A great presentation from a well versed friend in research and EBM, Dr Yaser Faden.
This is a simple introduction to study design with an accompanying workshop to simplify the different types of research study designs.
A great presentation from a well versed friend in research and EBM, Dr Yaser Faden.
This is a simple introduction to study design with an accompanying workshop to simplify the different types of research study designs.
How to scientifically conduct a clinical professional research trial? In the current era of Collaborate or parish, we need to keep this design in our mind.
Enjoy
@copyLeft
How to scientifically conduct a clinical professional research trial? In the current era of Collaborate or parish, we need to keep this design in our mind.
Enjoy
@copyLeft
The publications describes various study designs in epidemiology. These study design are tools that researchers use in order to conduct an effective research
This is an easiest power-point slide you will get on topic Epidemiology. It’s basic of Epidemiology. This ppt includes difference between observational study & experimental study. Classification of Epidemiological study. You can read this & have an overview of Epidemiological study design in short. This power point will help you regarding understanding Epidemiological study. Including cohort study, case control study, descriptive study. This includes advantage & disadvantage of many studies of Epidemiological study design such ase cohort study, case control study, analytical study. It was our group presentation so we made with all our affords. I was the leader of our team I can assure you, you won’t get disappointment after studying this slides.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Definition
• A study design is a specific plan or protocol for
conducting the study which allows the
investigator to translate the conceptual
hypothesis into operational one.
• Study design is the plan for collection of data
to answer the research question.
3. What does research design do?
Helps take decisions about how to complete
the entire research:
• Validly
• Objectively
• Accurately
• Economically
4. Functions of Research Design
1. The identification and/ or development of procedures
and logistical arrangements required to undertake a study
2. Ensuring that the procedures are adequate in quality to obtain
valid, objective and accurate answers to the research
questions.
5. Classifications of Study Designs
Three types of classifications
on the basis of:
1. The number of contacts with the study population
2. The reference period of the study
3. The nature of the investigation
9. Advantages of descriptive studies
1. They use already available data.
2. They are less expensive and less time-
consuming.
3. They describe the pattern of disease
occurrence.
4. They formulate research hypothesis.
10. 1-Case reports
• Researcher(physician) who see unusual
presentation of a common disease and he
describes the findings of this case, case
description may take any relevant description
of the finding.
• An unusual case may add to our Knowledge
for example MI in very young person without
ECG findings is unusual presentation of MI.
11. 2-Case series(clinical series)
• When a group of cases of the disease are reported, but in this study
we can not:
*Study the aetiology of the disease
* Testing the hypothesis
* Have a control group
• But in the study it can help in generating hypothesis
• Example: vaginal cancer is very rare in young females if 10 cases
were reported and studied it may help us to generate a hypothesis
when we interrogated with stilbestrol taking during pregnancy
among their mothers(this canbe done by further studies)
• Discovery of AIDS was a case series
• Many clincal studies are case series
12. Advantages of case reports or case series
1. Use available clinical data
2. Detailed individual data.
3. Add to our knowledge.
4. Suggest need for investigation (hypothesis
generation).
13. Disadvantages of case report or case series
1.May reflect experience of one person or
one clinician.
2. No explicit(clear) comparison group.
14. 3-Ecological Studies:
based on studying of a group of people not
individual as in previous studies.
Correlation data represent average exposure
level rather than individual level so we do not
have each person information
Ecological studies can generate a hypothesis
and need further confirmation , it provides just
initial clues to causation
Example : as meat consumption in different
countries increases prevalence of ca colon
increases , Cigarette smoking increases ca
lung prevalence increases as well
15. Advantages of Correlational
Study
1. They describe the disease in the entire
population in relation to the factor of
interest.
2. They use the correlation coefficient (r) to
measure the association between the two
variables of interest.
3. They are easy to do, inexpensive and can
be conducted quickly.
4. They represent the first step in searching
for exposure-disease relationship
(generate hypothesis)
5. They use available data (administrative or
other aggregate data).
16. Disadvantages of correlational study
1. Correlation data represent average exposure
level rather than actual individual values. Data on
exposure and data on outcome are collected
independently.
2. No assurance that persons with exposure (risk
factor) of interest are the same ones with
outcome (disease) of interest.
3. Inability to link exposure with the disease in
particular individual.
