this presentation is about new materials for paper making (palm fronds and banana leaves)

1. NEW RAW MATERIALS
FOR PAPER PULP
Under supervision:
Prof.Dr. Mamdouh M. Nassar
Aya Ashraf Gehad Osama
Marwa Ragab Mostafa Ahmad
By:

2. Lay out
Objectives
Introduction
Experimental Part
Results
Conclusions

3. “In some countries like Egypt have lack in wood,
so they use agricultural residues in paper
industries.
The main objective of this study is to produce a
new type of pulp from agricultural materials i.e.
palm fronds and banana leaves to substitute
some of the imported wood fiber.
OBJECTIVES

4. INTRODUCTION
▪ Paper as we know it
today is always made
from a fibrous raw
material. The most
important sources of
fibers are forests of
the world.

5. CHEMISTRY OF
WOOD AND FIBER
20 – 40 %
15 – 35 %
40 – 50 %
The paper we produced from
such materials without lignin.

6. The main purpose of pulping is to separate fibers by
REMOVING OF LIGNIN
Pulping
methods
MECHANICAL
PULPING
CHEMICAL
PULPING
SEMI-CHEMICAL
PULPING

7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
▪ The fibers are cylindrical tube.
▪ The high length and the smaller
diameter of fibers produce
flexible fibers

8. PULP AND PAPER
MAKING PROCESS
2 3 4
5 6 7
1
Raw Material
Collection Chopping Digestion Washing
Beating Bleaching
Paper
making
8
Drying

9. BATCH DIGESTER

10. CONTINUOUS PULPING

11. ADDITION IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY
To improve paper quality.
 Fillers
 Talc
 Dyes and brighteners

12. Experimental part

13. EXPERIMENTAL PART
Part I
Two Types of
pulping
Under
atmospheric
pressure
under high
pressure (9 atm )

14. PROCESS STEPS
under 1 atm
1. raw material either Palm fronds
or Banana Paper was dried and
cut to small pieces about 2-3
cm length.

15. 2. Pulping was carried out by
adding 20 gm NaOH (10%).
3. The pulping was carried out in
a steal container (2 lit) and is
heated up using Bunsen flam.
4. Heating up for 6 hr. was taken
to keep constant level by
adding water all the time.

16. 5- the produce pulp slurry was washed well and defiberation.
Note: This process is repeated 4 times with difference in concentration of NaOH
with palm fronds and banana leaves.

17. The cooked pulp The defibrillated pulp

18. TESTS
Testing classification
Chemical
properties
Physical
properties
Strength
properties
• Kappa Number • Opacity
• Yellowness
• Air permeance
• Bulk
• Burst
• Tear
• Tensile

19. Results and discussion

20. We have 3 sample of palm fronds pulp which are semi-chemical
pulps with some lignin content , 1 sample of bagasse which is
chemical pulp with lower lignin content that is mean more cellulose
which creates more hydrogen bonds that is lead to strong paper, and
1 sample of bagasse with adding 25 % of wood pulp.
First at all

21. 1.38 1.4 1.42
1.49
1.67
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
BULK
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Yield
Bulk versus pulp yield for different pulps

22. 89
84
78
76.9 76.9
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
OPACITY
YEILD
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Relationship between opacity and percentage pulp.

23. 38.7
33
31
4.5
1.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
YELLOWNESS
YEILD
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Relationship between yellowness and percentage pulp.

24. 600
530
470
450
660
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
AIRPERMEANCE
YIELD
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Relationship between air permeance and percentage pulp.

25. 33.65
35.82
41.7
50.9
58.17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
TENSILEINDEX
YIELD
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Relationship between tensile index and percentage pulp.

26. 3432
3654
4253
5190
5933
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
BREAKINGLENGTH
YIELD
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Relationship between breaking length and percentage pulp.

27. 1.68 1.91 1.94
3.56 3.61
17.14
19.48 19.79
36.4 36.82
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
BURST
YIELD
burst index burst factor
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Relationship between burst strength and percentage pulp.

28. 10.35 9.53 8.2 5.74
10.51
105.57
97.21
83.64
58.5
107.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
47.50% 47% 45% 42%
TEAR
YIELD
tear index tear factor
Palm fronds
Bagasse
Bagasse (75%) + softwood (25%)
Relationship between tear and percentage pulp.

29. Experimental part
Part 2
 Pulp washing
 Defibration
 Bleaching of fiber
 Addition in the paper industry
 Hand sheets preparation
STEPS
HAND MADE PAPER

30. STEP 1: PULP WASHING
To wash out the cooking chemicals and dissolved lignin

31. STEP 2 : DEFIBRATION
The washed Palm Fronds pulp is defibrillated in a blender until we get
the pulp.

32. STEP 3: BLEACHING OF FIBER
Bleaching the pulp by multiple stages was carried by two stage.
Different types of bleaching
chemicals
Hypochlorite (NaOCl) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

33. ▪ Adding of 5% of active Cl2.
▪ Mixing fibered pulp with the prepared hypochlorite solution and
the pH is controlled until the mixture reach to pH=9.
▪ Heating the mixture in a water bath at 40 ºC for 90 minutes.
▪ Repeat the same steps at concentrations of 7% and 9% of active
Cl2.
FIRST STEP
1- Hypochlorite(Cl2)
Note:
We found the best bleaching of fibers with good properties and higher
degree of whiteness at concentration of 7% Cl2.

34. Controlling the PH Heating in water path
Bleached pulp

35. SECOND STAGE
2- peroxide(H2O2)
▪ Adding of 8% of (H2O2 35%).
▪ Adding water until it covers the pulp.
▪ Mixing of fiber with H2O2 and control it
until the mixture reach to pH=11.5.
▪ Heating the mixture in a water bath at a
temperature of 70 ºC for 120 minutes.

36. Three samples before and after first and second bleaching

37. STEP 4: CHEMICAL ADDITIONS IN THE
PAPER INDUSTRY
• Alum
• Colored materials.
• Fillers such as talc powder
• Calcium carbonate

38. STEP: 5 HAND SHEETS PREPARATION:
A dilute pulp slurry with very
law consistency about 0.6%
is placed over screen.
The slurry was left to drain all
the water.

39. the wet sheet over the
screen is covered by a dry
cotton cloth sheet and
pressed well to squeeze
more water.
transfer the wet sheet over a
clean smooth shiny stainless
steel sheet and cover the wet
pulp sheet with new dry cotton
cloth sheet.

40. Dry using electric iron, care was taken not to burn the paper sheet.

41. By this way we have a good decorative paper sheet.

42. CONCLUSION
▪ In this study, semi-chemical pulps from palm fronds and banana
leaves were produced.
▪ The strength properties of the produced semi-chemical pulp are
comparable to the chemical bagasse pulp.
▪ Optimizing pulp of palm fronds and banana leaves can produce better
pulp with high strength then can substitute part of the imported wood
pulp.

43. Thanks