This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTI). It begins with definitions and terminology related to UTI. It then discusses the classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and conclusions regarding UTI. The document is intended as an educational seminar on UTI and contains detailed information on the topic in an outline format.
Interstitial cystitis is a long-term
(chronic) inflammation of the bladder wall.
Treatment results vary. Some people respond well to simple treatments
and dietary changes. Others may require extensive treatments or surgery.
A Microbiology topic on Urinary Tract Infection, covering various subtopics like the causative organism, clinical features and more importantly, the lab diagnosis.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Microbiology, Ananthnarayan & Paniker
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
Interstitial cystitis is a long-term
(chronic) inflammation of the bladder wall.
Treatment results vary. Some people respond well to simple treatments
and dietary changes. Others may require extensive treatments or surgery.
A Microbiology topic on Urinary Tract Infection, covering various subtopics like the causative organism, clinical features and more importantly, the lab diagnosis.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Microbiology, Ananthnarayan & Paniker
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Urinary Tract Infection (Pyelonephritis, Cystitis). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Symptomatic presence of micro-organisms within the urinary tract i.e., kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra.
• Associated with inflammation of urinary tract.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
4. Introduction
• Symptomatic
presence of micro
organisms within the
urinary tract
i.e., kidney, ureters,
bladder and urethra.
• Associated with
inflammation of
urinary tract.
5. • Significant bacteriuria: presence of at least
105
bacteria/ml of urine.
• Asymptomatic bacteriuria : bacteriuria with
no
symptoms.
• Urethritis: infection of anterior urethral tract
*dysuria, urgency and frequency of urination.
• Cystitis: infection to urinary bladder
*dysuria, frequency and urgency, pyuria and
6. • Acute pyelonephritis: infection of
one/both kidneys; sometimes lower tract
also.
*pyuria, fever, painful micturition
• Chronic pyelonephritis: particular type of
pathology of kidney; may/may not be
due to infection.
7. UTI - Terminology
• Uncomplicated: UTI without underlying renal or
neurologic disease.
• Complicated: UTI with underlying structural,
medical or neurologic disease.
• Recurrent : > 3 symptomatic UTIs within 12
months following clinical therapy.
• Reinfection: recurrent UTI caused by a different
pathogen at any time
• Relapse: recurrent UTI caused by same species
causing original UTI within 2 wks after therapy.
9. Epidemiology
Seen in all age groups
Infants up to 6 months – 2/1000
More common in boys than girls
Women – at greater risk than men; prevalence
40-50% in women and 0.04% in men.
10% women have recurrent UTI in their life
7 million new cases of lower UTI / year
1 million hospitalizations / year
Incidence of UTI increases in old age; 10% of
men and 20% of women are infected.
10. Etiology
• Acute uncomplicated UTI:
• Escherichia coli – cause about 80% of UTI
• 20% of UTI caused by-
Gram negative enteric bacteria – Klebsiella,
Proteus
Gram positive cocci – Streptococcus
faecalis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
• S.saprophyticus – restricted to infections in
young sexually active women.
11. Complicated UTI:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter &
Serratia
Isolated in hospital acquired infections and
catheter associated UTI.
Viruses - Rubella, Mumps and HIV
Fungi - Candida, Histoplasma capsulatum
Protozoa - T. vaginalis, S. haematobium
12. Pathogenesis
• 4 routes of bacterial entry to urinary
tract.
1) Ascending infection
2) Blood borne spread
3) Lymphatogenous spread
4) Direct extension from other organs
13. • Ascending Infection:
most common route.
organisms ascend through urethra into
bladder.
organism
Colonize in
perineal and
periurethral areas
UTI
Ascend to
bladder,
kidneys
15. • Lymphatogenous spread:
Men- through rectal and colonic
lymphatic vessels to prostrate and
bladder.
Women- through periuterine lymphatics
to urinary tract.
• Direct extension from other organs:
Pelvic inflammatory diseases
Genito-urinary tract fistulas
16. • The organism:
E.coli – many strains present but only few
cause infection.
Virulence factors:
1. fimbriae
2. resistance to serum bactericidal activity
; increased amounts of capsular K antigen
activity
3. toxin production
4. production of urease enzyme (proteus
sps)
23. • Pyleonephritis:
Invasive nature
Suprapubic
tenderness
Fever and chills
White blood cell casts
in urine
Back pain
Nausea and vomiting
Complications include sepsis, septic shock
and death.
24. Clinical manifestations depending on age
• Babies and infants:
Failure to thrive
Fever
Apathy
Diarrhoea
• Children:
Dysuria, urgency, frequency
Haematuria
Acute abdominal pain
Vomiting
25. • Adults:
Lower UTI- frequency, urgency,
dysuria,
haematuria
Upper UTI- fever, rigor and lion pain
and symptoms of lower UTI.
• Elderly patients:
Mostly asymptomatic
Not diagnostic as the symptoms are
common with age.
33. UTI
urinalysis
Urine microscopy and culture
Male
Any UTI
Ultrasound
cystoscopy
Adult female
Lower UTI
Treat without
further
investigation
Children
Any UTI
cystourethro
graphy
pyelonephriti
s
Complicated
Blood
cultures
CT scan
Check renal
Further investigation
34. UTI - management
• Symptomatic UTI- antibiotic therapy
• Asymptomatic UTI- no treatment required
except in special situations.
