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Biodiversity Definitions and Types
- 2. Defnition: The variety and variability among all the living organisms. Bio = Life , Diversity = variety The term biodiversity coined by W.G.Rosen in 1985.
- 15. It was estimated that, There are 20 millions of variety species are present in the world. Till now only 1.4 million species are identified. S.No. Type of variety No. available 1 Bacteria 4,000 2. Protoctists (algae, protozoa) 80,000 3. Animals – vertebrates 52,000 4. Animals – invertebrates 1,272,000 5. Fungi 72,000 6. Plants 270,000 7. Rice 90,000
- 22. 6 4 1 2 3 5 7 8 9 2 1.Transe Himalayas- 5.6 2.Himalayas-5.2 3.Deserts-6.6 4.Semi Arid-16.6 5.Western Ghats-4.0 6.Deccan peninsula- 42 7.Gangatic Plain- 10.8 8.Coastal-2.5 9.North Eastern-5.2 10.Islands-0.3 10 10
- 24. Values of Biodiversity: 1. Productive values: Produce raw material for different products. 2. Consumptive Values: Food, fuel, Drugs and Medicines 3. Aesthetic Values: Beauty of Nature give value 4. Social Values: Customs, Believes, 5. Ethical Values: “Live and let live” 6. Ecosystem service values: discussed in ecosystem 7. Optional values: Future values
- 25. Consumptive Values: These direct use values where the biodiversity products can be harvested and consumed directly. Food: A large number of animals, birds and plants are consumed by human being as food. 80,000 edible plants are used. 19,000 Fish types, 9000 bird type and many animals are used. Fuel: Fire wood, Petro plants, oils…….. Timber: Different types of wood used in various puposes. Drugs: 80% of the world Population depends on the plant extracts for medicines.
- 26. S.No. Product Source Use 1 Pecillin (A. Fleming) Fungus Antibiotic 2 Tetracyclin (Yellapragada Subba Rao) Bacterium Antibiotic 3 Quinine Bark of cinchona Antimalarial drug 4 Morphine Poppy Analagesic 5 Cocaine Cocoa Analegesic 6 Menthol Mint Painkiller 7 Reserpine Rauwolfia Hypertension Drug 8 Atropine Belladona Anticolinergic 9 Vincristine vinblastine Rosyperiwinkle Leukemia, Anticancer,
- 27. Productive Values: This is assigned to products that are commercially harvested and marketed. Silk - silk warms Leather - animals Wool - sheeps Tusk,feet - elephants Skin, oils - animals Plant roots, Leafs are used in Ayurvedic Medicines Supply raw material for Industries: Wood, Cotton, Fruits, Pearls, Seeds, Paddy……
- 28. Aesthetic Value:Eco tourism, Willingness to pay services People go far off places to enjoy the natural surroundings and wildlife. This type of tourism is referred to as eco-tourism, which has now become a major source of income in many countries. 12 billion dollars buisiness
- 29. Social Values: In ancient times, especially in India, the environment in totally i.e., flora, fauna, etc., were held in high esteem. Trees like Peepal, Banyan and Tulsi are still worshipped. Ladies offering water to Tulsi daily is considered good and there are festivals when ladies tie sacred threads around Peepal and Banyan trees and pray for the welfare of their families. Holy temples: Macca, Jerusalem, Amarnath……. Holy rivers: Ganga, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada, Saraswathi, Yamuna, Holy plants: Tulasi, Peepal, Bael, ….. Holy animals: Snake, Tiger, Bull, Rat, Cow, …….. Holy birds: Peacock, Parrot…..
- 30. Ethical Values: existence value “All life must be preserved” “Live and let live” Optional Values: Land Stones Sand Oil Coal Natural gas
- 31. Ecosystem service values: Discussed in ecosystem a. The production of oxygen b. The maintenance of fresh water quality c. The production and maintenance of fertile soil d. The provision of foods e. The provision of native species and genes used in industry research and development. f. Pollination of agricultural crops by native insects, birds and other creatures; g. Pest control in agricultural land by beneficial native predators; h. Flood mitigation i. Breakdown of pollutants j. Greenhouse gas reduction k. Maintenance of habitats for native plants and animals; and l. Maintenance of habitats that are attractive to humans for recreation,
- 32. Types of species: The Red Data Book is a public document which is created for recording endangered and rare species of plants, animals, fungi as well as some local subspecies which are present in a particular region. IUCN is the world’s most detailed inventory center of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was founded in 1948 with an aim to maintain a complete record of every species that ever lived. The Red Data Book contains the complete list of threatened species. The Red Data Book helps us in providing complete information for research, studies and also for monitoring the programs on rare and endangered species and their habitats.
