This document summarizes a study on using waste plastic and rubber in asphalt flexible pavement. The authors conducted various tests on control asphalt mixes and mixes modified with plastic and rubber waste. They found that adding 0.5-1% plastic and rubber improved properties like los angeles abrasion value, tensile strength and reduced pattern depth compared to conventional mixes. This suggests good compatibility of the waste materials in the asphalt blend and reduced vulnerability to moisture, potentially improving service life of the pavement. The experimental work involved Marshall stability testing on control and modified mixes.
IRJET- Utilization of Waste Materials in Flexible Pavement ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on utilizing waste materials like plastics and tires in flexible pavement construction. The study examined replacing a portion of bitumen binder with waste plastic (PET) and waste rubber in bitumen mixes. The physical properties of mixes with 10-40% plastic and 10-40% rubber replacement were tested. Mixes with 30% equal replacement of plastic and rubber showed improved strength, binding, water resistance, and durability. Using waste materials reduced costs by up to 25% compared to conventional bitumen mixes. The research aims to provide an environmentally friendly way to dispose of plastic and tire waste while improving road quality and reducing construction costs.
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The document discusses using various plastic materials in bituminous concrete or flexible pavement. Waste plastics like polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene are shredded and coated on aggregates which are then mixed with hot bitumen to create a mix used in pavement construction. This strengthens the pavement and increases durability while providing an eco-friendly and economical solution to plastic disposal. The paper reviews literature on previous studies of polymer-modified bitumen and use of waste plastics in roads. It also describes aggregate tests and a process using a central mixing plant to uniformly coat aggregates with plastic and bitumen.
IRJET-A Study on the Properties of Bitumen & Aggregate by Replacing Waste Tyr...IRJET Journal
The document discusses replacing bitumen and aggregate used in road pavement construction with waste tire rubber in various percentages. It first provides background on the large and growing quantities of waste tires generated annually and the various environmental issues caused by stockpiling and dumping tires. The study then examines previous research on using waste tire rubber in road construction. It outlines the methodology used, which involves cutting tire rubber into aggregate sizes and mixing it with bitumen and stone aggregate at various percentages. Various tests are conducted on the mixtures to analyze properties. The advantages discussed are increased strength and drainage of the road pavement while providing an economic use for the waste tires and reducing related environmental hazards.
IRJET- Comparison in Strength of Pervious Concrete Block by using Natural...IRJET Journal
This document compares the strength of pervious concrete blocks made with natural aggregates and plastic-coated aggregates. Tests were conducted on the aggregates and on concrete cubes made with each type of aggregate. The tests found that properties of the plastic-coated aggregates were similar to the natural aggregates. Compressive strength of cubes made with plastic-coated aggregates was slightly lower than those made with natural aggregates. In conclusion, plastic-coated aggregates can be used to make pervious concrete with only a small reduction in strength compared to natural aggregates.
IRJET-Review Paper on Use of Waste Plastic, Waste Rubber and Fly Ash in Bitum...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of waste plastic, waste rubber, and fly ash in bituminous mixes. Several studies have found that partially replacing conventional materials in road mixes with these wastes can improve the mechanical properties of the mixes, including stability, stiffness, density, and resistance to water. The waste materials also help reduce environmental pollution by providing eco-friendly disposal methods. Specifically, waste plastic and rubber can improve the binding properties when added to bitumen and aggregates. Addition of up to 4% plastic and 1% rubber was found to increase stability while meeting other specifications. Using these wastes also reduces usage of conventional materials and cuts pollution from their disposal.
"Study Of Bituminous Concrete Using Polymers And Varoius Types Of Additives ”IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using polymers and additives in bituminous concrete. The study found that:
1) Stability values for bituminous concrete grade 1 increased with the replacement of optimum binder content up to 8% waste plastic but decreased with more plastic.
2) Stability values increased 12% for grade 1 mix with the replacement of 5% optimum binder content with 12% discarded tire tubes.
3) The optimum binder content of polymer modified bitumen used in grade 1 concrete was 5.2%. Replacement of optimum binder content with 12% discarded tire tubes produced the highest stability value of different materials tested.