• Non- specific therapy:
• more water intake.
• Maintaining acidity of urine by fluids like
canberry juice.
35. Anti-microbial therapy
• Goals of therapy:
Elimination of infection
Relief of acute symptoms
Prevention of recurrence and long
term complications
• Decision to hospitalize ??
• Treatment considerations ??
36. • Ideal antibiotic for UTI :
Adequate coverage over E.coli
Concentration in urine
Duration of therapy
Low resistance
Cost
Low adverse effect profile
37. Principles of anti microbial therapy
• Levels of antibiotic in urine but not in
blood
• Blood levels of antibiotic – important in
pyleonephritis
• Penicillins and cephalosporins – drugs of
choice for UTI with renal failure.
39. Single dose therapy
a. Trimethoprim- sulfamethaxole
bactrim–DS : TMP–160mg + SMZ–800mg
co-trimoxazole-DS :TMP-160mg + SMZ-800mg
b. Amoxicillin- clavulnate 500mg
aceclav tab
acmox- AG tab
c. Amoxcillin 3gm
d. Ciprofloxacin 500mg – alquin tab
e. Norfloxacin 400mg – Actiflox-400 tab
40. • for uncomplicated UTI
• Not for patients with
1. past history of complicated UTI
2. history of antibiotic resistance
3. history of relapse with single dose
• advantages: compliance, cost, less side
effects, less resistance
• Disadvantages: increased recurrence or
relapse
41. 3 day therapy
• Efficacy same as 7 day therapy with less
adverse effects
• Drugs used include
1. quinolines
2. TMP-SMZ
3. betalactam antibiotics
• Extended release ciprofloxacin
500mg for uncomplicated UTI
1000mg for complicated UTI
42. 7 day therapy
• Used less for uncomplicated UTI
• Useful in 1. recurrent cases
2. pregnancy
3. UTI with other risk factors
14 day therapy
• For complicated UTI
• High risk of mortality and morbidity
47. Asymptomatic bacteriuria
• Children – treatment same as
symptomatic bacteriuria
• Adults –
treatment required in cases of
a. pregnancy
b. patient with obstructive structural
abnormalities
48. Bacteriuria in pregnancy
• To prevent risk of pyelonephritis
• 7 day course with following antibiotics
Cephalaxin
Nitrofurantoin
Amoxicillin
• Therapy continued at regular intervals
of pregnancy.
49. Relapsing UTI
• 7-10 day course
• If fails – 2week course / 6week course
• Structural abnormalities corrected by
surgery
• 6week course –
a. children
b. adults with continuous symptoms
c. high risk of renal damage
50. Prophylaxis for UTI
• Single dose of trimethoprim 100mg /
nitrofurantion 50mg
• Long term low dose prophylaxis
beneficial
• Women- single dose of antibiotic after
sexual intercourse.
51. Catheter associated UTI
• Asymptomatic UTI develop in
catheterized patients after 10-14 days.
• Antibiotic treatment - eradicate
organism but high chance of relapse.
• Catheter removal before treatment is
beneficial.
53. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
Adverse effects:
o Steven Johnson's syndrome
o Dermatitis
o Angiodema
o GI disturbances
o Agranulocytosis
Contraindicated in
o Hypersensitivity to sulfa
drugs
o Infants
o Megaloblastic anaemia
Mechanism of action
54. nitrofurantoin
Damages bacterial DNA.
Reduced to reactive forms by bacterial
nitroreductase- damage DNA, ribosomes
Adverse effects:
o Hypersensitivity pneumonitis,GI
disturbances, haemolytic anaemia
Contraindications:
o Renal failure, neonates, pregnancy
55. Cefixime
3rd generation cephalosporin
Disrupts synthesis of peptidoglycan of
bacterial cell wall
Adverse effects:
o Rash, utricaria
o Diarrhea
o Thrombocytopenia
o leucopenia
56. Amoxicillin
Penicillin class antibiotic
Inhibits cross linking of peptidoglycan
polymer chains which is the major
component of bacterial cell wall.
Adverse effects:
o Rash
o GI disturbances, renal dysfunction
o Antibiotic associated colitis, lethergy
Contraindications: penicillin
hypersensitivity
57. Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinoline antibiotic
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topisomerase 1V,
the enzymes necessary for separation of
bacterial DNA – inhibit cell division
Adverse effects:
o Peripheral neuropathy
o Rhabdomyolysis
o Steven Johnson's syndrome
o Hemolytic anaemia
58. Surgical treatment
a) Surgical removal of renal calculi,
bladder calculi
b) Ureteroplasty
c) Reimplatation of ureters if VUR
present
59. Conclusion
Urinary tract infections are the 2nd most
common bacterial infections.
Women are the most infected subjects in
the population.
Development of resistance to antibiotics
by the bacteria result in problems during
the treatment and lead to relapse or
recurrence.
Recent advances such as development of
immunologicals like intranasal vaccines
may result in life time cure of the infection
60. References
• Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics by
Roger Walker, Clive Edwards; 3rd edition;
page 503 – 511.
• Applied therapeutics the clinical use of
drugs by Mary Anne konda- kimble; 8th
edition; page456 – 465.