Hello,everyone Download this presentation....

1. THE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF
By…MOHD TANVEER
B.S.C MEDICAL LAB TECHNOLOGY
TEERTHANKER MAHAVEER UNIVERSTY

2. Primary Function of
Respiratory System
• The respiratory system supplies the
blood with oxygen so that the blood
can deliver oxygen to all parts of the
body.
• And also removes carbon dioxide
waste that cells produce.

3. * It is the system, consisting of tubes and is
responsible for the exchange of gases in
Humans by filtering incoming air
and transporting it into the microscopic
alveoli where gases are exchanged
* Your respiratory system provides the energy
needed by cells of the body to funtion
accroding to their designated tasks.
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

4. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

5. The organs of the
“Respiratory Tract”
can be divided into two groups
“STRUCTURALLY”
** The Upper Respiratory Tract ** The Lower Respiratory Tract
* Nose
* Nasal cavity
* Sinuses
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchial Tree
* Lungs

6. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

7. The organs of the
“Respiratory Tract”
can be divided into two groups
“FUNCTIONALLY”
** The Conducting Portion
- system of interconnecting
cavities and tubes that
conduct air into the lungs
** The Respiratory Portion
- system where the exchange of
respiratory gases occurs
* Nose
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Respiratory
bronchioles
* Alveolar Ducts
* Alveoli

8. The Respiratory Epithelium

9. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
I. N O S E
A. N a s a l C a v i t y
B. P a r a n a s a l S i n u s e s
II. P H A R Y N X
III. L A R Y N X
A. E p I g i o t t i s
B. V o c a l C o r d s
IV. T R A C H E A
v. B R O N C H I
A. B r o n c h i a l T r e e
VI. L U N G S
A. L o b e s o f t h e L u n g s
B. P l e u r a l C a v i t i e s
C. A l v e o l i

10. THE NOSE

11. The Nose
• Only externally visible part of the
respiratory system.
• Functions include:
• Providing an airway for respiration
• Moistening and warming air
• Filtering inspired air
• Serving as a resonating center for speech
• Housing the olfactory receptors.

12. * It provides an entrance for air in which air is
filtered by coarse hairs inside the nostrils.
* It has 2 portions : the external and internal
* The external portion is supported by a framework
of bone and cartilage covered with skin and
lined with mucous membrane.
* The internal portion is a large cavity in the skull,
THE NOSE

13. The Nasal Cavity

14. The Nose
• Only externally visible part of the
respiratory system.
• Functions include:
• Providing an airway for respiration
• Moistening and warming air
• Filtering inspired air
• Serving as a resonating center for speech
• Housing the olfactory receptors.

15. * Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous
membrane and contains tiny, surface hairs,
cilia. divided medially by the nasal septum.
* Nasal conchae divide the cavity into passageways
that are lined with mucous membrane,
and help increase the surface area available
to warm and filter incoming air.
•Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the
pharynx by ciliary action, swallowed,
The Nasal Cavity

16. The Lateral Walls of Nasal
Cavity
1. Inferior meatus:
nasolacrimal duct
2. Middle meatus:
• Maxillary sinus
• Frontal sinus
• Anterior ethmoid sinuses
1. Superior meatus:
posterior ethmoid sinuses
2. Sphenoethmoidal recess:
sphenoid sinus

17. The Medial Wall of Nasal Cavity
 The Nasal Septum Divides
the nasal cavity into right
and left halves
 It has osseous and
Cartilaginous parts
Nasal septum consists of the
 Perpendicular plate of the
ethmoid bone (superior)
 The vomer (inferior)
 and Septial cartilage
(anterior)
Perpendicular
Plate (ethmoid)
Septal
Cartilage Vomer

18. Blood Supply:
External Nose:
Dorsal nasal artery
Angular artery
Superior labial artery
Internal Nose:
Sphenopalatine artery from
maxillary A.
B. Ant. & Post ethmoidal A.
from ophthalmic a.
C. Branches of facial A.
Sphenopalatine a.
Maxillary a.
Veins
Ethmoidal vein------Ophthalmic v.
Other branches---- Pterygoid venous plexus
Facial vein

19. NERVE SUPPLY
 Olfactory nerve
 Anterior ethmoidal
nerve
 Nasal branches of
pterigo palatine
ganglion
 Nasopalatine nerve
External nose –Infra orbital nerve, Infra trochlear,
External nasal nerve.
Nerve Supply of the Nasal Cavity

