The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the urinary and gastrointestinal systems. It describes the kidneys, nephrons, ureters, bladder, and urethra in urinary system. It then discusses factors that influence urination and various urinary conditions. For the gastrointestinal system, it outlines the structure of feces and factors affecting defecation. It concludes by describing common conditions like constipation, diarrhea, and incontinence.

2.  Kidneys
- primary regulators of fluid and
acid base balance.
Nephrons – functional unit of
kidneys.
- each has glomerulus- tuft of
capillaries surrounded by
Bowman’s capsule.

5.  Ureters
 Urine is formed in the kidneys, it moves
through the collecting ducts into the calyces
of the renal pelvis then to ureters.
Bladder
hollow muscular organ that serves as a
reservoir for urine and the organ for
excretion.
Urethra
extends from the bladder to the urinary
meatus

7.  refer to the process of emptying the
bladder.
Stretch receptor-
 - special nerve endings.
 - bladder contains 250ml and 450ml of
urine.
In children: 50 to 200 ml

8.  1. Developmental factors
 Infant, pre-schoolers, school age, elders
2. Psychological factors
3. Fluid and food intake
4. Medications
5. Muscle Tone

9. 6. Pathologic conditions
7. Surgical and diagnostic Procedures

10. 1. Polyuria
- refers to the production of abnormally large
amounts of urine by the kidneys, often
several liters more.
2. Oliguria
- low urine output, usually less than 500ml a
day or 30 ml an hour.

11. 3. Anuria
- refers to lack of urine production

12. 1. Urinary frequency
- voiding at frequent intervals. More often
than usual.
2. Nocturia
- voiding 2 or more times at night.
3. Urgency
- feeling that the person must void.

13. 4. Dysuria
- voiding that is painful.
5. Enuresis
- involuntary urination in children beyond the
age when voluntary bladder control is
normally acquired.
6. Urinary Incontinence
- involuntary urination.

14. 7. Urinary retention
- problem in emptying the bladder.
8. Neurogenic bladder
- impaired neurologic function which
interferes with normal urine mechanisms.

16.  expulsion of feces from the
anus and rectum.
 Also known as bowel
movement
 The frequency of defecation
is highly individualized.

17.  made of about 75% water and 25
% solid materials.
 Soft and formed
 Chiefly brown due to the
presence of stercobilin and
urobilin, which are derived from
bilirubin.

18.  Development
 Diet
 Fluid
 Activity
 Psychologic factors
 Medications
 Anesthaisa and Surgery
 Pathologic conditions
 Pain

19. 1. Constipation
 defined as fewer than 3
bowel movements per
week.
 Infers passage of dry, hard
stool or no stool

20. 2. Fecal Impaction
 a mass or collection of hardened feces in
the folds of the rectum.
 Results from prolonged retention and
accumulation of fecal material

21. 3. Diarrhea
 Refers to the passage of
liquid feces and an
increased frequency of
defecation

22. 4. Bowel Incontinence
 also called fecal
incontinence
 involuntary ability to
control fecal and gaseous
discharges through the anal
sphincter.

23. 5. Flatulence
 presence of excessive flatus
in the intestines and leads
to stretching and inflation
of intestines