Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats through Sacred Groves: Patent Issues and Challenges
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This work briefly reviews the statistics of sacred groves conserving medicinal plants in Western Ghats and also explores the challenges in conserving Sacred Groves.
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TOPIC: SACRED GROVES THE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTSpptx pdf
“Sacred Groves are small patches of natural vegetation dedicated by local communities to ancestral spirit or deities and have traditional means of biodiversity, where climax-growth of vegetation can found”. Many species of trees were considered ‘Sacred’ in Indian societies, for example, Bassia latifolia and Anthrocephalus cadamba the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worshipped Tamarindus indica and Mangifera indica. “Many species of Ficus were worshipped throughout India. It was also believed that, certain species of trees symbolize specific Gods and such trees were also worshipped” Sacred groves are tracts of virgin forest harbouring rich biodiversity and are protected by local communities to keep them in a relatively undisturbed state. These are the small patches of relic forest, protected by local communities on religious ground, which are the traditional Indian way of in situ conservation of biodiversity. Various indigenous communities dedicate sacred groves to the local deities or ancestral spirits. Such a grove may consist of a multi-species, multi-tier primary forest or a cluster of trees, depending on the history of the vegetation. These groves were protected by local communities, usually through customary taboos and sanctions with cultural and ecological implications.
Sacred groves are the good source of a variety of medicinal plants, fruits, fodder, fuel wood, spices, etc. In India, the sacred groves were reported earlier from the Himalayas, North-east India, highlands of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, particularly where the indigenous communities live. There are 13,720Sacred Groves reported in India. The total area of SGs in India as a whole, would be about 39,063 ha Contribute 0.055% of the total Forest area of India.
Several plants and animals that are threatened in the forest are still well conserved in some of the sacred groves. It has been observed that several medicinal plants that are not to be found in the forest are abundant in the sacred groves. Further, rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species are often concentrated in sacred groves. Main causes of anthropogenic pressure the degradation of habitat happening. The sacredness, religious beliefs and taboos play a significant role in promoting sustainable utilization and conservation of flora and fauna of the region. However, with the passage of time, considerable changes have taken place in the extent of the sacred groves, in their vegetation structure, peoples’ perception towards them causing the frequent degradation of these “Mini Biosphere Reserves”.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SCU毕业证书)澳洲南十字星大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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一比一原版(Lincoln毕业证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证如何办理
Lincoln硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】办理新西兰林肯大学毕业证原版一模一样、Lincoln毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《新西兰林肯大学毕业证购买流程》《Lincoln成绩单制作》新西兰林肯大学毕业证书Lincoln毕业证文凭新西兰林肯大学
本科毕业证书,学历学位认证如何办理【留学国外学位学历认证、毕业证、成绩单、大学Offer、雅思托福代考、语言证书、学生卡、高仿教育部认证等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务】代办国外（海外）英国、加拿大、美国、新西兰、澳大利亚、新西兰等国外各大学毕业证、文凭学历证书、成绩单、学历学位认证真实可查。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证学位证信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃反问道父亲听了并不回答只是吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一的
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Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
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Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats through Sacred Groves: Patent Issues and Challenges
- 1. “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a minor reflection of - What we are doing to ourselves and to one another”. -Mahatma Gandhi
- 2. Present By Saravanan. A Saagar gaikwad, LL.M- ii yr., Symbiosis law school, pune national seminar on intellectual property rights , date: 24-25th November 2012
- 3. Outline of the Presentation: • Introduction • Nature and Genesis of Sacred Groves • Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats • Conservation through Sacred Groves in Western Ghats • Threat to Sacred Groves • Endemic Species of Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats • Patent issues and challenges • Conservation Measures • Suggestion & Conclusion
- 4. Introduction: • India- one of the mega bio-diverse country in the world. • 35,000- Medicinal Plants all over the world & 8,000 are in India. • Indigenous people’s role • Sacred Groves
- 5. Nature of Sacred Groves: • Sacred groves are tracts of virgin forest with rich diversity, which have been protected by the local people for Centuries. • It have been Protected for their cultural & religious beliefs and protect the villagers from different calamities. • Sacred groves act as an ideal centre for conserving Medicinal biodiversity.