- 34. The Red Data Book contains colour-coded information sheets, which are arranged according to the extinction risk of many species and subspecies. • Black represents species which are confirmed to be extinct. • Red represents species that are endangered • Amber for those species whose status is considered to be vulnerable • White is assigned for species that are rare • Green for species that were formerly endangered, but their numbers have started to recover • Grey coloured for the species that are classified as vulnerable, endangered, or rare but sufficient information is not available to be properly classified.
- 39. Red Data Book of India Red Data Book of India includes the conservation status of animals and plants which are endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The data for this book is provided through surveys which are conducted by the ZSI and the BSI under the guidance of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Critically endangered mammals include: • Kondana Rat, Malabar Civet, Kashmir Stag, River Dolphins Critically endangered arthropods include: • Rameshwaram Parachute spider, Peacock Tarantula Critically endangered fish include: • Pookode Lake barb, Ganges River shark, Pondicherry shark Critically endangered amphibians and reptiles include: • Gharial, White-spotted bush frog, Toad-skinned frog
- 43. Hotspots:
- 58. Sundari Trees
- 62. Threats to biodiversity: 1. Loss of habitat: Reasons: Deforestation Developmental Activities Illegal Trade Destruction of wetlands Habitat fragmentation Supply of raw materials Production of drugs Increase in pollution Increase in population
- 63. 2. Poching:
- 64. Poaching Subsidence poaching Killing animal for the food by other animal It is natural process Commercial poaching / hunting Killing animals for commercial purpose. (Asia, Africa, South America) Reasons: 1. Increase in population 2. Commercial activities 3. Lack of awareness 4. Illegal activity
- 65. Man and wildlife conflicts:
- 67. Reasons: Shrinking of forests Self defense Shifting cultivation Less compensation paid by government Govt. fail to cultivate food crops in forests Over harvesting the forest goods
- 71. Bioreserves: >World wide 714 bioreserves are identified in 122 countries. >
- 73. Presently, there are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India.
- 74. S. No. Name Year of Notificati on Area (in km2) Location (State) 1 Nilgiri 1986 5520 Silent Valley and Siruvani hills (TN, KL and KA). 2 Nanda Devi 1988 5860 Uttarakhand 3 Nokrek 1988 820 Garo hills (Meghalaya). 4 Great Nicobar 1989 885 Islands of Andaman And Nicobar 5 Gulf of Mannar 1989 10,500 Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka (TN) 6 Manas 1989 2837 Assam 7 Sunderbans 1989 9630 Delta of Ganges and Brahamaputra river system(WB) 8 Simlipal 1994 4374 Orissa 9 Dibru- Saikhowa 1997 765 Assam 10 Dehang- Dibang 1998 5111 Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh. 11 Pachmarhi 1999 4926 Madya Pradesh 12 Khangchendzo 2000 2619 Khangchendzonga hills and Sikkim.
- 75. National Parks: National park is an area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife and biodiversity. The activities like developmental, forestry, poaching, hunting and grazing on cultivation are not permitted. The government can declare an area as a national park with adequate ecological, geo-morphological and natural significance. In these parks, even private ownership rights are not allowed. Their boundaries are well marked and circumscribed. They are usually small reserves spreading in an area of 100 sq. km. to 500 sq. km. In national parks, the emphasis is on the preservation of a single floral or fauna species.
- 76. National Parks in India: The world's first National Park was the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, USA and India got its first National Park when Jim Corbett, Uttarkhand was made in 1936, which was then called Hailey National park. There are 103 National Parks in India. Madhya Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands have the maximum number of National Parks (9 each). The spectacular natural beauty across the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India attracts millions of tourists every year.
- 77. • Largest National Park: Hemis National Park, Jammu & Kashmir • Smallest National Park: South Button Island National Park, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Largest National Park : Hemis National Park, Ladakh Smallest National Park: South Button Island National Park, Andaman and Nicobar Island First Marine National Park: Gulf of Kutchh National Park Floating National Park: Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur Telangana Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park 1994 1.425 Sq.KM Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park 1994 14.59 Sq.KM Mrugavani National Park 1994 3.6 Sq. KM
- 78. Sancturies Bird Sancturies Animal Sancturies Sancturies: > Wildlife Sanctuary is an area demarcated for the protection of a particular species of flora and fauna. > Limited human activities may be allowed by the state authorities for the people living inside it. > Wildlife authorities may allow livestock grazing for a particular community living there.