The document recommends further research on performance testing
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This document presents an experimental study on the behavior of rubberized concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared with varying percentages (5-20%) of crumb rubber as a replacement for coarse aggregates. Additional mixtures included 2.5-7.5% silica fume replacement of cement. A total of 45 cubes, 45 cylinders, 30 prisms, and 15 impact test specimens were cast and tested at 7 and 28 days. Test results showed reductions in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths with increased rubber content, with 5% rubber replacement showing the best results. Adding 5% silica fume to 5% rubber concrete improved compressive strength by 10% compared to conventional concrete. The study concluded rubber concrete has potential applications
Performance And Evaluation Of Rubber As Concrete MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using waste tire rubber as a partial replacement for aggregates in concrete. The key points are:
1. Waste tires pose a major environmental challenge as they are not easily disposed of through landfilling or burning. Using tire rubber in concrete provides an outlet for waste tires while utilizing their properties.
2. Studies have shown that rubberized concrete has lower compressive strength but increased toughness, ductility, and resistance to impacts compared to normal concrete.
3. The document reviews previous research showing that replacing up to 17% of aggregates with crumb rubber by volume can produce concrete suitable for some structural applications, especially when using magnesium oxychloride cement instead of Portland cement.
IRJET- Utilization of Waste Materials in Flexible Pavement ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on utilizing waste materials like plastics and tires in flexible pavement construction. The study examined replacing a portion of bitumen binder with waste plastic (PET) and waste rubber in bitumen mixes. The physical properties of mixes with 10-40% plastic and 10-40% rubber replacement were tested. Mixes with 30% equal replacement of plastic and rubber showed improved strength, binding, water resistance, and durability. Using waste materials reduced costs by up to 25% compared to conventional bitumen mixes. The research aims to provide an environmentally friendly way to dispose of plastic and tire waste while improving road quality and reducing construction costs.
IRJET - Uses of Various Plastic Materials in Bitumious Concrete (Flexible Pav...IRJET Journal
The document discusses using various plastic materials in bituminous concrete or flexible pavement. Waste plastics like polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene are shredded and coated on aggregates which are then mixed with hot bitumen to create a mix used in pavement construction. This strengthens the pavement and increases durability while providing an eco-friendly and economical solution to plastic disposal. The paper reviews literature on previous studies of polymer-modified bitumen and use of waste plastics in roads. It also describes aggregate tests and a process using a central mixing plant to uniformly coat aggregates with plastic and bitumen.
IRJET-A Study on the Properties of Bitumen & Aggregate by Replacing Waste Tyr...IRJET Journal
The document discusses replacing bitumen and aggregate used in road pavement construction with waste tire rubber in various percentages. It first provides background on the large and growing quantities of waste tires generated annually and the various environmental issues caused by stockpiling and dumping tires. The study then examines previous research on using waste tire rubber in road construction. It outlines the methodology used, which involves cutting tire rubber into aggregate sizes and mixing it with bitumen and stone aggregate at various percentages. Various tests are conducted on the mixtures to analyze properties. The advantages discussed are increased strength and drainage of the road pavement while providing an economic use for the waste tires and reducing related environmental hazards.
IRJET- Comparison in Strength of Pervious Concrete Block by using Natural...IRJET Journal
This document compares the strength of pervious concrete blocks made with natural aggregates and plastic-coated aggregates. Tests were conducted on the aggregates and on concrete cubes made with each type of aggregate. The tests found that properties of the plastic-coated aggregates were similar to the natural aggregates. Compressive strength of cubes made with plastic-coated aggregates was slightly lower than those made with natural aggregates. In conclusion, plastic-coated aggregates can be used to make pervious concrete with only a small reduction in strength compared to natural aggregates.
