Enzymes play very important role in different industries as well as in Paper industry. Use of enzyme in paper making industries is cost effective.

2. Name: Muhammad Amir Aslam
MSc. Biotech
Course: Industrial Biotechnology

3. Table of Content
Introduction(enzyme)
Background History Of Enzyme
Structure Of Enzyme
Characteristics (Enzyme)
Classification Of Enzyme
Use Of Enzyme In Industry
Advantages and disadvantages of Enzyme
Introduction Of Pulp And Paper Industry
Conventional Way Of Making Paper Pulp
Type Of Pulping Process
Traditional And New Focus For Enzymatic Application For Pulp And Paper
Name Enzymes Used In Pulp And Paper Processing
How Enzyme Act In Pulping.
Main Steps Involved In Paper Making
Enzyme Use In Bleaching
Enzyme Use In Fiber Recycling
Cellulosic Fibers From Lignocellulosic Biomass

4. All Enzymes act as biological catalysts that speed up the
rate of the biochemical reaction.
 Enzymes allows the coordinate sequence of reaction
 Some RNA species also act as enzymes and are known
as Ribozymes e.g. hammerhead ribozyme.

5. Emil
fisher
•In 1894 studied Enzyme specificity for
substrate and He purposed the lock and key
Model for enzyme action.
Hans and
Eduard
Bucher
•In 1897 studied that there is no need
living cell for fermentation
Henri
•In 1903 give the first mathematical
model.
Mechaeli
s and
Menten
•In 1913 give the kinetic theory of enzyme
action
Kosh
land
•1958 give the induced fit model for
specificity enzyme.
Kirchhoff
• First indicated the presence
of enzyme in living organisms
Anselm
e Payen
• In 1833 discovered first
enzyme known as Diastase.
Berzilus
• In 1837, recognized the catalytic nature of
Diastase.
Louis
pasture
• In 1860 did the fermentation of food stuff
by the help of living cells.
wilhelm
kuhne.
• The term Enzyme coined in 1878

6.  Enzymes have three dimensional globular proteins.
Active site has a specific shape
 Change in the shape of protein affects the shape of active site and function of the
enzyme.
Schematic model of enzyme

7. *An enzyme attracts substrates to its active site, catalyzes the
chemical reaction by which products are formed,
*Then allows the products to dissociate
*The combination formed by an enzyme and its substrates is called
the enzyme–substrate complex.

8. *The presence of enzyme does not effect the properties of
end product.
*Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation
energy of the reaction.
*They are highly specific in their action that is each enzyme
can catalyze one kind of substrate.
*Small amount of enzymes enough to catalyze the chemical
reactions.
*Enzymes are sensitive to change in pH, temperature and
substrate concentration.

9. Classification Of Enzyme
oxidoreductase
s
Transferase
Hydrolyses
Layses
isomerase
Ligase
Catalyzes the oxidation
reaction
Transportation of the
functional group
Catalyze the hydrolysis
reaction
Catalyzed the addition and
elimination reactions.
Involving in structural
rearrangement of a molecule
Catalysis of a ligation
process

10. Industr
y
Leather
Staining
Textile
Starch and fuel
Pulp and
paper
Detergent
Use of
Enzyme
Environment
Waste
degradation
Detection of
toxic
pollutants
Agriculture
Animal feed
from agriculture
Agrochemicals
Animal feed
Additives

11. Process
Engineering
•Optimized Bioreactor Design
•Optimized Process
Condition
•Techno-economic Analyses
Enzyme
Immobilization
Protein
Engineering
•Increased Bio Catalytic
Activity
•Improved Enzyme
Substrate Affinity
•Solvent And
Thermostable Enzymes
•Increased Isolated
Enzyme Yield
• Improved Stabiliy, Reusability,
Functionality Of Biocatalyst
• Molecular Simulations For
Optimal Biocatalyst Design

12. Advantages disadvantages of Enzyme
Advantages
Specific Catalysts.
Efficient In Their
Function
Generally aren't
toxic
Provide Environment-
friendly products
Disadvantages
Some people may develop
allergies to the enzymes
Enzymes can be denatured by
even a small increase in
temperature.
Enzymes can be expensive
to produce.
Contamination of
the enzyme with other
substances can affect the
reaction.

13. Introduction of Pulp And Paper industry
The main component for paper manufacturing is Pulp
The pulp and paper industry converts the wood or
fiber into pulp and then into paper
Two methods are used for obtaining pulp from wood
which are known as Mechanical and Chemical Method
Primarily paper mills are busy in manufacturing paper
from wood pulp and other fiber pulp but it may also
produce converting paper products.