- 6. Genesis of Sacred Groves: • The first authentic report - Ward and Conner in 1827 • Brandis - in 1897 • Why western Ghats? • Medicinal wealth and one of the Biodiversity Hotspot
- 7. Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats: • Treasury House for medicinal plants. • More than 2000 medicinal species . • Medicinal plants represents lichen, algae, herbs, shrubs, climber and trees, which are annuals to perennials. • 50 species holds a very high value in the folk and herbal health forms for the treatment of different forms of ailments.
- 8. Conservation through Sacred Groves in Western Ghats: 1) Karnataka: Devar Kadu • Grove have been protected in the names of 165 different deities. • Documented Sacred Groves recorded are 1531. 2) Andhra Pradesh: Pavithravana • Documented Sacred Groves -580 • 400 sacred groves are exclusively conserving for Medicinal Plants.
- 9. Contn… 3) Kerala: Kavu, Sara Kavu • The number of documented Sacred Groves recorded are 299 4) Goa: Deorai & Pann • The documented Sacred Groves recorded are 55 5) Maharashtra: Devrai, Devrahati, & Devgudi • The documented SG recorded are 2820.
- 10. Contn… 6. Tamil Nadu: Swami Shola & Koilkadu • ‘vana-devatas’. • The numbers of documented Sacred Groves recorded are 752.
- 11. Threat to Sacred Groves: • Deforestation: - Entada phaseoloides, they supply deadwood for fuel • Rising International demand: - India supplied 10.055 tons of plants and 14 tons of vegetable alkaloid and their derivatives • Patent : - Medicinal plants are exploited by foreign pharmaceutical companies for patents
- 12. Endemic Species of Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats KARNATAKA TAMIL NADU KERALA MAHARASHTR A Aglaia elaeagnoidea(Juss.) Benth Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Cinnamomum wightii Meisner Cinnamomum wightii Meisner Ervatamia heyneana Cooke. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Diopyros paniculata Dalz. Diopyros paniculata Dalz. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz. Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. Ex Gagnep Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Diopyros paniculata Dalz. Garcinia indica Choiss Rhododendron arboreum (Zenk.) Tagg. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Michelia nilagrica Zenk. Tabernamontana heyneana Wall. Rhododendron arboreum (Zenk.) Tagg.
- 13. Patent Issues & Challenges: 1) Turmeric: - Wound healing - University of Mississippi Medical Centre in 1995 - Complaint by CSIR 2) Neem: (Azadirachta indica) - The U.S. Department of Agriculture and a pharmaceutical research firm received a patent - Complaint by Government of India
- 14. Contn… 3) Jeevani: - Based on the herbal medicinal plant arogyapaacha used by Kani tribes. - Restorative, immuno-enhancing, anti-stress and anti-fatigue agent. - Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Agreement and violation of customary rights of Kani tribes
- 15. Conservation Measures: 1) National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity Boards 2) State Medicinal Plants Authorities 3) Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve: • 50 (36 Families) medicinal species conserved through Sacred Groves • Used for the treatment of Rheumatism
- 16. Contn… 4) Agasthiarmalai Biosphere Reserve: • 174 (69 families) medicinal plants 5) Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL): • Set up in 2005 by CSIR • Avesthagen- the first Indian patent to be revoked on the basis of the TKDL • GOI revoked this patent recently
- 17. Suggestions: • ‘Protected area Network’ • Ecological services rendered by Sacred Groves needs to be Highlighted. • People should made to realize that the conservation of groves is crucial for their sustenance.
- 18. Conclusion: Efforts have to be taken to bring to limelight the use of nature's doctors, methods to conserve them and to sustain their existence for the future generations.