are too easy or too difficult for the group members
taking it will tend to provide score of low reliability
• Discrimination value:When the test is composed of discriminating items,the items likely
to be high
• Homogeneity of items:More homogenous more reliabilty
9. • Indicate the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure
• The degree to which a study accurately assesses the specific concept or
parameter that the researcher is trying to measure
• Whether the researcher has measured what it set out to measure
• For a test to be reliable it also need to be valid
10. INTERNAL VALIDITY
• Content or curricular Validity
• Construct validity
• Criterion-related Validity
a- Predictive validity
b-Concurrent validity
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
The extent to which the results of a study are generalizable or transferable
11. CONTENT VALIDITY
• Involves assessing whether the questions asked and the measurement recorded
adequately represent the domains being studied
• Is the questionnaire comprehensive?
• Entire range or universe of the construct is measured
• Usually evaluated and scored by experts in the content area
12. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
• It implies using the construct correctly
• The most complex type of validity, and involves relating an instrument for data
collection to a theoretical framework
• For example, a researcher inventing a new IQ test might spend a great deal of
time attempting to define intelligence in order to reach an acceptable level of
construct validity.
13. CRITERIAN –RELATED VALIDITY
• Used to product future or current performance
• Demonstrating the accuracy of a measure or procedure by comparing it with
another procedure which has already been demonstrated to be valid
• It correlates test results with another criterion of interest
14. FACTORS AFFECTING VALIDITY
• Range of ability-Like reliability, validity is also influenced by the range of ability of the
sample used. If the subjects have a very limited range of ability, the validiy coefficient
will be low
• Ambiguous direction: If the directions of the test are ambiguous ,the validity of the test
would be lowered
• Socio-cultural differences: Cultural differences among different societies are likely to
affect the validity of a test. However ,when a test is cross-cultural ,this factor does not
affect the validity of the test
• Addition of Inappropriate Items: Inappropriate items are likely to lower both reliability
and validity of the test
• Length of the test: Homogenous lengthening of the test not only increses the reliability
but also validity of the test
15. CONT…….
Environmental factors: Some environmental factors such as room temperature,
lightning and noise can influence the error rate
Research Factors: The researcher can influence the result of the study in many
ways
Instrumental factors: An inadequate sampling of items is the other common
source of instrumentation errors
Subject factors: Any changing physical, emotional or psychological state of the
subject could introduce error into measurement process
16. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
Validity and reliability are closely related
• A test cannot be considered valid unless the measurement resulting from it are
reliable
• Likewise result from a test can be reliable and not necessarily valid