4. What is missing: relationship between exposure
and outcome at the individual level (incomplete
design)
17. 4-Cross-Sectional studies
(prevalence studies or surveys)
Cross-sectional: where only ONE set of
observations is collected at a certain point in
time, disregarding the length of time of the
study as a whole
• It is a study of a group of people at a point in
time for the prevalence of a disease or an
attribute in a well defined population but data
is collected at individual levels. In this study
the measurements of exposure and effect
are made at the same time . In cross-
sectional studies, we are looking for both
exposure and outcome
18. Study Design based on
no. of contact with the population
Cross Sectional Studies:
• One-shot or Status studies: One time contact
• Most commonly used design in social sciences
• Obtain overall picture
• Very simple design:
Decide what you want to find out about, identify the study
population, select a sample and contact your respondents to
find out the required information
19. Advantages of cross sectional study
1. Provide generalization from the sample to
the population.
2. They are short term studies and not
expensive.
3. Provide good information for the health
problems and good for health planners to
assess health care needs.
4. Used for generating hypothesis to be test in
further studies.5. Adapted to chronic
diseases
20. Disadvantages
1.It is difficult to separate cause and effect
1- because measurement of exposure and
disease are made at one point of time and it is
impossible to determined which came first.
2- Cases detected are prevalent cases
(survivors) leading to survival bias cases cured
or died are not detected.
21. 3.Possible measurement error; not suitable
for rare conditions;
4.Non response and this will affect the
representation of the sample.
5.Not adapted to incidence measurement
6.Not adapted to severe / acute diseases
22. Analytical studies
A case control study
• Begins with the selection of
cases(diseases) which should represent all
cases from a specified population.
• The most difficult task is to select
controls (people with no disease) the
controls should
• represent people who would have been
designated study cases if they had
developed the diseases.
23. Case control study
An important aspect of this study is the
determination of the start and duration of
exposure, the exposure status is usually
determined after the development of the
disease (retrospective) and usually by
direct questioning of the affected person.
Exposure may be determined by
biochemical measurement, established
recording system.
25. Sources of selection of cases in case control
study
Hospital-based case control study:
the cases will be identified from the
hospital or other health care facilities.
These are common, relatively easy and
inexpensive.
Population-based case control study:
It involves locating and obtaining data
from all affected individuals or a random
sample from population.
26. Selection of controls in case control
study
It is the most difficult aspect of Case
Control Study (CCS), it depends on:
1. Characteristics and sources of cases.
2. Need to obtain comparable and reliable
information from cases and controls.
3. Practical and economic considerations.
27. The control should be comparable to the
source of the population of cases.
Any exclusion or restrictions made in the
selection of cases should be applied equally
to the controls and vice versa.
28. Advantages:
1. Suitable for rare diseases .
2. Results can obtained quickly.
3. Relatively inexpensive and short term study
4. Small sample size
5. Available data
6. No ethical problem
29. Disadvantages of case control studies
1. Incidence or absolute risk cannot be determined
directly from a case control study. Temporal
relationship exposure-disease difficult to establish
2. Difficulty in selection the control.
3. Case- control study rely upon retrospective data
which lead to recall bias.
4. Because the data are collected after
5. Can not use to establish prevalence be whether
(retrospectively) it is
difficultto
correlation is causal or not.
30. 2-Cohort Study:
(follow up study, prospective , panel study, longitudinal,
incidence)
Follow up study or incidence study Begin with a
group of people (a cohort) free of disease, who
are classified into subgroups according to
exposure to potential cause of disease, and the
whole cohort is followed up to see how the
subsequent development of new cases of the
disease differ between the groups with and
without exposure, cohort study is a longitudinal
study cohort study provides the best information
about the causation of disease and the direct
31. Cohort study
Identify group of
Exposed subjects
Un exposed subjects
Measure incidence of disease
Compare incidence between exposed and
unexposed group
33. Experimental Design
• The researcher introduces the intervention
that is assumed to be cause of change
and waits until it has produced or has been given
sufficient time to produce the change.
• The independent variable can be
observed , introduced, controlled or manipulated
by the researcher.
34. • An experimental study can be carried out in either a
‘controlled’ or a ‘natural’ environment.
• Study population in a ‘controlled’ situation:
such as a room.
Study Population in a ‘natural’ situation,
population is in its natural environment
35. Blind Studies
• In a blind study, the study population does not know whether it
is getting real or fake treatment or which treatment modality.
• The main objective of blind study is to
isolate the placebo effect: the psychological effect
• Usually applied to studies measuring the effectiveness of a drug
or treatment.
36. Double- Blind Studies
• Concept similar to that of a blind study
except that it also tries to
eliminate researcher bias
by concealing the identity of the experimental and placebo groups
from the researcher.
Neither the researcher nor the study participants know who is
receiving real and who is receiving fake treatment or which
treatment model they are receiving.