The document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It provides the following key points:
- UDP is an alternative to TCP that offers a limited connectionless datagram service for delivery of messages between devices on an IP network. It does not guarantee delivery, order of packets, or duplicate protection like TCP.
- UDP is commonly used for applications that require low latency and minimal processing time like DNS, SNMP, and streaming media. These applications can tolerate some data loss since reliability is not critical.
- The UDP header is only 8 bytes, containing source/destination port numbers and length fields. It provides an optional checksum for error detection but no other reliability mechanisms.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). This silde will give u all information about IPv4.
Hope so you like it Freinds.
and
Sorry if i can fulfill ur wish in the given IPv4 Presentation.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). This silde will give u all information about IPv4.
Hope so you like it Freinds.
and
Sorry if i can fulfill ur wish in the given IPv4 Presentation.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
Analysis of Link State Resource Reservation Protocol for Congestion Managemen...ijgca
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down
the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time
activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource
reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data
consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was
confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in
scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This
is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP)
which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual
behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP
connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using
selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput
response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a
previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance
of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows
fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop
effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about
0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec.
The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP
upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and
optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
The many problems of RARP such as the inability to be routed between subnets were solved with BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
DHCPv6 is an adaption of DHCP for IPv6 based networks.
Here is the presentation for Transport Layer Questions from the book Andrew S. Tanenbaum (Computer Networks) and B A Forouzan ( Data Communication and Networking)
In this tutorial on User Datagram Protocol, we will understand the working of a connectionless and unreliable network protocol. It is applied to transmit real-time data and live network services, like streaming gaming videos, and is active in the Transport layer of the OSI model.
Topics covered in this tutorial on User Datagram protocol are:
1. What Is User Datagram Protocol?
2. Features of User Datagram Protocol
3. UDP Header Format
4. Working of the UDP Protocol
5. Applications of the UDP Protocol
6. UDP vs TCP
SECURING DATA TRANSFER IN THE CLOUD THROUGH INTRODUCING IDENTIFICATION PACKET...IJNSA Journal
The emergence of various technologies has since pushed researchers to develop new protocols that support high density data transmissions in Wide Area Networks. Many of these protocols are TCP protocol variants, which have demonstrated better performance in simulation and several limited network experiments but have limited practical applications because of implementation and installation difficulties. On the other hand, users who need to transfer bulk data (e.g., in grid/cloud computing) usually turn to application level solutions where these variants do not fair well. Among protocols considered in the application level solutions are UDP-based protocols, such as UDT (UDP-based Data Transport Protocol) for cloud /grid computing. Despite the promising development of protocols like UDT, what remains to be a major challenge that current and future network designers face is to achieve
survivability and security of data and networks. Our previous research surveyed various security methodologies which led to the development of a framework for UDT. In this paper we present lowerlevel security by introducing an Identity Packet (IP) and Authentication Option (AO) for UDT.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. UDP is a communications protocol that offers a limited amount of service
when messages are exchanged between computers in a network that
uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an alternative to the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and, together with IP, is sometimes
referred to as UDP/IP. Like the Transmission Control Protocol, UDP uses
the Internet Protocol to actually get a data unit (called a datagram) from
one computer to another.
22
Unlike TCP, however, UDP does not provide the service of
dividing a message into packets (datagrams) and reassembling it at the
other end. Specifically, UDP doesn't provide sequencing of the packets
that the data arrives in. This means that the application program that
uses UDP must be able to make sure that the entire message has arrived
and is in the right order. Network applications that want to save
processing time because they have very small data units to exchange
(and therefore very little message reassembling to do) may prefer UDP
to TCP. The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) uses UDP instead of
TCP.
3. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the
core members of the Internet protocol suite (the set
of network protocols used for the Internet). With
UDP, computer applications can send messages, in
this case referred to as datagrams , to other hosts
on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without prior
communications to set up special transmission
channels or data paths. The protocol was designed
by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in
RFC 768.
33
6. UDP is located between the application layer
and the IP layer, and serves as the intermediary
between the application programs and the
network operations.
