This document discusses the use of digital signal processing (DSP) for wireless and mobile communication. It provides examples of DSP applications such as speech coding, detection and filtering, diversity receivers, and error correction. DSP is beneficial for wireless systems because it provides flexibility, programmability, and can achieve the high performance needed for increasing data rates. DSP targets for applications include speech coding, image enhancement, and equalization in devices like cell phones and voice over IP.
Digital communication viva questions.( 50+)
MCQ of digital communication (50+)
communication systems MCQ. (50+)
communication systems viva questions (50+)
covered topic list:
sampling,quantization,digital,discrete,AM,FM,PM,ASK,FSK,PSK,DM,DPCM,QPSK,ADM,differences,modulation,block diagram,applications,PAM,PWM,PPM,line encoding,polar encoding,bipolar encoding,unipolar encoding,RZ,NRZ,AMI,HDB3,B8ZS
In this chapter we examine the capacity of a single-user wireless channel where transmitter and/or receiver have a single antenna. We will discuss capacity for channels that are both time invariant and time varying. We first look at the well-known formula for capacity of a time-invariant additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and then consider capacity of time-varying flat fading channels. We will first consider flat fading channel capacity where only the fading distribution is known at the transmitter and receiver. We will also treat capacity of frequency-selective fading channels. For time -invariant frequency-selective channels the capacity is known and is achieved with an optimal power allocation that water-fills over frequency instead of time. We will consider only discrete-time systems in this chapter.
Analog to digital converter is one of the most important feature of micro controller. here i am explaining about basic of ADC, working and how exactly controller do it. Here i also explaining registers of ADC and attached a sample code.
Objective of Pulse Code Modulation
Block Diagram of PCM
Process of PCM
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
PCM Standards
Bit Rate and Bandwidth in PCM
Advantages and Disadvantages of PCM
Applications of PCM
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
DSP- use of digital processing, such as by computers or more specialized digital signal processors,to perform a wide variety of signal processing operations.
Digital communication viva questions.( 50+)
MCQ of digital communication (50+)
communication systems MCQ. (50+)
communication systems viva questions (50+)
covered topic list:
sampling,quantization,digital,discrete,AM,FM,PM,ASK,FSK,PSK,DM,DPCM,QPSK,ADM,differences,modulation,block diagram,applications,PAM,PWM,PPM,line encoding,polar encoding,bipolar encoding,unipolar encoding,RZ,NRZ,AMI,HDB3,B8ZS
In this chapter we examine the capacity of a single-user wireless channel where transmitter and/or receiver have a single antenna. We will discuss capacity for channels that are both time invariant and time varying. We first look at the well-known formula for capacity of a time-invariant additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and then consider capacity of time-varying flat fading channels. We will first consider flat fading channel capacity where only the fading distribution is known at the transmitter and receiver. We will also treat capacity of frequency-selective fading channels. For time -invariant frequency-selective channels the capacity is known and is achieved with an optimal power allocation that water-fills over frequency instead of time. We will consider only discrete-time systems in this chapter.
Analog to digital converter is one of the most important feature of micro controller. here i am explaining about basic of ADC, working and how exactly controller do it. Here i also explaining registers of ADC and attached a sample code.
Objective of Pulse Code Modulation
Block Diagram of PCM
Process of PCM
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
PCM Standards
Bit Rate and Bandwidth in PCM
Advantages and Disadvantages of PCM
Applications of PCM
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
DSP- use of digital processing, such as by computers or more specialized digital signal processors,to perform a wide variety of signal processing operations.
Mobility Management Challenges and Issues in 4G Heterogeneous NetworksAJAL A J
Towards 4G
User centric, user controlled services and
context-aware applications
From a user prospective
Multiple Heterogeneous network operators
part of
Multiple user environments
accessed using
Multiple heterogeneous devices
4G technology in wireless communications and it's standards.
Prepared by : Ola Mashaqi ,, Suhad Malayshe
(A telecomm. Engineering Students)
Annajah National University
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1. USE OF DSP FOR WIRELESS
AND MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
BY
RAJAT KUMAR
RISHABH SHRIVASTAVA
SACHIN KUMAR SINGH
SHIV MOHAN GUPTA
VINAY SONKER
2. 2
What is Signal Processing?
• Example of Signals:
– Analog: Speech, Music, Photos, Video, radar, sonar,
…
– Discrete-domain/Digital:
• digitized speech, digitized music, digitized images, digitized
video, digitized radar and sonar signals,…
• stock market data, daily max temperature data, ...
Processing
Signal in Signal out
Operation, Transformation
(Analog or Digital) (Analog or Digital)
3. 3
What is Digital Signal Processing?
• But what about analog signals?
Digital Processing
Digital Signal in Digital Signal out
Operation, Transformation performed
on digital signals (using a computer or
other special-purpose digital hardware)
Analog Signal
in
Analog-to-
Digital (A/D)
Conversion
Digital Processing
Digital-to-
Analog (D/A)
Conversion
5. Digital Signal Processing And Its Benefits
By a signal we mean any variable that carries or contains some kind of
information that can be conveyed, displayed or manipulated.
Examples of signals of particular interest are:
- speech, is encountered in telephony, radio, and everyday life
- biomedical signals, (heart signals, brain signals)
- Sound and music, as reproduced by the compact disc player
- Video and image,
- Radar signals, which are used to determine the range and bearing
of distant targets
6. 6
Why Use DSP For Wireless
Communication?