- 79. Any exploitation of wildlife is punishable offense and removal of forest produce requires a recommendation from relevant National or State . Wildlife Board. Wildlife Sanctuary in India: There are 544 Wildlife Sanctuaries in India. • Largest Wildlife Sanctuary: Rann of Kutch, Gujarat • Smallest Wildlife Sanctuary: Bor Tiger reserve, Maharashtra
- 80. Telangana 1. Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary, NZB 1952 2. Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary, WGL 1952 3. Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, WGL 1953 4. Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, ADBD 1965 5. Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, KMM 1977 6. Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, MDK 1978 7. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, 1978 8. Shivaram Wildlife Sanctuary, MDK 1978 9. Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary, ADBD 1980
- 81. Ex-situ Conservation: Ex-situ conservation is the relocation of endangered or rare species from their natural habitats to protected areas equipped for their protection and preservation. Ex-situ Conservation of Biodiversity comprises of aquariums, botanical gardens, Cryopreservation, DNA banks, zoos, etc. • In recent years ex-situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species. • Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques. • Eggs can be fertilized in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods. • Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks.
- 82. Botanical garden • Botanical garden refers to the scientifically planned collection of living trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and other plants from various parts of the globe. Purpose of botanical gardens: • To study the taxonomy as well as growth of plants. • To study the introduction and acclimatization process of exotic plants. • It augments conserving rare and threatened species.
- 83. Zoo: Zoo is an establishment, whether stationary or mobile, where captive animals are kept for exhibition to the public and includes a circus and rescue centres but does not include an establishment of a licensed dealer in captive animals. • The initial purpose of zoos was entertainment, over the decades, zoos have got transformed into centers for wildlife conservation and environmental education. • Apart from saving individual animals, zoos have a role to play in species conservation too. • Zoos provide an opportunity to open up a whole new world, and this could be used in sensitizing visitors regarding the value and need for conservation of wildlife.
- 84. In situ Conservation Ex situ Conservation It means the conservation of biodiversity in their natural habitats itself. It means the conservation of biological diversity outside their natural areas Protected areas are the sanctuaries and national parks. Artificial conditions are created to make their habitat almost like a natural habitat. It aims to enable biodiversity to maintain itself within the context of the ecosystem. It involves the maintenance of genetic variation away from its original location. Establish a protected area network, with appropriate management practices, corridors to link fragments restore degraded habitats within and outside. Established botanical and zoological gardens, conservation stands; banks of germplasm, pollen, seed, seedling, tissue culture, gene, and DNA, etc. It involves the reduction of biotic pressure rehabilitation It identifies and rehabilitates threatened species; It helps in the multiplication of the species through the process of evolution and adaptation. This method will enhance the probability of reproductive success for endangered species. It provides greater mobility to the animal species because of the large habitat area. It provides less mobility to the organism because of the small habitat area.
- 85. Historic Citizen Movements to Conserve Biodiversity Chipko Movement: • It is a social-ecological movement that practiced the Gandhian methods of satyagraha and nonviolent resistance, through the act of hugging trees to protect them from falling. • The modern Chipko movement started in the early 1970s in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, with growing awareness towards rapid deforestation. • The landmark event in this struggle took place on March 26, 1974, when a group of peasant women in Reni village, Hemwalghati, in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India, acted to prevent the cutting of trees and reclaim their traditional forest rights that were threatened by the contractor system of the state Forest Department.
- 86. Their actions inspired hundreds of such actions at the grassroots level throughout the region. By the 1980s the movement had spread throughout India and led to formulation of people-sensitive forest policies, which put a stop to the open felling of trees in regions as far reaching as Vindhyas and the Western Ghats. • The first recorded event of Chipko however, took place in village Khejarli, Jodhpur district, in 1730 AD, when 363 Bishnois, led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives while protecting green Khejri trees, considered sacred by the community, by hugging them.
- 87. Appiko Movement: • Appiko movement was a revolutionary movement based on environmental conservation in India. • The Chipko movement in Uttarakhand in the Himalayas inspired the villagers of the district of Karnataka province in southern India to launch a similar movement to save their forests. • In September 1983, men, women and children of Salkani ‘hugged the trees’ in Kalase forest. • (The local term for ‘hugging’ in Kannada is appiko.) • Appiko movement gave birth to a new awareness all over southern India.