IRJET-Review Paper on Use of Waste Plastic, Waste Rubber and Fly Ash in Bitum...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of waste plastic, waste rubber, and fly ash in bituminous mixes. Several studies have found that partially replacing conventional materials in road mixes with these wastes can improve the mechanical properties of the mixes, including stability, stiffness, density, and resistance to water. The waste materials also help reduce environmental pollution by providing eco-friendly disposal methods. Specifically, waste plastic and rubber can improve the binding properties when added to bitumen and aggregates. Addition of up to 4% plastic and 1% rubber was found to increase stability while meeting other specifications. Using these wastes also reduces usage of conventional materials and cuts pollution from their disposal.
"Study Of Bituminous Concrete Using Polymers And Varoius Types Of Additives ”IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using polymers and additives in bituminous concrete. The study found that:
1) Stability values for bituminous concrete grade 1 increased with the replacement of optimum binder content up to 8% waste plastic but decreased with more plastic.
2) Stability values increased 12% for grade 1 mix with the replacement of 5% optimum binder content with 12% discarded tire tubes.
3) The optimum binder content of polymer modified bitumen used in grade 1 concrete was 5.2%. Replacement of optimum binder content with 12% discarded tire tubes produced the highest stability value of different materials tested.
The document recommends further research on performance testing
IRJET- Experimental Study on Behaviour of Rubberized ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the behavior of rubberized concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared with varying percentages (5-20%) of crumb rubber as a replacement for coarse aggregates. Additional mixtures included 2.5-7.5% silica fume replacement of cement. A total of 45 cubes, 45 cylinders, 30 prisms, and 15 impact test specimens were cast and tested at 7 and 28 days. Test results showed reductions in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths with increased rubber content, with 5% rubber replacement showing the best results. Adding 5% silica fume to 5% rubber concrete improved compressive strength by 10% compared to conventional concrete. The study concluded rubber concrete has potential applications
Performance And Evaluation Of Rubber As Concrete MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using waste tire rubber as a partial replacement for aggregates in concrete. The key points are:
1. Waste tires pose a major environmental challenge as they are not easily disposed of through landfilling or burning. Using tire rubber in concrete provides an outlet for waste tires while utilizing their properties.
2. Studies have shown that rubberized concrete has lower compressive strength but increased toughness, ductility, and resistance to impacts compared to normal concrete.
3. The document reviews previous research showing that replacing up to 17% of aggregates with crumb rubber by volume can produce concrete suitable for some structural applications, especially when using magnesium oxychloride cement instead of Portland cement.
IRJET- Structural Investigation of High Strength Concrete by Partial ReIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the structural behavior of high-strength concrete with partial replacement of sand and aggregate with crumb rubber. Various tests were conducted on fresh and hardened concrete mixes containing 0%, 8%, 16%, and 24% crumb rubber replacements by volume to analyze properties like compressive strength, density, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. The results showed that compressive strength and density increased initially with rubber replacement, while water absorption decreased initially and then increased with higher replacement levels. Abrasion resistance also increased with higher rubber replacement. It is recommended to use crumb rubber concrete for non-structural applications like floors, partitions, and blocks to help address the waste tire issue.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS MIXES CONTAINING WASTE PLASTIC WASTE AS ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the use of waste plastic bags as an additive in bituminous concrete mixes to improve performance in cold weather environments. It reviews previous studies that found mixes with 6-10% waste plastic had higher stability and strength compared to conventional mixes. The document then outlines the materials and methodology used in the current study. Tests were conducted on control mixes and those with 6% and 7% waste plastic bags added. The results showed mixes with 6% waste plastic bags had greater durability and strength after freezing/thawing cycles compared to control mixes and mixes with anti-stripping chemicals. Therefore, adding 6% waste plastic bags can improve the strength of bituminous concrete mixes in cold weather conditions.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Experimental Investigation of Crumb Rubber ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document reviews previous experimental work on crumb rubber concrete. It summarizes several studies that investigated replacing natural aggregates or mixtures with crumb rubber. The studies found that compressive strength generally decreased as crumb rubber content increased but durability properties like resistance to freezing/thawing and sulfate attack improved. Some studies found that pretreating the crumb rubber with chemicals or coatings could minimize strength reductions. Replacing up to 20% of fine aggregates or 5% of total mixtures with crumb rubber produced acceptable strength properties for some applications while improving sustainability by using waste tire material.
IRJET- Effect of Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate b...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using scrap tire rubber to partially replace aggregates in concrete. It reviews studies that investigated the effect on properties like workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The main findings are:
1) Workability decreases as the percentage of rubber increases due to its non-polar nature, but can be improved with superplasticizers.
2) Compressive, tensile and flexural strengths all generally decrease as the percentage of rubber replacement increases, due to weak bonding between rubber and cement paste.
3) Pretreatment methods like using NaOH can improve the bonding and lead to higher strengths in some cases.
4) Rubber concrete may be
IRJET - Study on Behaviour of Concrete by Replacement of Aggregate and Sa...IRJET Journal
This document studies the behavior of concrete when aggregate and sand are replaced with rubber tire chips and foundry sand. Researchers partially replaced coarse aggregate with rubber tire chips and fine aggregate with foundry sand at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Testing found that rubberized and foundry sand concrete has lower compressive strength than ordinary concrete but is more durable and crack resistant. The study aims to promote the reuse of waste materials like rubber tires and foundry sand in concrete production to improve sustainability.
IRJET- Study on Behaviour of Concrete by Replacement of Aggregate and San...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the properties of concrete with partial replacements of coarse aggregate with rubber tyre chips and fine aggregate with foundry sand. The researchers aimed to reuse these waste materials in concrete production. They created concrete mixtures with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% replacements by weight and tested the fresh and hardened properties like workability and compressive strength. The results showed that rubberized and foundry sand concrete had lower compressive strength compared to normal concrete but was more durable and crack resistant. Using these industrial wastes helped address environmental issues while providing some functionally acceptable concrete.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BITUMINOUS MIXES CONTAINING WASTE PLASTIC WASTE AS AN A...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study on bituminous mixes containing waste plastic bags as an additive. The study aimed to improve the performance of bitumen mixes in cold weather conditions. Several tests were conducted as per the Marshall Method of mix design. The results showed that mixes containing 7% waste plastic bags exhibited higher stability, durability and strength compared to control mixes and mixes with anti-stripping chemicals alone. The 7% waste plastic mix also performed better after repeated freeze-thaw cycles, maintaining over 85% of its original strength. Therefore, modification of mixtures by addition of 7% waste plastic bags can improve strength properties required for cold weather performance.
Experimental Study on Concrete Utilizing Waste Tyre Rubber as an AggregateIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on utilizing waste tire rubber as an aggregate in concrete. Cubes, cylinders, and beams were cast with shredded rubber crumbs replacing 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of fine aggregate by weight. The samples were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days to analyze the impact on compressive strength, split tensile strength, slump, and compare to control specimens. The results showed workability decreased as rubber content increased. Compressive strength was also reduced but flexural strength saw some improvement at early ages with up to 6% rubber content replacement. The study aims to provide an environmentally friendly way of reusing waste tire rubber in concrete construction.
IRJET- Improvement of Recently Constructed PavementIRJET Journal
This document discusses using waste plastic in road construction. It begins with an introduction explaining the types of roads and materials typically used. It then discusses using waste plastic by coating aggregates or mixing plastic into hot bitumen. The methodology section describes the wet and dry processes for incorporating plastic. Graphs show how plastic improves properties like stability. Current plastic waste in India is discussed and the conclusion restates that plastic enhances road properties while providing an environmentally friendly use of waste.
IRJET- Laboratory Evaluation of Usage of Crumb Rubber & Plastic Wastes in Asp...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using crumb rubber and plastic wastes in asphalt concrete pavement. The study involved:
1) Testing the physical properties of bitumen, aggregates, and bitumen modified with crumb rubber.
2) Preparing semi-dense bituminous concrete mixes using the Marshall method with varying percentages of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and crumb rubber added to 60/70 grade bitumen.
3) Evaluating the mix design characteristics such as Marshall stability, flow value, density, air voids, and voids filled with bitumen.
The results showed that with the addition of LDPE and crumb rubber, the Marshall stability values and densities of the mixes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Utilization of Glass Powder and Fly Ash in Concrete Paver BlocksIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on utilizing glass powder and fly ash in concrete paver blocks. Paver blocks were produced with varying replacements of cement with fly ash and manufacturing sand with glass powder. The blocks were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. Test results found that replacing 30% of cement with fly ash and 30% of manufacturing sand with glass powder produced blocks with improved compressive strength, flexural strength, and lower water absorption, while also reducing costs. Utilizing these waste materials provides environmental and economic benefits for paver block production.
To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as...ijtsrd
This report presents a study on the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregates by rubber tyre aggregates on the property of concrete. Utilizing the waste rubber tyers in the form of aggregates as reinforcement in the concrete solve the problem of disposing the waste and increase the flexural strength of concrete. Different tests were conducted on the concrete with varying percentage of rubber tyre aggregates and comparing those results with normal concrete. Data presented includes workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength and flexibility. This report describes an experimental study on mixing rubber aggregates with concrete at different mixing ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15) % by weight of coarse aggregates. The tests conducted were workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength. Though there is decrease in compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength, flexural strength and flexibility get increased. Taweel Awzal | Masoom Raza"To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2411.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2411/to-study-the-behavior-of-fresh-and-hardened-concrete-by-using-waste-rubber-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregates/taweel-awzal
Replacement of artificial sand and recycled aggregate by using of crumb and s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied replacing natural sand and recycled aggregate with artificial sand and recycled aggregate containing crumb and shredded rubber in concrete. It provided background on the large amounts of construction and demolition waste generated annually and the need to reuse this material. The objectives of the study were to reuse waste materials and evaluate the advantages of using crumb rubber in concrete, including possible replacement percentages of rubber to achieve design strength while reducing costs. The methodology involved determining the physical and mechanical properties of the materials, designing mixes to achieve M25 grade concrete, and testing the fresh and hardened concrete properties like slump, compressive strength and flexural strength.
IRJET- Utilization of Waste Material in Flexible PavementIRJET Journal
This document discusses utilizing waste materials in flexible pavement construction. It begins by introducing the authors and journal. The abstract then summarizes that waste materials like plastics and rubber from tires can strengthen roads, increase lifespan, and help the environment while providing an economic use for the waste. The introduction provides background on road infrastructure in India and needs to improve road characteristics given climate and traffic. It also discusses modifying bitumen properties by blending it with polymers and rubber. The objectives are then stated as studying properties of mixtures with different waste materials, finding optimal waste material percentages, improving mixture properties, and increasing stability. The literature review summarizes several other studies that found waste plastics and rubber can improve pavement properties like abrasion and strength when added to
Lab Work And Investigations Of Bituminous Concrete Using Varoius Types Of Add...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using various additives to improve the properties of bituminous concrete. Specifically, it looks at using waste plastic and waste tire rubber as additives blended into bitumen. The researchers conducted Marshall stability tests on bituminous concrete mixes made with polymer modified bitumen, crumb rubber modified bitumen, and bitumen with replacements of waste plastic and tire rubber. They found that replacing 8% of the optimum binder content with waste plastic and 12% with waste tire rubber produced improved results. The optimum binder contents were determined to be 5.2% for polymer modified bitumen and 5% for crumb rubber modified bitumen.
IRJET- Modification of Bituminous Concrete Mix using Rubber and Plastic Waste...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that aimed to utilize plastic and rubber waste materials as partial replacements for bitumen in bituminous concrete mixes. The researchers performed Marshall stability tests on samples with varying percentages of plastic (4-10%) and crumb rubber (5-15%) replacing the optimum bitumen content. The results showed that plastic increased strength by up to 16% and crumb rubber increased strength by around 50% compared to conventional mixes. The laboratory tests indicate that using waste materials can produce bituminous concrete of sufficient strength and density at lower material costs, providing an environmentally friendly pavement solution and way to dispose of these wastes.