• Wireless Systems requires more and more high
performance and higher bandwidth
2.5G
3G
2G
Bit Rate
Performance
~100MIPS
8-13 Kbps
~10,000MIPS
64-384 Kbps
~100,000MIPS
384-3000 Kbps
DSP performance
might not be
enough for
future
applications
4G
~1000,000MIPS
10 Mbps – 100+ Mbps
7. 7
What are the alternatives
• High-performance GPPs with DSP enhancements.
– Eliminating the need of a DSP and GPP for many products and
thus reducing cost
– Example: Pentium 4
• Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions allowing
identical operations on multiple pieces of data in parallel.
• 144 new special instructions providing advanced capabilities for
applications such as 3D graphics, video encoding/decoding, and
speech recognition.
• Several Data Types (floating/integer)
• Multi-Core DSPs
• Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)
• Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
8. ASIC, FPGA
• Uses hard-wired logic with varied architectures
according to the application
• FPGA
• It is a network of reconfigurable hardware with
reconfigurable interconnect controlled by a
switching matrix
9. DSP aspects in Wireless communication
• Source Coding (Speech coding)
• Detection and matched filtering
• Diversity and rake receivers
• Multi-user detection
• Error Correction
10. Speech coding for mobile
• To reduce the bit-rate required for transmitting telephone
quality speech, a new approach to speechcompression
is needed.
• Current mobile phones compress to about 13,000 b/s (bit
per second) and weaim to achieve 4,000 b/s and lower
using a method called 'DAP-STC'.
• Compression is generallyachieved by spectrally
analysing speech segments to derive a model of the
human speech process.
• DAP-STC is a new and potentially more accurate way of
doing this with a modified speech productionmodel.
• A variable bit-rate version achieves an average 2,400
b/s and is suitable for packetised speechas may be
transmitted over computer networks.
12. The Matched Filter Principle
• The optimum receiver for any signal
– in Additive white Gaussian Noise
– over a Linear Time-Invariant Channel
• is ‘a matched filter’:
Integrate
S
Locally stored reference
copy of transmit signal
Channel Noise
Transmit
Signal
13. The Matched Filter Principle
Integrate
S
Locally stored reference
copy of transmit signal for “1”
Channel Noise
Transmit Signal,
either S0(t) for “0”
or S1(t) for “1”
Integrate
S
Locally stored reference
copy of transmit signal for “0”
S1(t)
S0(t)
Select
largest
14. Fundamentals of Diversity
Reception
• What is diversity?
• Diversity is a technique to combine several copies
of the same message received over different
channels.
• Why diversity?
• To improve link performance
15. Methods for obtaining multiple
replicas
• Site Diversity
• Frequency Diversity
• Time Diversity
• Polarization Diversity
• Angle Diversity
16. Site (or macro) diversity
• Receiving antennas are located at different sites.
– Example: at the different corners of hexagonal cell.
• Advantage: multipath fading, shadowing, path loss and interference all
become "independent“
17. Frequency diversity, Time diversity, Angle diversity
• Frequency diversity:
Each message is transmitted at different carrier
frequencies .
Time diversity:
Each message is transmitted more than once.
Useful for moving terminals.
Angle diversity:
• Waves from different angles of arrival are
combined optimally, rather than with random phase
• Directional antennas receive only a fraction of all scattered energy.
18. Low power implementation of DSP in
Mobile Communication
• The requirement for extended battery life, reduced size and low
electromagnetic interference for mobile communication equipment
has led to the development of a novel asynchronous DSP device
known as CADRE.
• Compiler support for the new device is needed to avoid manual
assembly-level programming.
• Apart from maximising speed and minimising code size, the
compiler is required to produce code which exploits the special
features of CADRE to minimise energy consumption.
19. Source: “Mobile data feels pressure from the need for speed”, Network News, 2 June 1998 (CAP Gemini, September 1999)
Mobile Communications Networks
First Generation
• Analogue
• Basic voice
telephony
• Low capacity
• Limited local and
regional coverage
• E.g. NMT, AMPS,
TACS, C-net
• Digital:
– Circuit switched
• Voice plus basic
data applications:
– Fax
– SMS (small message
services)
– Circuit-switched data
• Low data speed
• Regional coverage,
with trans-national
roaming
• E.g. GSM, D-AMPS,
PDC, IS 95 CDMA
• Digital:
– Packet and circuit
switched
• Advanced data —
i.e. multimedia
applications
• Fast data access
• Global coverage
• E.g. UMTS
(WCDMA,
TD/CDMA), IMT-
2000
Second Generation Third Generation
Wireless data already be introduced in second generation mobile
Development of mobile
communications
24. 24
DSP Targets: Voice Over IP
DSP
Chip
Voice
Codec
Memory
(Card or
Chip)
Audio Coders
-MP3
-AC3
-AAC
Peripherals
Micro
processor
25. Attraction of DSP comes from key advantages such as :
* Guaranteed accuracy: (accuracy is only determined by the number of bits used)
* Perfect Reproducibility: Identical performance from unit to unit
ie. A digital recording can be copied or reproduced several times with no
loss in signal quality
* No drift in performance with temperature and age
* Uses advances in semiconductor technology to achieve:
(i) smaller size
(ii) lower cost
(iii) low power consumption
(iv) higher operating speed
* Greater flexibility: Reprogrammable , no need to modify the hardware
* Superior performance
ie. linear phase response can be achieved
complex adaptive filtering becomes possible
26. CONCLUSION
• Designers of 3G base stations will make use of
the DSPs in order to achieve the high
performance and flexibility needed for
tomorrow’s voice and data applications.
• Speech coding is an essential application of
digital signal processing in modern day
telephony and mobile communications, which
employ high data compression ratios.
