It discuss about what is microbes, types of microbes, where its founds, why it plays important in human life, main functions like agriculture, industry and medicines.
The microbes are highly useful for making vaccines and antibiotics for making medicines. It is a well-known fact that harmful pathogens that cause different diseases by infecting our body. The antibiotics and medicines would help us in fighting these diseases and infections.
Role of bacteria in Industry and MedicineRitaSomPaul
It describes positive and negative roles of bacteria in Industry and Medicine. It is a part of Microbiology syllabus in Botany (Hons) as per CBCS system
The microbes are highly useful for making vaccines and antibiotics for making medicines. It is a well-known fact that harmful pathogens that cause different diseases by infecting our body. The antibiotics and medicines would help us in fighting these diseases and infections.
Role of bacteria in Industry and MedicineRitaSomPaul
It describes positive and negative roles of bacteria in Industry and Medicine. It is a part of Microbiology syllabus in Botany (Hons) as per CBCS system
Microorganism and principle of biology,Medical microbiology and immunology,Soil microbiology,Industrial microbiology,Food microbiology,Water microbiology,Sewage microbiology
Buy Best Microbiology Assignment Help From onlinecollegehomeworkhelp.pdfseoservicesit
If someone is finding any difficulty while making this happens then they should prefer a microbiology assignment or microbiology homework help here at onlinecollegehomeworkhelp.com.
It is also important that everyone feels informed about how the increase in knowledge about cell biology could affect him or her and society in general. Society will have to make informed decisions about such things as growing organs for transplanting into humans and, in those areas where vitamin ‘A’ deficiency causes blindness, growing rice modified to produce the vitamin.
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We provide online microbiology undertaking assist, microbiology assignment/homework help, task assistance and problems answer with nice viable solutions. Our microbiology experts have excelled in fixing complex microbiology problems and they offer step by step answers with plagiarism loose work.
Microbiology has a vast scope of occupations which some of them are mentioned in the ppt. It will give an idea about some professions in microbiology. The reference done through Prescott's Microbiology (7th Edition)
Fermentation Biotechnology by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
Fermentation Biotechnology lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology and Genetics Students by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.Sc. (Botany), M.Phil. (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M.Ed. & B.Ed. from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan
Microbial biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to obtain an economically valuable product or activity at a commercial or large scale.
Like any other man-made technology, microbial biotechnology has both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Biotechnology may carry more risk than other scientific fields: microbes are tiny and difficult to detect, but the dangers are potentially vast.
The use of biotechnical methods—including genetically-engineered microorganisms—is indispensable for the manufacture of many products essential to mankind.
For better or for worse, it is the mankind's task to tackle the problems that are associated with the use of this technology, and which to a high degree are located in the field of unwanted environmental impacts.
The use of biotechnology should be restricted to enhancing the quality of life for plants, animals and human beings only. Anything beyond that is unnatural and highly disastrous to us.
2nd International Conference and Exhibition on Probiotics & Functional Foods, is organized with the theme "Promoting Better Health by Probiotics and Functional Foods."
Effects of Biocides on antibiotic resistanceGreenFacts
Biocides are added to many consumer goods such as cosmetics and detergents to kill bacteria or inhibit their growth. They include disinfectants, preservatives as well as antiseptics and are widely used in animal husbandry, food production and health care.
There is concern that this widespread use of biocides may lead to the emergence or proliferation of harmful bacteria that are resistant to both biocides and antibiotics.
In the light of current scientific evidence, can biocides lead to antibiotic resistant bacteria?
GALLOWAY’S SYSTEM OF INTERACTION ANALYSIS.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discuss about Galloway's system of interaction analysis in details. It also explains what is interaction, analysis, class room interaction, importance of interaction analysis, Category wise verbal & non-verbal behaviour, rules and regulations, advantages and disadvantages of it.
It discuss on safety and first aid in schools, home & play field. It also discuss on the qualities & responsibilities required for the first aider
1. TO SAVE LIFE
• 2. TO PREVENT FUTHER INJURY / To limit worsening of the situation
• 3. TO PROMOTE RECOVERY
It discuss about what is health, health education, aim, objectives, need, areas, scope, functional objectives, importance and new dimensions of health education.
It discuss on what is tissue, simple & compound animal tissue, it also disscusses on animal tissue structure and function of
a. epithelial
b. muscular
c. connective &
d. nervous
in detail.
Policies and programmes of inclusive education.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discusses on what are the policies and programmes helps to combine the special students with main stream of education. It also talks about old to new policies
It discuss on what is micro teaching, different skill of micro teaching, teaching & learning, importance of stimulus & variation - meaning, components of skill of variation, need & importance, INCREASE THE RETENTTION POWER OF STUDENTS…Some factors which influence students attention…..evalution sheet
It discuss on major skill of micro teaching, what is teaching & learning. Meaning and definition of skill of non verbal cues, components of non verbal cues, 1. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, 2.BODY MOVEMENT AND POSTURE 3. GESTURES 4. EYE CONTACT 5. TOUCH / HAPTICS & DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VERBAL & NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION, OBSERVATION CODING SHEET
It talks about what is learning resources. Principles of learning resources. Need and significance of learning resources. Limitations of learning resources
Under Learning resources it discuss on science laboratory. It also discuss on Science Express, Mobile Science Lab, activities OF Mobile Science Laboratory, Virtual Lab. COMPONENTS OF VIRTUAL LAB, BENEFITS & LIMITATIONSOF VIRTUAL LABS,ROLE OF TEACHERS, Field Trip or Excursion - INTRODUCTION, benefits of field trips, Science Fair, Exhibition and Talk on Science & major activities in the science fairs
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) chose to study behaviour through the use of what he called a Skinner box. Versions were created for rats and pigeons. It discuss about Types of behaviours - Respondent, operant,: Positive, negative, stimulus & punishment, and 6 elements also.