Effects of High Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber Powder on Properties of...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of adding high density polyethylene (HDPE) and crumb rubber powder (CRP) on the properties of asphalt mix. Physical tests showed that adding HDPE and CRP decreased the penetration and increased the softening point of asphalt, indicating improved resistance to deformation at high temperatures. Marshall stability tests also showed that adding 5% HDPE and 10% CRP increased the stability of asphalt mixtures. Rutting tests further revealed that mixtures with HDPE and CRP had lower rutting depths and higher dynamic stability, demonstrating improved permanent deformation resistance. The study concluded that HDPE and CRP can effectively be used as additives to improve the high temperature properties and
A Sustainability Approach towards use of Plastic Waste in Bituminous RoadIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using plastic waste to partially replace bitumen in asphalt road mixes. The study aims to determine the optimal percentage of plastic waste that can be substituted for bitumen while maintaining or improving the road properties. The document provides background on the issues with plastic waste disposal and outlines the methodology for the study. Samples will be prepared with plastic waste replacing 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14% of the bitumen by weight. The samples will undergo various tests including Marshall stability, penetration, ductility, softening point, and flash point to evaluate the properties. The results will help identify the best performing plastic mix to enhance road lifespan while providing an eco-friendly use for plastic waste.
USE OF PLASTIC AGGREGATE WITH GFRP BARSIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using plastic aggregate and GFRP bars in concrete. Plastic aggregate was made from HDPE plastic and partially replaced natural coarse aggregate at percentages of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. GFRP bars were used instead of steel bars to evaluate flexural strength behavior. Concrete cubes and beams were cast and tested at 7 and 28 days. Compressive strength decreased as plastic aggregate content increased, with the highest strength achieved at 5% replacement. Flexural strength was highest in beams with GFRP bars and 5-10% plastic aggregate. The study aimed to evaluate using plastic waste in concrete and GFRP bars as non-corroding reinforcement.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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This study investigated the properties of concrete with partial replacements of coarse aggregate with rubber tyre chips and fine aggregate with foundry sand. The researchers aimed to reuse these waste materials in concrete production. They created concrete mixtures with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% replacements by weight and tested the fresh and hardened properties like workability and compressive strength. The results showed that rubberized and foundry sand concrete had lower compressive strength compared to normal concrete but was more durable and crack resistant. Using these industrial wastes helped address environmental issues while providing some functionally acceptable concrete.
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3) Evaluating the mix design characteristics such as Marshall stability, flow value, density, air voids, and voids filled with bitumen.
The results showed that with the addition of LDPE and crumb rubber, the Marshall stability values and densities of the mixes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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This document summarizes research on utilizing glass powder and fly ash in concrete paver blocks. Paver blocks were produced with varying replacements of cement with fly ash and manufacturing sand with glass powder. The blocks were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. Test results found that replacing 30% of cement with fly ash and 30% of manufacturing sand with glass powder produced blocks with improved compressive strength, flexural strength, and lower water absorption, while also reducing costs. Utilizing these waste materials provides environmental and economic benefits for paver block production.
To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as...ijtsrd
This report presents a study on the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregates by rubber tyre aggregates on the property of concrete. Utilizing the waste rubber tyers in the form of aggregates as reinforcement in the concrete solve the problem of disposing the waste and increase the flexural strength of concrete. Different tests were conducted on the concrete with varying percentage of rubber tyre aggregates and comparing those results with normal concrete. Data presented includes workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength and flexibility. This report describes an experimental study on mixing rubber aggregates with concrete at different mixing ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15) % by weight of coarse aggregates. The tests conducted were workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength. Though there is decrease in compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength, flexural strength and flexibility get increased. Taweel Awzal | Masoom Raza"To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2411.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2411/to-study-the-behavior-of-fresh-and-hardened-concrete-by-using-waste-rubber-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregates/taweel-awzal
Replacement of artificial sand and recycled aggregate by using of crumb and s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied replacing natural sand and recycled aggregate with artificial sand and recycled aggregate containing crumb and shredded rubber in concrete. It provided background on the large amounts of construction and demolition waste generated annually and the need to reuse this material. The objectives of the study were to reuse waste materials and evaluate the advantages of using crumb rubber in concrete, including possible replacement percentages of rubber to achieve design strength while reducing costs. The methodology involved determining the physical and mechanical properties of the materials, designing mixes to achieve M25 grade concrete, and testing the fresh and hardened concrete properties like slump, compressive strength and flexural strength.
IRJET- Utilization of Waste Material in Flexible PavementIRJET Journal
This document discusses utilizing waste materials in flexible pavement construction. It begins by introducing the authors and journal. The abstract then summarizes that waste materials like plastics and rubber from tires can strengthen roads, increase lifespan, and help the environment while providing an economic use for the waste. The introduction provides background on road infrastructure in India and needs to improve road characteristics given climate and traffic. It also discusses modifying bitumen properties by blending it with polymers and rubber. The objectives are then stated as studying properties of mixtures with different waste materials, finding optimal waste material percentages, improving mixture properties, and increasing stability. The literature review summarizes several other studies that found waste plastics and rubber can improve pavement properties like abrasion and strength when added to
Lab Work And Investigations Of Bituminous Concrete Using Varoius Types Of Add...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using various additives to improve the properties of bituminous concrete. Specifically, it looks at using waste plastic and waste tire rubber as additives blended into bitumen. The researchers conducted Marshall stability tests on bituminous concrete mixes made with polymer modified bitumen, crumb rubber modified bitumen, and bitumen with replacements of waste plastic and tire rubber. They found that replacing 8% of the optimum binder content with waste plastic and 12% with waste tire rubber produced improved results. The optimum binder contents were determined to be 5.2% for polymer modified bitumen and 5% for crumb rubber modified bitumen.
IRJET- Modification of Bituminous Concrete Mix using Rubber and Plastic Waste...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that aimed to utilize plastic and rubber waste materials as partial replacements for bitumen in bituminous concrete mixes. The researchers performed Marshall stability tests on samples with varying percentages of plastic (4-10%) and crumb rubber (5-15%) replacing the optimum bitumen content. The results showed that plastic increased strength by up to 16% and crumb rubber increased strength by around 50% compared to conventional mixes. The laboratory tests indicate that using waste materials can produce bituminous concrete of sufficient strength and density at lower material costs, providing an environmentally friendly pavement solution and way to dispose of these wastes.
Effects of High Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber Powder on Properties of...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of adding high density polyethylene (HDPE) and crumb rubber powder (CRP) on the properties of asphalt mix. Physical tests showed that adding HDPE and CRP decreased the penetration and increased the softening point of asphalt, indicating improved resistance to deformation at high temperatures. Marshall stability tests also showed that adding 5% HDPE and 10% CRP increased the stability of asphalt mixtures. Rutting tests further revealed that mixtures with HDPE and CRP had lower rutting depths and higher dynamic stability, demonstrating improved permanent deformation resistance. The study concluded that HDPE and CRP can effectively be used as additives to improve the high temperature properties and
A Sustainability Approach towards use of Plastic Waste in Bituminous RoadIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using plastic waste to partially replace bitumen in asphalt road mixes. The study aims to determine the optimal percentage of plastic waste that can be substituted for bitumen while maintaining or improving the road properties. The document provides background on the issues with plastic waste disposal and outlines the methodology for the study. Samples will be prepared with plastic waste replacing 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14% of the bitumen by weight. The samples will undergo various tests including Marshall stability, penetration, ductility, softening point, and flash point to evaluate the properties. The results will help identify the best performing plastic mix to enhance road lifespan while providing an eco-friendly use for plastic waste.
USE OF PLASTIC AGGREGATE WITH GFRP BARSIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using plastic aggregate and GFRP bars in concrete. Plastic aggregate was made from HDPE plastic and partially replaced natural coarse aggregate at percentages of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. GFRP bars were used instead of steel bars to evaluate flexural strength behavior. Concrete cubes and beams were cast and tested at 7 and 28 days. Compressive strength decreased as plastic aggregate content increased, with the highest strength achieved at 5% replacement. Flexural strength was highest in beams with GFRP bars and 5-10% plastic aggregate. The study aimed to evaluate using plastic waste in concrete and GFRP bars as non-corroding reinforcement.
Similar to Using Waste Plastic And Rubber In Asphalt Flexible Pavement (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.