20. Paranasal Sinuses

21. * Sinuses are air-filled spaces
within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid,
and sphenoid bones of the skull.
* These spaces open to the nasal cavity
and are lined with mucus membrane
that is continuous with that lining the nasal
cavity.
* The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull
and serve as a resonant chamber to affect
the quality of the voice.
Paranasal Sinuses

22. The Paranasal Sinuses
• Paranasal Sinuses
– Cavities in cranial bones
• Functions
– Lighten skull bones
– Produce mucus
– Resonate during sound
production
– help warm and moisten
air
Each sinus is name after the bone it resides in!

23. THE PHARYNX

24. The Pharynx
The nasopharynx – air passage
– Lined by respiratory epithelium
• (pseudostratified Ciliated columnar
epithelium)
– Pharyngeal tonsil
– Auditory tube
Oral and laryngeal region
– Passageway for air, food,
and drink
– Stratified squamous epith.

25. * The “throat” is a funnel shaped tube that lies posterior
to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx;
and anteriorly to the cervical vertebra.
* It is composed of:
Nasopharynx – uppermost portion
Oropharynx – middle portion
Laryngopharynx – lowermost portion
* It is a common passageway for air and food and it
provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
THE PHARYNX

26. Nasopharynx
• Boundaries:
• Roof: body of sphenoid &
basal part of the occipital
bone
• Floor: upper surface of soft
palate and pharyngeal
isthmus

27. Oropharynx
• Lies behind the mouth
• Extends from soft palate to
upper border of epiglottis
• Boundaries:
• Roof: Soft palate and
pharyngeal isthmus
• Floor: Posterior one third of
tongue, median & lateral
glossoepiglottic folds

28. Oropharynx
• Lies behind the mouth
• Extends from soft palate to
upper border of epiglottis
• Boundaries:
• Roof: Soft palate and
pharyngeal isthmus
• Floor: Posterior one third of
tongue, median & lateral
glossoepiglottic folds

29. Laryngopharynx
 Lies behind the laryngeal inlet & the
posterior surface of larynx
 Extends from upper border of
epiglottis to lower border of cricoid
cartilage
 Boundaries:
 Anterior wall: mucosa surface of the
posterior surface of larynx
• Posterior wall: supported by bodies of
C3, 4, 5, 6 vertebrae
• Lateral wall:
 Supported by thyroid cartilage and
thyrohyoid membrane

30. Pharyngeal Wall
 It is a musculo-membranous
wall, composed of:
 Mucosa & submucosa
 Pharyngobasilar fascia
 Muscles: circular &
longitudinal
 Buccopharyngeal fascia

31. Nerve supply of the pharynx
Motor supply
Cranial part of accessory nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
External laryngeal nerve.
Sensory supply
Pharyngeal branch of pterygo-palatine ganglion.
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Internal laryngeal nerve.

32. Blood supply of the pharynx
a)Ascending pharyngeal artery
b)Facial artery
c)Maxillary artery.
d) Lingual artery

33. THE LARYNX

34. * It is an enlargement in the airway
superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx.
* It helps keep particles from entering the trachea
and also houses the vocal cords.
* It is composed of a framework of muscles
and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
THE LARYNX

35. 35
The Larynx (Voicebox)
 Extends from the level of the 4th
to the 6th
cervical
vertebrae
 Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
 Inferiorly is continuous with trachea (windpipe)
 Three functions:
1. Produces vocalizations (speech)
2. Provides an open airway (breathing)
3. Switching mechanism to route air and food into proper
channels
• Closed during swallowing
• Open during breathing

36. 36
• Framework of the larynx
 9 Cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
 Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
anteriorly
 Cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage: the only
complete ring of cartilage: signet shaped and wide
posteriorly

37. 37
Epliglottis* (the 9th
cartilage)
Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa .On a stalk attached to thyroid cartilage
Attaches to back of tongue
During swallowing, larynx is pulled superiorly Epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover
and seal laryngeal inlet to Keeps food out of lower respiratory tract

38. 38
• Innervation of larynx (makes surgery at neck
risky)
– Recurrent laryngeal nerves of Vagus
– Vagus nerve
– Damage to one: Hoarseness
– Damage to both: can only Whisper

39. Arterial Supply
Sup. Laryngeal
Inf. Laryngeal A

40. The Larynx
Histology Structures
Epithelial lining:
Superior portion of larynx is lined by stratified
squamous epithelium
Below the vocal folds – pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium.