Robert Glaser developed this model in 1962. It explains the relationship between teaching and learning. Assumptions of Basic Teaching Model, Components. Step 1: Instructional objectives, Step 2: Entering behaviour, Step: 3 Instructional procedures, Step: 4 Performance assessments, Description of Glaser’s Basic Training Model, Principles of reaction
BRYON MASSIALS AND BENJAMIN COX SOCIAL.pdfBeulahJayarani
The social enquiry model is the outcome of the efforts of Benjamin Cox and Byron Massials. It also discuss on elements, Principles of reaction in detail
“Concept Attainment ( indirect instruction strategy) Model” by Jerome Bruner. It also discuss on Descriptions of Bruner’s Concept Attainment Model. Merits, limitations and applications of Concept Attainment Model
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. USES OF MICROBES
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO), NET, Ph.D (Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34
2. MICROBES
Microbes or micro
organisms are minute living
things that are usually
unable to be viewed with
the naked eye.
The study
of microorganisms is
called microbiology.
The Father of
Microbiology is Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek
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3. TYPES OF MICRO ORGANISMS
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4. MICROBES
• At present Microorganisms can be
bacteria, fungi, archaea or protists.
The term microorganisms does not
include viruses and prions, which
are generally classified as non-
living.
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5. WHERE WILL MICRO ORGANISMS BE FOUND?
• Microorganisms are found in almost every habitat
present in nature, including hostile environments
such as the North and South poles, deserts,
geysers, and rocks.
• They also include all the marine microorganisms of
the oceans and deep sea too.
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6. HOW IT’S IMPORTANT IN OUR DAILY LIFE?
• Each human body hosts 10 microorganisms for
every human cell, and these microbes contribute to
digestion, produce vitamin K, promote development
of the immune system, and detoxify harmful
chemicals.
• Microbes are essential to making many foods we
enjoy, such as bread, cheese, and wine.
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7. WHY WE NEED MICRO ORGANISMS?
• Microorganisms are useful in producing foods,
treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide
range of chemicals and enzymes.
• They are invaluable in research as model organisms.
• They have been weaponized and
sometimes used in warfare and bioterrorism
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8. USAGE OF MICROORGANISMS IN OUR DAILY LIFE
• Microbes like bacteria and fungi act on the bodies of dead
plants and animals and convert them into simple
substances.
• These substances are used by other plants and animals.
• Removal of dead bodies by the action
of microbes keeps our planet clean.
• Bacteria are also used in sewage treatment, waste
organic matter etc.,
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9. OTHER USES OF MICROORGANISMS
• 1. Production of Antibiotics
• 2. Production of Dairy Products
• 3. Production of Alcoholic Beverages
• 4. Production of Bread making
• 5. Production of Food Yeast
• 6. Production of Organic Acids
• 7. Production of Vitamins
• 8. Improving the agriculture
• 9. Production of Vaccine
• 10. Production of insecticides
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11. AGRICULTURE
• Microbes are harmful but some microbes are useful for our
day to day life.
• Used as, bio –control agent
• Biological fertilizer/Bio fertilizer
• Used as herbicides and pesticides
• Microbes control insects pest, pathogens and weeds to be
controlled
• Bio control agents are expensive, safe than chemical
pesticides
• Bio fertilizers are cheap, safe renewable resources rather
than chemical fertilizers
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12. CONTD.,
• Used for help high yield
by control of disease
• Bacteria and fungi plays vital
role in agriculture
• Microbes increases soil fertility
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16. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS, ENZYMES
AND VITAMINS
• Oxalic acid, acetic acid, citric acid are produced by
“ASPERGILLUS NIGER”
• Enzymes like lipases, protases and glucose are derived from
microbes
• Yeast are rich source of vitamin-B complex.
• Easy to maintain and cultivate the microbes
• Microbes are easily manipulated genetically.
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18. ANTIBIOTICS
• Medicines are called
antibiotics
• These medicines are produced
from bacteria and fungi
• Streptomycin, tetracycline,
penicillium and erythromycin
are some of the commonly
known antibiotics
• These medicines kill or stop
the growth of the disease
causing micro organism
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19. VACCINES
• These are produced by killing are
making the microbes inactive
• These inactive microbes are unable to
cause disease but stimulate the body to
produce antibodies against the antigen
in the microbes
• MMR-measles, mumps and rubella
• BCG- tuberculosis
• POLIO VIRUS-polio
• TETANUS TOXOID (TT)-tetanus
• HEPATITIS B-hepatitis B
• DITPHERIA TOXOID- Diptheria
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