14. Bark of wood is
removed
The logs obtained
are cut into smaller
pieces called chips.
These chips cooked
under pressure using
sulphur and caustic
soda.
In this way, lignin that
binds the cellulose
fibers are removed.

15. Pulping
process
Mechanical
Mechanical
pulp
Yield 90-96%
Chemical
thermo
mechanical
CTMP
Yield 85-
90%
Thermo-
mediated
TMP
Yield 90-96%
Chemical
1. kraft, sulfite,
neutral sulfite
semi-
chemical (NSSC),
and soda.
Yield 80%

16. Main Steps Involved In Paper Making
Paper
Raw
material
Fiber
separation
Bleaching
Paper
making
procedure

17. separation and cleaning of the fibers
Refining
Dilution process
Formation of fibers on a thin screen
Pressurization to enhance material
density
Dry to eliminate material density
Finishing procedure to provide a suitable surface for usage

18. Pulp
production
Wood yard
Mechanical
pulping Ground wood
CTMP
whitening Screening
uptakes
BleachingWaste
Chemical
pulping
Recovery
screening washing
Stock
preparation Wet End Dry end Rewinding Finishing
Coating
Paper product
user
Paper
product
production
pulping

19.  Wood fibers are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose,
lignin, and extractives.
 In Mechanical pulping no major chemical changes occurs.
 In chemical pulping, hemicellulose modified through
dissolution, partial degradation, and re – deposition.
 Chemical fibers more susceptible to the action of
macromolecular enzymes due to open structure as
compared to mechanical
Enzymatic treatments of fibers can be considered to be surface
specific modification methods.

20. EnzymesTraditional materials
• Quality improvement
• pretreatments
Processing
• Chemical saving
• Energy saving
Process control
• Yields
• Run ability
• Microbial safety
Enzymes
Bio refinery concepts
• Energy carriers
• Platform chemicals
• structural components
Tailored fibers
• functionalization
• New products
Safe and intelligent products
• Paper and board
• Packaging materials
• Composites
New focus
Traditional
focus

21.  Cellulases
 Hemicellulases
 Transferases
 Lignin - Modifying, Oxidative Enzymes
 Peroxidases
 Laccases

22. Enzyme
Amylase Cellulase Lipase Pectinase xylanase
• Surface
coating
• Deinking
• Deinking
• Fiber
modification
• Draining
improvement
• Pitch
treatment
• Microbial
control
• Debarking
• Retting of
flax fiber
• Bleaching
• Fiber
modification
• Deinking
Schematic Flow chart

23.  The wood chips treated with lignin- degrading enzyme
Enzymes increases the yield of fiber.
Pre-treatments Enzyme cellulase, hemicellulase and
pectinase enhance the Kraft pulping
The complex of these enzyme useful for delignification.
 In mechanical pulping cellobiohydrolase treatment
reduced energy requirement
 Laccase treatment increases strength of the paper

24.  The goal of bleaching is to whiten the
pulp
 Xylanases, laccases or manganese
peroxidases also use for whitening the
pulp.
 Xylanases mostly used for pre-bleaching
kraft pulp.
 Hexenuronic acid, is formed during
kraft pulps as residual in result of
whitening the pulp.
So xylanases used to removed this
colored components.

25. Recycling of papers is to remove ink
and other contaminants.
 Enzymes enhanced dewatering rates,
facilitate contaminant removal, and
increase bond strength in recycled
fibers.
 Cellulase enzymes are used for this
deinking process.
Paper
production
Paper
consumpti
on
waste
paper
Recovered
paper
collection
Recovered
paper
collection
Other
option

26. Lignocellulosc
biomasss
 Decrease the production
cost
 Improve pulp properties
 Improving refining
efficiency
 Decrease bleaching
cost
 Improving pulp
properties
Kraft pulping
Enzyme
Blenched
pulp
Dissolving
pulp
Enzyme
 Improve reactivity of
cellulase
 Improve purity of cellulose
 Improve enzyme efficiency
 Improve pulp properties
Flow chart

27. Paper
production
Worldwide
419.69 mt
In china
114766Kmt
Global
production
245.8Mmt

28. Globally paper industry has great importance. It is
more important for economy. We want paper making
method should be cheapest so scientist are working
on them. However the treatment of enzyme reduce
the price for paper making. Enzyme playing vital role
in paper industry. With Enzyme paper making method
would be cost effective. We have to get great
outcome from enzyme in paper industry.