66
7. 77
Figure 14.1 Position of UDP in the TCP/IP protocol suite
8. Applications
Numerous key Internet applications use UDP, including: the
Domain Name System (DNS), where queries must be fast and
only consist of a single request followed by a single reply
packet, the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP),
the Routing Information Protocol (RIP)[2] and the Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
Voice and video traffic is generally transmitted using UDP
many businesses are finding that a recent increase in UDP
traffic from these real-time applications is hindering the
performance of applications using TCP, such as point of sale,
accounting, and database systems. When TCP detects packet
loss,
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9. 99
USER DATAGRAM
UDP packets, called user datagrams, have a
fixed-size header of 8 bytes.
10. Example
The following is a dump of a UDP header in
hexadecimal format.
1100
a. What is the source port number?
b. What is the destination port number?
c. What is the total length of the user datagram?
d. What is the length of the data?
f. What is the client process?
11. Solution
a. The source port number is the first four
hexadecimal digits (CB84)16 or 52100.
b. The destination port number is the second four
hexadecimal digits (000D)16 or 13.
c. The third four hexadecimal digits (001C)16 define
the length of the whole UDP packet as 28 bytes.
d. The length of the data is the length of the whole
packet
minus the length of the header, or 28 – 8 = 20
bytes.
f. The client process is the Daytime (see Table 14.1).
1111
16. 1166
UDP is an example of the
Note
connectionless simple protocol with the
exception of an optional checksum
added to packets for error detection.
17. A client-server application such as DNS uses the
services of UDP because a client needs to send a
short request to a server and to receive a quick
response from it. The request and response can each
fit in one user datagram. Since only one message is
exchanged in each direction, the connectionless
feature is not an issue; the client or server does not
worry that messages are delivered out of order.
1177
Why UDP?
18. A client-server application such as SMTP which is
used in electronic mail, cannot use the services of
UDP because a user can send a long e-mail
message, which may include multimedia (images,
audio, or video). If the application uses UDP and the
message does not fit in one single user datagram, the
message must be split by the application into
different user datagrams. Here the connectionless
service may create problems. The user datagrams
may arrive and be delivered to the receiver
application out of order. The receiver application may
not be able to reorder the pieces. This means the
connectionless service has a disadvantage for an
application program that sends long messages.
1188
19. Assume we are downloading a very large text file
from the Internet. We definitely need to use a
transport layer that provides reliable service. We
don’t want part of the file to be missing or corrupted
when we open the file. The delay created between
the delivery of the parts are not an overriding
concern for us; we wait until the whole file is
composed before looking at it. In this case, UDP is
not a suitable transport layer.
1199
20. 2200
UDP PACKAGE
To show how UDP handles the sending and
receiving of UDP packets, we present a
simple version of the UDP package.
We can say that the UDP package
involves five components: a control-block
table, input queues, a control-block module,
an input module, and an output module.
26. The first activity is the arrival of a user datagram with destination port number
52,012. The input module searches for this port number and finds it. Queue
number 38 has been assigned to this port, which means that the port has been
previously used. The input module sends the data to queue 38. The control-block
table does not change.
After a few seconds, a process starts. It asks the operating system for a port
number and is granted port number 52,014. Now the process sends its ID
(4,978) and the port number to the control-block module to create an entry in
the table. The module takes the first FREE entry and inserts the information
received. The module does not allocate a queue at this moment because no
user datagrams have arrived for this destination (see Table 14.6).
A user datagram now arrives for port 52,011. The input module checks
the table and finds that no queue has been allocated for this
destination since this is the first time a user datagram has arrived for
this destination. The module creates a queue and gives it a number
(43). See Table 14.7.
After a few seconds, a user datagram arrives for port 52,222. The
input module checks the table and cannot find an entry for this
destination. The user datagram is dropped and a request is made
to ICMP to send an unreachable port message to the source.
2266
28. 2288
Reliability and congestion control solutions
Lacking reliability, UDP applications must generally be willing
to accept some loss, errors or duplication. Some applications,
such as TFTP, may add rudimentary reliability mechanisms
into the application layer as needed.
Most often, UDP applications do not employ reliability
mechanisms and may even be hindered by them. Streaming
media, real-time multiplayer games and voice over IP (VoIP)
are examples of applications that often use UDP. In these
particular applications, loss of packets is not usually a fatal
problem. If an application requires a high degree of reliability,
a protocol such as the Transmission Control Protocol may be
used instead.