41. The
Epiglottis

42. * It is a large leaf-shaped piece of cartilage.
* A flap of cartilage that prevents food from
entering the trachea (or windpipe).
* During swallowing, there is elevation of the larynx
The Epiglottis

43. The Vocal Cords

44. * Inside the larynx, 2 pairs of folds of muscle and
connective tissues covered with mucous
membrane make up the vocal cords.
a. The upper pair is the false vocal cords.
b. The lower pair is the true vocal cords.
c. Changing tension on the vocal cords controls pitch,
while increasing the loudness depends upon
increasing the force of air vibrating the vocal cords.
The Vocal Cords

45. * During normal breathing,
the vocal cords are relaxed and the
glottis is a triangular slit.
* During swallowing,
the false vocal cords and epiglottis
close off the glottis.
The Vocal Cords

46. THE TRACHEA

47. * It is a tubular passageway for air, located anterior
to the esophagus
* It extends from the larynx to the 5th
thoracic vertebra
where it divides into the right and left bronchi.
THE TRACHEA

48. THE TRACHEA

49. * The inner wall of the trachea is lined with
ciliated mucous membrane with many
goblet cells that serve to trap incoming particles.
* The tracheal wall is supported by
20 incomplete cartilaginous rings.
THE TRACHEA

50. BRONCHI

51. * The Bronchi are the two main air passages
into the lungs.
* They are composed of the:
** “Right Primary Bronchus”
- leading to the right lung.
** “Left Primary Bronchus”
- leading to the left lung.
BRONCHI

52. The Bronchial Tree

53. * The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes
leading from the trachea to the alveoli.
* The bronchial tree begins with the two
primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.
* The branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea
are right and left primary bronchi;
these further subdivide until bronchioles
give rise to alveolar ducts which terminate in alveoli.
* It is through the thin epithelial cells of the alveoli
that gas exchange between the blood and air occurs.
The Bronchial Tree

54. THE LUNGS

55. •The paired soft, spongy, cone-shaped lungs,
separated medially by the mediastinum and are
enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage.
•2 layers of serous membrane, collectively known as
pleural membrane, enclose and protect each lung.
** Parietal Pleura
- outer layer attached to the thoracic cavity
** Visceral Pleura
- inner layer covering the lung itself
THE LUNGS

56. Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes
THE LUNGS
trachea

57. * The two organs that extract oxygen from
inhaled air and expel carbon dioxide
in exhaled air.
* This is the main and primary organ of the
Respiratory System.
* The bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung.
THE LUNGS

58. Lobes of the Lungs

59. * The right lung has three lobes.
* The left lung has two lobes.
* Each lobe is composed of lobules
that contain air passages, alveoli, nerves,
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
and connective tissues.
Lobes of the Lungs

60. The Pleural Cavities

61. * A layer of serous membrane, between the
visceral pleura and the parietal pleura.
* It contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the
membranes that prevents friction between the
membranes and allows their easy movement
on one another during breathing.
The Pleural Cavities

62. The Alveoli

63. * They are cup-shaped out pouching lined
by epithelium and supported by a thin elastic
basement membrane.
•With that you can imagine having bunch of grapes
with each grape indicating and alveolus.
* Alveolar sacs are 2 or more alveoli that
share a common opening.
* This is where the primary exchange of gases occur.
The Alveoli

64. STRUCTURE FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavity warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled
pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx the voice box, where vocal chords are located
trachea (windpipe)
tube from pharynx to bronchi
rings of cartilage provide structure, keeps the
windpipe "open"
trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which
filter air before it reaches the lungs
bronchi
two branches at the end of the trachea, each
lead to a lung
bronchioles
a network of smaller branches leading from the
bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air
sacs
alveoli
the functional respiratory units in the lung where
gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) are exchanged
(enter & exit the blood stream)
Summary of FUNCTIONS

65. How to keep your
respiratory system healthy
• Try to Avoid:
-Smoking
-Being around a smoker(SecondHand)
-Inhaling other chemicals and drugs.
-Being around dusty or thick polluted
air.
• What to do:
- Exercise
- Eat healthy
- Go to annual doctor checkups

66. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT