This document provides information about Transportation Engineering-II course taught by Professor Rajesh Bhagat. It includes his qualifications and achievements. It outlines the course objectives and outcomes which focus on developing knowledge of transportation systems in India, designing railway tracks, understanding air transportation development and tunnel construction. It also provides details of the course content which covers topics such as railway transportation systems, track design, airport layout and visual aids, and tunnel construction methods.
A railway station has platforms for passengers to board and disembark trains. It also has a station building for ticket sales and waiting areas. Stations range in size from small stops to large terminals. A station yard contains multiple tracks for sorting trains, including passenger, goods, locomotive, and marshalling yards. Marshalling yards separate incoming cars and reform them into outbound trains using flat, gravity, or hump yard designs. Larger stations have more facilities for passengers and goods handling.
The document discusses factors that affect the alignment of railway lines, including horizontal and vertical alignment. It describes the importance of proper alignment for reasons of cost, difficulty of changing alignment later, and fulfilling objectives. An ideal alignment considers purpose, integrated development, and economic factors like shortest route, construction/maintenance costs, operational expenses, safety, comfort, and aesthetics. Selection of alignment is based on gauge, obligatory points, topography, geometrical standards, geology, road crossings, labour/materials, station/yard placement, and political considerations.
Turnouts allow trains to change tracks and directions by using a combination of points and crossings. Points consist of movable tongue rails and stationary stock rails, while crossings connect intersecting tracks using wing rails and a V-shaped nose. There are two main types of turnouts - left-hand and right-hand - depending on the direction trains divert. Proper turnout design and components like check rails are important for train safety given they are weak points on the track. Different types of crossings exist depending on the angle of track intersection, including acute, obtuse, and square crossings.
Railway Engineering - Geometric design of trackMani Vel
This document discusses the importance of proper geometric design of railway tracks. It outlines key considerations for geometric design including gradients, curvature, and track alignment. Proper design is needed to ensure safe train operation at maximum speeds and loads. Specific geometric design elements are described, such as ruling gradients, helper gradients, momentum gradients, and standards for station yard gradients. Grade compensation is also outlined, where steeper gradients are allowed on curved tracks compared to straight tracks.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering and different modes of transportation. It discusses highways, railways, airways, and waterways in detail. For highways, it covers their historical development in India including key committees and acts that helped develop the road network like the Jayakar Committee, Central Road Fund, and Motor Vehicles Act. It also discusses classification of highways in India based on various factors.
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
A railway station has platforms for passengers to board and disembark trains. It also has a station building for ticket sales and waiting areas. Stations range in size from small stops to large terminals. A station yard contains multiple tracks for sorting trains, including passenger, goods, locomotive, and marshalling yards. Marshalling yards separate incoming cars and reform them into outbound trains using flat, gravity, or hump yard designs. Larger stations have more facilities for passengers and goods handling.
The document discusses factors that affect the alignment of railway lines, including horizontal and vertical alignment. It describes the importance of proper alignment for reasons of cost, difficulty of changing alignment later, and fulfilling objectives. An ideal alignment considers purpose, integrated development, and economic factors like shortest route, construction/maintenance costs, operational expenses, safety, comfort, and aesthetics. Selection of alignment is based on gauge, obligatory points, topography, geometrical standards, geology, road crossings, labour/materials, station/yard placement, and political considerations.
Turnouts allow trains to change tracks and directions by using a combination of points and crossings. Points consist of movable tongue rails and stationary stock rails, while crossings connect intersecting tracks using wing rails and a V-shaped nose. There are two main types of turnouts - left-hand and right-hand - depending on the direction trains divert. Proper turnout design and components like check rails are important for train safety given they are weak points on the track. Different types of crossings exist depending on the angle of track intersection, including acute, obtuse, and square crossings.
Railway Engineering - Geometric design of trackMani Vel
This document discusses the importance of proper geometric design of railway tracks. It outlines key considerations for geometric design including gradients, curvature, and track alignment. Proper design is needed to ensure safe train operation at maximum speeds and loads. Specific geometric design elements are described, such as ruling gradients, helper gradients, momentum gradients, and standards for station yard gradients. Grade compensation is also outlined, where steeper gradients are allowed on curved tracks compared to straight tracks.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering and different modes of transportation. It discusses highways, railways, airways, and waterways in detail. For highways, it covers their historical development in India including key committees and acts that helped develop the road network like the Jayakar Committee, Central Road Fund, and Motor Vehicles Act. It also discusses classification of highways in India based on various factors.
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
urban railway system
railway transportation system
history of railway transportation
importance of railway transportation
railway transportation in ghana
urban rail transport
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
Geometric design of tracks aims to provide smooth and safe running of trains at maximum speed while carrying heavy loads. This involves proper design of gradients, curvature, and super elevation (cant).
There are different types of gradients - ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient permitted, momentum gradient which is steeper and uses train momentum, and pusher gradient requiring extra locomotives. Gradients are designed considering train performance and load. Curvature introduces greater resistance requiring grade compensation of ruling gradients.
Super elevation (cant) involves raising the outer rail on curves to counteract centrifugal forces. Equilibrium cant provides equal wheel load distribution. Higher speeds result in cant deficiency which must be limited for passenger safety. Contrary flexures like
Bridge Bearings has been considered as of huge importance in civil engineering. It plays a significant role in the structure of bridges. This presentation covers the complete study of Bridge Bearings.
Railway Engineering-Curves and superelevationMani Vel
This document discusses curves and superelevation on railways. It defines horizontal and vertical curves, and explains that superelevation involves raising the outer rail on a curve to provide a comfortable ride. Superelevation counters the effects of lateral forces when negotiating a curve. The key points are:
- Superelevation is the difference in height between the inner and outer rails and helps distribute load on both rails.
- Equilibrium speed is when the centrifugal force is balanced by the cant (superelevation), providing no unbalanced radial acceleration.
- Maximum permissible speed considers factors like radius, cant, cant deficiency/excess, and transition length.
- Examples are provided to calculate supere
Railway tracks require stable earthworks to support the ballast, sleepers, and rails. There are several components involved in railway track formation including the subgrade, ballast, and drainage systems. Formations can be constructed as embankments raised above the existing ground level or cuttings made by excavating below ground level. The minimum recommended widths for formations depend on the track gauge and number of lines. Proper slopes and drainage are also important to maintain stability. Various methods like using layers of moorum or rubble, cement grouting, sand piles, or chemical treatments can help stabilize formations built on poor soils.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
Chapter 7 Maintenance of railway trackKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses the maintenance of railway tracks. Regular maintenance is needed due to factors that degrade tracks like heavy train loads, weather effects, and curvature stresses. Good maintenance provides benefits like increased safety, lower operating costs, and higher train speeds. Maintenance includes daily checks by track gangs and periodic inspections every 2-3 years to repair defects. Special pre- and post-monsoon maintenance is also required to address corrosion from monsoon rains.
This document provides an overview of the Transportation Engineering II course syllabus and discusses various topics that will be covered, including railway geometric design, station and yard design, airport engineering, and harbor and dock engineering. It also summarizes key concepts related to permanent way design, including subgrade, formation, embankment, track drainage, rails, rail fastenings, sleepers, and ballast. Modern trends in rail such as MAGLEV, tube, and metro rail systems are also introduced.
Sleepers are transverse members that support the rails and transfer loads from the rails to the ballast and subgrade. The main types of sleepers discussed are timber, cast iron, steel, and concrete. Sleepers must meet requirements like being economical, easy to maintain, and able to withstand shocks and vibrations. Ballast is layered beneath and around sleepers to distribute loads, provide drainage and stability. Common ballast materials are broken stone, sand, slag, and moorum. Tractive resistances oppose train movement and include train resistance, track profile resistance, starting/acceleration resistance, and wind resistance.
This document discusses various aspects of traditional ballasted railway track, including:
- The important functions of ballast in distributing load and providing stability, drainage, and track maintenance.
- The standard ballast profile and advantages/disadvantages of traditional ballasted track compared to ballastless track.
- Key components of permanent way including rails, sleepers, fishplates, and various types of fastenings. Elastic fastenings help absorb vibrations.
- Rubber pads between rails and sleepers are important for damping vibrations and preventing gaps in the track. Proper toe load from fastenings also provides stability and resistance to movement.
Railway engineering By T.Ravi Prakash/Kongu Engineering Collegeravicivil
The document discusses rail transport in India. It provides an overview of:
1) The history of railways in India, beginning with the first line opened in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.
2) The development of Indian Railways over successive five-year plans, with increasing focus on expansion, electrification, and modernization.
3) The organization of Indian Railways, divided into 16 zones administered by general managers and further divided into divisions run by divisional railway managers.
4) Key facts about Indian Railways, which operates over 67,000 route km and carries over 1.3 billion passengers and freight daily.
Rails, Types, Joints, Creep, Failure of Rails and Welding of Railssrinivas2036
The document discusses rails used in railway tracks. It defines different types of rails including double headed, bull headed, and flat footed rails. Flat footed rails, also called Vignoles rails, are now most commonly used. Standard rail sections used in Indian railways, such as 52kg and 60kg, are presented. Requirements of an ideal rail and factors affecting rail wear and failure are explained. Methods to reduce rail wear include use of special alloys, track maintenance, reducing expansion gaps, and lubricating rails.
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
A taxiway connects runways, aprons, hangars, and terminals at an airport to allow aircraft to move between facilities. There are geometric design standards for taxiways including length, width, safety area width, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. The International Civil Aviation Organization provides recommendations for these standards including that taxiway widths be less than runway widths, longitudinal gradients not exceed 1.5% for smaller airports and 3% for larger airports, and sight distances along taxiways allow visibility of 300 meters for smaller airports and 250 meters for larger airports.
The document discusses the history and methods of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix designs. It describes the Marshall and Hveem mix design methods, which were developed in the 1930s-1940s to determine the optimal blend of aggregates and asphalt binders. The Marshall method uses compacted cylindrical specimens subjected to impact compaction and stability testing, while the Hveem method employs kneading compaction and a stabilometer to evaluate shear strength. Both aim to achieve sufficient stability, air voids, and workability within the mix. The Superpave gyratory compactor method was later introduced as a improved alternative.
The document discusses rail gauges and types of rails used in railway tracks. It defines rail gauge as the minimum perpendicular distance between the inner faces of two rails. Key factors that affect rail gauge choice include traffic volume, development needs, speed requirements, construction costs, and terrain. Common gauges range from broad gauge over 5 feet wide to narrow gauge under 2.5 feet. The document also describes the functions of rails in providing a continuous, level surface for train movement and load distribution. The three main types of rails discussed are double headed, bull headed, and flat footed (Vignoles) rails, with the latter now comprising around 90% of tracks worldwide due to advantages like reduced costs and greater stiffness.
Sleepers, also called ties, are transverse members laid beneath rails to distribute load from trains to the track bed. They come in various materials including wood, steel, concrete, and plastic. Wooden sleepers are most common but have short lifespans while concrete and steel last longer. All sleepers must firmly support rails, maintain proper gauge, and evenly distribute heavy train loads over a wide area of ballast for track stability.
Creep is the gradual longitudinal movement of rails in the direction of dominant traffic over time. It is caused by various factors like wave action from moving loads, percussion from wheel impacts at joints, drag from locomotive wheels, and thermal expansion/contraction. Creep can be measured using creep indicators and causes issues like disturbed track geometry and signaling. Sections prone to high creep include grade transitions, structures, and points/crossings. Preventative methods include pulling rails back periodically, using anchors to fix rails to sleepers, and installing steel sleepers for increased stiffness.
This document provides information about the Transportation Engineering-II course taught by Prof. Rajesh Bhagat. It includes details about the course objectives, outcomes, and units which cover topics like railway transportation systems, design of tracks, air transportation development, and tunnel construction. The units will help students develop an ability to understand, design, and keep updated about various transportation infrastructure and technologies. The document also lists textbooks and reference books recommended for the course.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering principles and transportation modes in India. It discusses the importance and role of transportation in economic development. The major modes of transportation discussed are roadways, railways, waterways, and airways. It describes the Jayakar Committee recommendations that led to the formation of important bodies like the Central Road Fund, Indian Road Congress, and Central Road Research Institute to support the development of transportation infrastructure in India. Finally, it discusses the objectives and key stages of highway planning and development.
Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
urban railway system
railway transportation system
history of railway transportation
importance of railway transportation
railway transportation in ghana
urban rail transport
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
Geometric design of tracks aims to provide smooth and safe running of trains at maximum speed while carrying heavy loads. This involves proper design of gradients, curvature, and super elevation (cant).
There are different types of gradients - ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient permitted, momentum gradient which is steeper and uses train momentum, and pusher gradient requiring extra locomotives. Gradients are designed considering train performance and load. Curvature introduces greater resistance requiring grade compensation of ruling gradients.
Super elevation (cant) involves raising the outer rail on curves to counteract centrifugal forces. Equilibrium cant provides equal wheel load distribution. Higher speeds result in cant deficiency which must be limited for passenger safety. Contrary flexures like
Bridge Bearings has been considered as of huge importance in civil engineering. It plays a significant role in the structure of bridges. This presentation covers the complete study of Bridge Bearings.
Railway Engineering-Curves and superelevationMani Vel
This document discusses curves and superelevation on railways. It defines horizontal and vertical curves, and explains that superelevation involves raising the outer rail on a curve to provide a comfortable ride. Superelevation counters the effects of lateral forces when negotiating a curve. The key points are:
- Superelevation is the difference in height between the inner and outer rails and helps distribute load on both rails.
- Equilibrium speed is when the centrifugal force is balanced by the cant (superelevation), providing no unbalanced radial acceleration.
- Maximum permissible speed considers factors like radius, cant, cant deficiency/excess, and transition length.
- Examples are provided to calculate supere
Railway tracks require stable earthworks to support the ballast, sleepers, and rails. There are several components involved in railway track formation including the subgrade, ballast, and drainage systems. Formations can be constructed as embankments raised above the existing ground level or cuttings made by excavating below ground level. The minimum recommended widths for formations depend on the track gauge and number of lines. Proper slopes and drainage are also important to maintain stability. Various methods like using layers of moorum or rubble, cement grouting, sand piles, or chemical treatments can help stabilize formations built on poor soils.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
Chapter 7 Maintenance of railway trackKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses the maintenance of railway tracks. Regular maintenance is needed due to factors that degrade tracks like heavy train loads, weather effects, and curvature stresses. Good maintenance provides benefits like increased safety, lower operating costs, and higher train speeds. Maintenance includes daily checks by track gangs and periodic inspections every 2-3 years to repair defects. Special pre- and post-monsoon maintenance is also required to address corrosion from monsoon rains.
This document provides an overview of the Transportation Engineering II course syllabus and discusses various topics that will be covered, including railway geometric design, station and yard design, airport engineering, and harbor and dock engineering. It also summarizes key concepts related to permanent way design, including subgrade, formation, embankment, track drainage, rails, rail fastenings, sleepers, and ballast. Modern trends in rail such as MAGLEV, tube, and metro rail systems are also introduced.
Sleepers are transverse members that support the rails and transfer loads from the rails to the ballast and subgrade. The main types of sleepers discussed are timber, cast iron, steel, and concrete. Sleepers must meet requirements like being economical, easy to maintain, and able to withstand shocks and vibrations. Ballast is layered beneath and around sleepers to distribute loads, provide drainage and stability. Common ballast materials are broken stone, sand, slag, and moorum. Tractive resistances oppose train movement and include train resistance, track profile resistance, starting/acceleration resistance, and wind resistance.
This document discusses various aspects of traditional ballasted railway track, including:
- The important functions of ballast in distributing load and providing stability, drainage, and track maintenance.
- The standard ballast profile and advantages/disadvantages of traditional ballasted track compared to ballastless track.
- Key components of permanent way including rails, sleepers, fishplates, and various types of fastenings. Elastic fastenings help absorb vibrations.
- Rubber pads between rails and sleepers are important for damping vibrations and preventing gaps in the track. Proper toe load from fastenings also provides stability and resistance to movement.
Railway engineering By T.Ravi Prakash/Kongu Engineering Collegeravicivil
The document discusses rail transport in India. It provides an overview of:
1) The history of railways in India, beginning with the first line opened in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.
2) The development of Indian Railways over successive five-year plans, with increasing focus on expansion, electrification, and modernization.
3) The organization of Indian Railways, divided into 16 zones administered by general managers and further divided into divisions run by divisional railway managers.
4) Key facts about Indian Railways, which operates over 67,000 route km and carries over 1.3 billion passengers and freight daily.
Rails, Types, Joints, Creep, Failure of Rails and Welding of Railssrinivas2036
The document discusses rails used in railway tracks. It defines different types of rails including double headed, bull headed, and flat footed rails. Flat footed rails, also called Vignoles rails, are now most commonly used. Standard rail sections used in Indian railways, such as 52kg and 60kg, are presented. Requirements of an ideal rail and factors affecting rail wear and failure are explained. Methods to reduce rail wear include use of special alloys, track maintenance, reducing expansion gaps, and lubricating rails.
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
A taxiway connects runways, aprons, hangars, and terminals at an airport to allow aircraft to move between facilities. There are geometric design standards for taxiways including length, width, safety area width, gradients, sight distances, and turning radii. The International Civil Aviation Organization provides recommendations for these standards including that taxiway widths be less than runway widths, longitudinal gradients not exceed 1.5% for smaller airports and 3% for larger airports, and sight distances along taxiways allow visibility of 300 meters for smaller airports and 250 meters for larger airports.
The document discusses the history and methods of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix designs. It describes the Marshall and Hveem mix design methods, which were developed in the 1930s-1940s to determine the optimal blend of aggregates and asphalt binders. The Marshall method uses compacted cylindrical specimens subjected to impact compaction and stability testing, while the Hveem method employs kneading compaction and a stabilometer to evaluate shear strength. Both aim to achieve sufficient stability, air voids, and workability within the mix. The Superpave gyratory compactor method was later introduced as a improved alternative.
The document discusses rail gauges and types of rails used in railway tracks. It defines rail gauge as the minimum perpendicular distance between the inner faces of two rails. Key factors that affect rail gauge choice include traffic volume, development needs, speed requirements, construction costs, and terrain. Common gauges range from broad gauge over 5 feet wide to narrow gauge under 2.5 feet. The document also describes the functions of rails in providing a continuous, level surface for train movement and load distribution. The three main types of rails discussed are double headed, bull headed, and flat footed (Vignoles) rails, with the latter now comprising around 90% of tracks worldwide due to advantages like reduced costs and greater stiffness.
Sleepers, also called ties, are transverse members laid beneath rails to distribute load from trains to the track bed. They come in various materials including wood, steel, concrete, and plastic. Wooden sleepers are most common but have short lifespans while concrete and steel last longer. All sleepers must firmly support rails, maintain proper gauge, and evenly distribute heavy train loads over a wide area of ballast for track stability.
Creep is the gradual longitudinal movement of rails in the direction of dominant traffic over time. It is caused by various factors like wave action from moving loads, percussion from wheel impacts at joints, drag from locomotive wheels, and thermal expansion/contraction. Creep can be measured using creep indicators and causes issues like disturbed track geometry and signaling. Sections prone to high creep include grade transitions, structures, and points/crossings. Preventative methods include pulling rails back periodically, using anchors to fix rails to sleepers, and installing steel sleepers for increased stiffness.
This document provides information about the Transportation Engineering-II course taught by Prof. Rajesh Bhagat. It includes details about the course objectives, outcomes, and units which cover topics like railway transportation systems, design of tracks, air transportation development, and tunnel construction. The units will help students develop an ability to understand, design, and keep updated about various transportation infrastructure and technologies. The document also lists textbooks and reference books recommended for the course.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering principles and transportation modes in India. It discusses the importance and role of transportation in economic development. The major modes of transportation discussed are roadways, railways, waterways, and airways. It describes the Jayakar Committee recommendations that led to the formation of important bodies like the Central Road Fund, Indian Road Congress, and Central Road Research Institute to support the development of transportation infrastructure in India. Finally, it discusses the objectives and key stages of highway planning and development.
The document outlines the syllabus for a course on highway and railway engineering. It covers topics such as highway planning and alignment, geometric design of highways, pavement design, basics of railway engineering, and advanced railway topics. The course examines factors in transportation development and methods for designing efficient road and rail infrastructure networks.
This document provides an overview of transport engineering. It begins with definitions of transportation and transport engineering, emphasizing its multidisciplinary nature. The document then outlines the major components of transportation systems and lists the typical phases of transportation engineering projects. It also discusses the various modes of transport and factors influencing transport mode choice. The remainder of the document focuses on transportation in Ethiopia, providing details on the development of roads and the Ethiopian government's growth and transformation plans to expand road infrastructure.
This document provides an introduction to transportation engineering. It discusses the role and importance of transportation in economic growth, urbanization, and development. It describes different modes of transport including railways, road, air, water, and pipelines. It then focuses on transportation in India, outlining the various modes and their usage. The document discusses the development of roads in India under British rule and post-independence road development plans. It also covers road research, traffic studies, engineering studies, and formulas used to determine road length requirements in India.
This document provides a project brief for a proposed metro rail system in Chennai, India. It summarizes key details about Chennai's population, industries, land use, existing rail and road networks, and transportation problems. It then outlines the selection of 7 proposed metro corridors, including corridors 1 and 2 being selected for phase 1. Traffic forecasts predict over 10 million daily trips by 2026. The document also discusses the proposed metro system's selection of standard gauge track, ballastless track structure, 750V DC third rail traction system, and ATP signaling for train control and safety.
Transportation plays a vital role in developed countries by enabling the efficient movement of people and goods to support economic activities, it provides access to employment opportunities and services essential for society, and well-developed transportation networks are critical infrastructure that developed countries rely on for their economic prosperity and social development.
The presentation discusses key aspects of road networks including:
1. A brief history of early road transport methods and the development of road networks in ancient empires and by the Romans.
2. The classification and hierarchy of road networks including motorways, trunk roads, and local roads.
3. Important considerations for road network design such as connectivity, capacity, and accessibility.
4. An overview of Nigeria's extensive network of federal, state, and local roads and some of the challenges faced.
This document provides an introduction to transportation engineering. It discusses key topics including:
- Transportation engineering deals with planning, designing, operating, and managing various transportation modes like roads, railways, and pipelines.
- Key aspects covered include highway engineering, traffic engineering, different transportation networks and modes, characteristics of different modes, and the role of transportation in economic development.
- It also discusses topics like highway components, research areas in transportation engineering, advantages and disadvantages of road transportation, and the development of roads and transportation in India.
The document provides an introduction to transportation engineering. It discusses key topics including:
- Transportation engineering deals with planning, design, operation and management of various transportation modes to provide safe, efficient movement of people and goods.
- Key aspects covered include highway engineering, traffic engineering, transportation networks and systems, roles of transportation, history of road development in India, functional classification of roads, and administration of roads.
- It also summarizes India's road development plans over the decades including the landmark Nagpur Plan from 1943 which was the first long-term road development plan for India.
This document discusses different modes of transportation. It describes the three main modes as land, water, and air transportation. Land transportation includes highways/roads and railways. Water transportation refers to cargo shipping on bodies of water, which accounts for 90% of international trade. Air transportation is the fastest growing mode and allows for unlimited routes, with airplanes increasingly used for domestic and international trade. The document also outlines other modes like micro mobility, pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. It concludes by listing the typical components that make up each transportation mode, such as infrastructure, vehicles, workforce, and operations.
The Hyderabad Metropolitan Area spreads over 1905 Sq.Kms. This area is greater than that of other metropolitan cities like Delhi, Calcutta, Bangalore and Chennai. HUDA is a nodal agency for promoting planned development of the city which makes it automatically the nodal agency for studying and implementing transport related projects within the urban agglomeration.
This document summarizes a dissertation on multi-modal transportation hubs. The dissertation aims to study the need for and circulation involved in multi-modal transportation. The objectives are to study transitional areas, requirements, and circulation. The scope is on uses and passenger movement patterns. Due to time constraints, some aspects could not be studied in depth. Case studies of London, Hong Kong and Singapore multi-modal hubs are provided. Conventional transportation planning is compared to multi-modal planning, which considers connections between modes. Passenger requirements like transfer times and accessibility are also discussed.
This document discusses road networks, including their historical development, hierarchy, analysis, and future. It begins with an overview of early roads dating back thousands of years and the first professional road network created by the Romans. It then describes the typical hierarchy of road networks from arterial roads and sub-arterial roads to collector roads and local roads. The document outlines techniques for analyzing road network patterns and operations. It concludes by discussing how future road networks will be transformed by connected and autonomous vehicles using advanced technologies.
Academic Presentation On Review Of Road NetworkKamal Rumah
This document discusses road networks and their analysis. It begins with an introduction and historical overview of roads. It then describes the hierarchy of road networks, including arterial, collector and local roads. The document analyzes road network patterns using techniques like graph theory. It also discusses the current and future operation of road networks, including the potential for connected and autonomous vehicles. It concludes that advanced technologies will deliver benefits by managing road networks better to support economic growth and innovation.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It examines the design and estimation of an RCC (reinforced cement concrete) road. The report was submitted by seven students to their lecturer at Indus Institute of Technology and Management in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in May 2015. It includes sections on surveying, road specifications, field surveys, analysis of rates, design, estimation, and costing of the RCC road project.
Railway Engineering by Sharda UniversityFatila Carrol
This document provides an overview of the Transportation Engineering II course, including topics that will be covered such as railway geometric design, station and yard design, airport and harbor engineering. It also discusses the Indian railway system in detail, including its history, organization structure, types of tracks and their lengths, components of the permanent way, and requirements of an ideal railway track. Key concepts like railway gauges, rolling stock, locomotives, and technical terms are defined.
This document provides an overview of railway engineering in India. It discusses the history and development of railways in India, the roles and organization of Indian Railways, key terms related to railway infrastructure, the advantages and disadvantages of railways compared to other modes of transport, and some of the strengths and weaknesses of Indian Railways. The document is divided into multiple sections covering topics like permanent way, types of rails and sleepers, organization of Indian Railways, research and standards organization, and the roles and impacts of railways in India.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering and highway development in India. It discusses the importance of transportation for socioeconomic development. It outlines the key modes of transportation including road, rail, water, and air. It summarizes the recommendations of the Jayakar Committee which established the Central Road Fund in 1929 to support road development. The document also discusses the history of road development in ancient India, the Mughal period, and 19th century under British rule. It examines the impact of transportation on population distribution, economic activity, and law and order.
Feasibility Study of Mass Transport in Nasik CityIRJET Journal
This document discusses a feasibility study for implementing a mass transit system in Nasik City, India. It begins with an introduction to mass rapid transit systems and their history. It then discusses the study's aim to facilitate sustainable development in Nasik. The methodology section outlines the study's phases, including selecting corridors, technologies, and assessing alternatives. Traffic and passenger data was collected on major corridors to analyze existing transit demand. Based on this analysis, the document identifies several potential mass rapid transit corridors that could meet Nasik's future transportation needs in a sustainable manner.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
1. Transportation Engg.-II
Prof. Rajesh Bhagat
Asst. Professor, CED, YCCE, Nagpur
B. E. (Civil Engg.) M. Tech. (Enviro. Engg.)
GCOE, Amravati VNIT, Nagpur
Achievement
Selected Scientist, NEERI-CSIR, Govt. of India.
GATE Qualified Three Times.
UGC - NET Qualified in First Attempt.
Selected Junior Engineer, ZP Washim.
Three Times Selected as UGC Approved Assistant Professor.
Assistant Professor, PCE, Nagpur.
Assistant Professor, Cummins College of Engg. For Women.
Topper of PhD Course Work at UGC-HRDC, RTMNU Nagpur.
Mobile No.:- 8483002277 / 8483003474 Email ID :- rajeysh7bhagat@gmail.com
Website:- www.rajeysh7bhagat.wordpress.com
2. 2
Course Objective:
1) To acquaint development of railway transportation in India.
2) To understand geometric design of railway tracks.
3) To know zoning laws for development of air transportation in India.
4) To study tunnel alignment and necessity of tunnels.
Course Outcome:
1) An ability to update & upgrade knowledge about transportation system in India.
2) An ability to design railway tracks & crossing.
3) An ability to avail information about development of air transportation in urban
areas.
4) An ability to understand the construction of tunnel & advances in tunneling.
3. Unit-I
1) Transportation and Its Development: Long term operative plans for Indian
Railways, Classification Lines and their track standards
2) Railway Terminology
3) Administration & Management
4) Traction and tractive resistance, Hauling capacity and tractive effort of
locomotives, Different types of tractions
3
4. 4
Unit-II
1) Permanent Way: Alignment surveys, requirement, gauges, track section, coning of
wheels, stresses in railway track, high speed track, rail types and functions,
selection for rails, test on rail wear & defects, corrugation and creep of rails, rail
joints, short and long welded panels.
2) Sleepers: Function, types, merits and demerits, sleeper density, ballast cushion,
ballast section, rail fixtures and fasteners.
3) Geometric Design of Railway Track: Gauge, gradients, speed, super elevation,
cant deficiency negative super elevation, curves, length of transition curves, grade
compensation.
4) Points and Crossing: Left and right hand turnouts, turnouts & crossovers, railway
track functions .
5. 5
Unit-III
1) Station and Yards: Types, functions, facilities & equipments.
2) Railway Signaling and Interlocking: Objects and principles of signaling,
classification and types of signals, control and movement of trains, track circulation,
interlocking.
3) Railway Track construction, inspection & modern techniques of maintenance,
modern technology related to track & tractions, rolling stock, signaling & controlling
6. 6
Unit-IV
1) History of Air Transportation in India: Comparison with other transportation
modes, aircraft components and characteristics, airport site selection, modern
aircrafts.
2) Airport Obstructions: Zoning laws, imaginary surfaces, approach and turning
zone, clear zone, vertical clearance for highway & railway.
3) Runway And Taxiway Design: Windrose diagram, cross wind component, runway
orientation and configuration, basic runway length and corrections, runway
geometric design standards, taxiway layout and geometric design standards, exit
taxiway.
7. 7
Unit-V
1) Airport Layout and Classification: Terminal area, aircraft parking and parking
systems, unit terminal concept, aprons, hangers, International airports layout,
helipads and heliports.
2) Visual Aids: Airport marking and lighting for runways, taxiways and other areas.
3) Air Traffic Control: Need, networks, control aids, instrumented landing systems,
advances in air traffic control.
8. 8
Unit-VI
Tunnels: Alignment, surveys, cross section of highway & railway tunnels, tunneling
methods in hard rock and soft grounds, tunnel lining, drainage, ventilation and lighting
of tunnels, advances in tunneling techniques, tunnel boring machines, case studies.
9. 9
S
N
Author Name Title Publication
1 S. C. Saxena & S. P. Arora Railway Engineering Dhanpath Rai
2
S. K. Khanna
M. G. Arora
S. S. Jain
Airport Planning and
Design
Nem Chand & Bro.
3 S. P. Chandola
Transportation
Engineering
S. Chand
4 S. C. Rangwala Railway Engineering Charotar House
5 S. C. Saxena Tunnel Engineering Dhanpath Rai
S
N
Author Name Title Publication
1.
Robert Horonjeff, Francis, et
al
Planning and Design of Airports The McGraw Hill Co.
Text Books:
Reference Book:
10. 10
Role of Transportation: (Importance)
1) Transportation is an index of economic, social & commercial progress of a country.
2) The whole structure of industry and commerce rests on the well laid foundation of
transport.
3) No country or region can ever flourish if it lacks adequate transport facilities.
11. 11
Various Modes of Transport can be classified as below:
Classification from Surface Point of View:
1) Land Transport: Highways, Railways, Cableways, etc.
2) Water Transport: Canal ways, River ways, Ocean ways, Lake ways, etc.
3) Air Transport: Airways.
Classification based on Freedom to move:
1) One Degree Freedom: Vehicles are free to move along a line. Ex. Railways.
2) Two Degree Freedom: move along a line as well as laterally. Ex. Ship, bats, etc.
3) Three Degree Freedom: free to move in any plane. Ex. Aero-planes.
12. • Human portar
• Animal transport
• Road transport
• Rail transport
• Air transport
12
Classification of Transport:
12
1) Human energy
2) Animal energy
3) Petrol & diesel energy
4) Steam energy
5) Electric energy
13. 13
Advantages of Railway:
1) Political Advantages:
United the people of different caste, religious, custom & tradition.
Easy & effective Central administration.
Development of Nationalism mentality of minds of people.
Mass migration of people.
2) Social Advantages:
1) Feeling of isolation removed from villages.
2) Easier to reach religious places.
3) Convenient & safe mode of transport.
3) Economic Advantages:
1) Relieve of congested areas.
2) Labor & raw material transport contributed to industrial development.
3) Transport of food, goods & cloth during famine.
4) Employment, standards of living, National wealth, Price stabilization &
Commercial farming.
14. 14
Importance of Land Transportation (Railway):
1) Two important mode of transportation are railway & Highway.
2) Railways are efficient & convenient over a large distance.
3) It helped social development of country by transporting person from one corner
of country to another.
4) It help the process of manufacturing through transportation of raw material from
far-off places & also finished product to market centers.
5) During political disturbances & social disorders, the forces are mobilized from one
place to the other.
6) In national defence, railways play an important role in movement of troops &
weapons.
7) Figure shows the role of railways as co-ordinating and integrating agency in the
process of production.
15. 15
Figure shows the role of railways as co-ordinating and integrating agency in the process
of production:
16. 16
Role Played by Railways in Industrial & Economic Progress of a Nation:
1) Easy movement of the products in all parts of the country, the price stabilization
could be possible, giving relief to the common man.
2) Industrial development in far-off places is possible, increasing the land values and
standard of living of the poor people.
3) Provided facilities for the transport of raw material to the factories and the
finished products to the people at reasonable cost, which has resulted in industrial
development at a rapid rate.
4) During famines, the essential goods, foods & clothing can be speedily sent to the
affected areas.
5) Mobility of masses has increased which has contributed in the industrial
development.
6) Completion of big national project like dam, canal, power house, etc. was possible
as labor & material can be brought from long distances speedily.
17. 17
Various System Railway:
1) Surface Railway: Over the ground
2) Elevated Railway: At higher level
3) Underground Railway: Just below the ground
4) Tube Railway: Underground at greater depth (18m to 52km)
18. 18
Nationalization of Railway:
When govt. undertakes the entire liabilities & responsibilities of management &
operation of the railway system in the country.
Advantages:
1) Availability of capital & land.
2) Development of all Areas.
3) National Defence.
4) Transport co-ordination.
5) Reduction in rates & fares.
6) Better Amenities.
7) Elimination of discrimination.
8) Labor welfare.
Disadvantages:
Inefficiency, Corruption, Technical improvement, strikes, etc.
19. 19
Characteristics Railways Transport Highway Transport
Load handling Capacity.
Right of entry.
Operational Control.
Tractive Resistance.
Gradient.
Constr./Maintenance.
Origin & Destination.
Length of Haul.
Employment.
Hilly Regions.
Accident rate.
Net tonnes-kms/vehicle hr.
Horse Power.
Heavier loads at high speed.
Not free to all.
Signaling, interlocking & block system.
Less (1/6 th of highway)
Minimum.
Higher.
Starting & Destination points are fixed.
Bulk & Heavy goods is cheaper
(Convenient).
Less.
Not suitable.
Few.
Higher.
Lesser per tonnes
Low.
Free & flexible.
Not required.
More.
Steeper Gradient.
Less.
Door to door service.
Short distance upto
500km is convenient.
Higher.
Suitable.
More.
Lower.
Higher per tonnes.
20. 20
YEAR TYPE OF RAIL MATERIAL USED INFORMATION
1550 Wooden rails, horse drawn carriages Roads of rails called wagon ways
1776 Rails made up of metal Wheels metal are called tram ways
1789 First flanged wheels designed by
Jessop. Cast-iron rail resting on stone
blocks were introduced.
1804 First tramway steam engine built
R. Trevithick
1814 Built first rail engine by George
stephenson. (14.5 km in 2 hr)
1825 First public railway was opened for
traffic. Stephenson (19.32 kmph)
Durham, England 20
21. 21
Historical Development of Railway in India:
India was a country with extremely poor means of communication & without a well
developed system of transport.
1844: First proposal of construction of railway were submitted to East India Co. by
Stephenson.
1853: First railway line between Bombay & thana 32 kms was opened. (14 coaches & was
driven by 3 engines)
1855: Eight companies were established: Great Indian Peninsula Railway, The East Indian
Railway, The Madras Railway, The Bombay-Baroda & Central India Railway, The Scinida
Railway, The eastern Bengal Railway, The South Indian Railway, The culcutta & South
Eastern Railway.
1879: India had total of 14,920 kms of railway lines.
1914: 56,456 kms & capital outlay 495 crores.
1925: Govt. took over the management of the East Indian & Great Indian Peninsula
Railway. Also local train system Bombay to Kurla started.
1930: 66,358 km & 856.75 crores.
22. 22
Historical Development of Railway in India:
1949: Govt. acquired control over all railways except a very few privates companies.
1950: Regrouping of railways was done & 6 zones were formed.
First Five Year Plan (1951-56): Outlays was 423 crore. Helped India to achieve self-
sufficiency.
Second Five Year Plan (1956-61): Provision of 1044 Crore for development of railway.
Third Five Year Plan (1961-66): 1686 crore (Construction of new lines, many bridges,
staff quarters, doubling of tracks & renewal)
Fourth Five Year Pan (1969-74): 1557 crore (modernization of railway & improving
operational efficiency)
Fifth Five Year Pan (1974-79): 3250 crore (conversion of MG to BG)
Sixth Five Year Pan (1980-85): 5100 crore
Seventh Five Year Pan (1985-90): 12334 crore (Electrification of main route)
Eight Five Year Pan (1992-97): 27202 crore (modernization & NG to BG)
23. 23
Historical Development of Railway in India:
Seventh Five Year Pan (1985-90): 12334 crore (Electrification of main route)
Eight Five Year Pan (1992-97): 27202 crore (modernization & NG to BG)
Ninth Five Year Pan (1997-2002): 45413 crore (Adequate rail transport, 4000HP Diesel
& 6000HP Electric Locomotives)
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007):
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012):
Twelth Five Year Plan (2012-2017):
24. 24
Classification of Indian Railway:
Railway Board classified Indian Railway lines on the basis of the importance of routes,
traffic carried & max. permissible speed into 3 Groups:
1) Truck Routes
2) Main Lines
3) Branch Lines
Trunk Routes: 6 routes of BG & 3 routes of MG
1) Delhi – Mughalsarai – Howarh
2) Delhi - Kota – Mumbai
3) Delhi – Jhansi – Nagpur – Chennai
4) Howarh – Nagpur – Mumbai
5) Mumbai – Guntakul – Chennai
6) Howarh – Vijaywada – Chennai
A. Lucknow – Gorakhpur – Guwahati
B. Delhi – Jaipur – Ahmadabad
C. Chennai – Madurai - Trivandrum
25. 25
Standards for the Trunk Routes:
Description BG MG
Max. Permissible Speed
Ballast cushion
Degree of curvature
Design speed
Rail section
120kmph
25 cm below sleeper
7.5
160 kmph
55 kg/m
80kmph
25 cm below sleeper
Suitable
100 kmph
37.2 kg/m
Main Lines:
All railway routes other than trunk routes carrying 10 gross million tones per annum
(GMT) or more for BG lines & 2.5 GMT or more for MG lines.
Standards for the Main Lines:
Description BG MG
Max. Permissible Speed
Rail Section
Track Relaying Period
Design speed
100kmph
52 kg/m
20 years
120kmph
75kmph
37.2 kg/m
30 years
75kmph
26. 26
Branch Lines:
All line except the trunk routes & main lines are under branch lines. The old rolling stock
of trunk & main lines are used in the branch lines.
27. 27
Gauge of Railway Track:
The minimum distance between running faces of the two rails is termed as gauge of rail.
The various gauges existing at present in the country are given below:
In India, BG is Standard Gauge.
Selection of Gauge depends on:
1) Cost of construction
2) Volume & nature of traffic
3) Speed
4) Physical Feature of Country ( Geographic)
Nomenclature of Gauge Gauge in meter
Broad Gauge (BG) 1.676
Meter Gauge (MG) 1.000
Narrow Gauge (NG) 0.762
Narrow Gauge (NG) Lighter Gauge 0.610
28. 28
In India, BG is Standard Gauge.
In UK & USA, Standard Gauge is
1435 mm or 1451 mm
29. 29
Classification of Railway Lines Based on Speed Criteria:
1) Group A Lines: It consist of trunk routes with a speed of 160 kmph
4 routes: New Delhi to Mumbai central via Kota, Howrah to Mumbai via
Nagpur
2) Group B Lines: Maximum sanctioned speed of 130 kmph.
Nearly 13 routes: Allahabad to Bhusawal, Kalyan to Chennai
3) Group C Lines: All suburban routes of Mumbai, Culcutta and Delhi
4) Group D Lines: Maximum Permissible Speed is 100 kmph
5) Group E Lines: Maximum Permissible Speed is less than100 kmph
29
30. Rail Adminstration
Railway Board
Member of RB
Chairman Financial Comissionor
All regulation s,
construction,
maintenance,
operation
Sanction Railway
Expenditure
FM
FM
FM
Exe. Director Technical Officers
Member
Civil
Member
Traffic
Member
Mechl
Member
Elecl.
Exe.
Civil
Member
Store
Exe.
Mech
Exe.
Elec.
Member
Traffic
Member
Commer
cial
Member
planning
30
31. 31
Requirements of Good Administration of Railway:
1) The functional distribution of various activities and duties should be established
and divided in a suitable way among the different department, heads by efficient
persons.
2) The various levels of authority and corresponding responsibilities should be
established in a proper way.
3) Efficient co-ordination must be established & maintained.
4) There should be efficient control from top to bottom of the organization.
5) Every person should feel the responsibility of work allotted to him and perform
it with honesty.
6) The person should given adequate authority to discharge his function efficiently.
7) Overlapping of functions should be avoided & related work should be properly
co-ordinated.
8) Planning cells and the performance cell should work separately.
9) The number of levels or grades in administration should be as small as possible.
31
33. 33
Railway Terminology:
1) Locomotive: It is the machine which transforms chemical energy of a fuel into
the mechanical energy of motion. Fuel may be water, coal, diesel, electricity, etc.
In steam Locomotive ----Coal, In Diesel Locomotive ----Diesel.
2) Hauling Capacity: It is the total load which can be dragged or pulled by it. It
indicates the power of locomotive. Hauling Capacity = μ . w . n = μ . W
μ = coeff. Of friction
n = no. of pairs of driving wheel of locomotive.
w = weight on one driving wheel of locomotive.
W = total weight on driving wheel of locomotive.
33
34. 34
Traction (Traction Force): The source by which locomotive derives power to haul a
train is known as traction.
It may be ,
1. Steam traction
2. Diesel traction
3. Electric traction (AC tractions or DC tractions )
Tractive Effort: It is propulsive force of the locomotive. The tractive effort is usually
equal to or little greater than hauling capacity.
Tractive Resistance: The forces which resist the forward movement and speed of
train are called Tractive Resistance.
Ballast: Granular material packed under and around the sleepers to transfer loads
from sleepers to ballast. Provides elasticity to the track.
34
36. 36
Boxing: The process of filling the ballast around the sleepers is called boxing of the
ballast.
Coaches or Vehicle: The passenger compartments are called coaches. They are for
sitting & sleeping of passenger. Latrines & washing facilities are provided in coaches.
Points & crossings: are the contrivances & arrangement by which different routes
either parallel or diverging are connected to afford for the train to move from track to
another.
Rail: are the steel girders which provide the hard & smooth surface for movements of
wheels of locomotives and railway vehicles.
Railway Track: Track is the structure provided by rails fitted on sleepers, resting on
ballast and subgrade for passage of wheels.
36
37. 37
37
Characteristics Steam Diesel Electric
Source of Energy.
Driving skill.
Tractive Effort.
Over load capacity.
Power Utilization.
Speed.
Rate of
acceleration.
Track riding.
Steam obtains by
burning coal or oil.
Necessary.
Non-uniform torque
offer less tractive effort.
10 to 20% possible.
More fuel consumed.
On grades speed gets
reduced.
Low.
Due to hammer blows on
rails, damage is caused
to the track.
Diesel Oil.
Not important.
Uniform torque offer
greater tractive effort.
Greater overlaod capacity
possible.
No wastage of power
while standing.
Higher speed on grades
also possible.
Better.
No damage is caused to
track.
Electric motor
(Generator)
Simple & Easy.
Greater Tractive Effort.
High overload capacity.
No wastage of power
while standing.
Very high speed
possible even on steep
grades
.
Accelerate very quickly.
No damage as
movement is very
smooth.
38. 38
38
Characteristics Steam Diesel Electric
Flexibility.
Reversing.
Working hours.
Smoke & Fire.
Personal
requirements.
Repais.
Transport of fuel.
Locomotive cost.
Locomotive Life.
No. of coaches is fixed.
Need to turn table.
12 hrs a day.
Both.
2-3 persons for feeding
coal.
Many.
It takes coal & water.
5 Lakh.
40 Yrs
Large no. of coaches can
be attached.
Reversing of engine is
required.
18 hrs a day.
No fire & Lesser smoke.
Only driver is sufficient.
Lesser.
Lesser oil is needed only
12% of total quantity of
coal.
14 Lakh.
Engine life-20 Yrs
Parts life-40 Yrs
Large no. of coaches
can be attached.
Reversing if engine not
required.
20 hrs a day.
No fire & No smoke.
Only driver is
sufficient.
Minimum.
It does not need
carrying fuel.
11 Lakh.
40 Yrs
39. 39
Advantages of Electric Traction over Steam & Diesel Traction:
1. Heavy loads & steep grades.
2. Suburban traffic.
3. High speed.
4. Underground railway.
5. High overload capacity.
6. Accelerate very quickly.
7. Smooth movement.
8. No damage to track.
9. No fire or smoke.
39
40. 40
Tractive Resistances:
When train is in motion, there are numerous forces which offer resistance to the
movement and speed of the train. Therefore, tractive force developed by the locomotive
should be adequate enough to overcome the resistance offered by different agencies
against its movement.
It can be classified into four categories
1. Train resistance
2. Resistance due to track profile
3. Resistance due to starting and acceleration
4. Wind resistance
40
41. 41
Tractive Resistances can be classified into four categories
1. Train resistance
2. Resistance due to track profile
3. Resistance due to starring and acceleration
4. Wind resistance
Train resistance can be classified into following categories:
A. Resistance independent on speed or rolling resistance (Internal parts)
B. Resistance dependent on speed (Track irregularities, flange friction, etc.)
C. Atmospheric resistances
Resistance due to track profile are classified into two categories:
A. Resistance due to gradients
B. Resistance due to curves
Resistance due to starting and acceleration
A. Resistance due to starting
B. Resistance due to acceleration
41
42. 42
Resistance independent on speed or Rolling resistance (Rt1):
The total train resistance independent of the speed (Rt1) can be calculated by
Rt1 = 0.0016 w
Resistance dependent on speed (Rt2):
The total train resistance depends on the speed can be calculated by
Rt2 = 0.00008 w v
Atmospheric resistance (Rt3):
It can be calculated by Rt3 = 0.0000006 w v2
Total Train Resistance RT1 will be given by
RT1 = Rt1 + Rt2 + Rt3
RT1 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
w is weight of train in tonnes & v is speed in kmph
42
43. 43
Resistance due to track profile are classified into two categories:
A. Resistance due to gradients
B. Resistance due to curve
Resistance due to gradient can be calculated by
Rg = w tan Ɵ
Rg = (weight on train) x (percent gradient)
For a 2 percent gradient, the train having a weight of 2 tonnes, resistance due to
gradient:
Rg = (2 x 1000) x (2 / 100)
Rg = 40 kg for 2 tonnes
Resistance due to curve can be calculated by
For BG, Rc = 0.0004 w x D
For MG, Rc = 0.0003 w x D
For NG, Rc = 0.0002 w x D
D is degree of the curve.
43
44. 44
Hauling capacity = µ x W
Hauling capacity of locomotive is usually 1/6 to 1/8 times the load on driving wheels.
Hauling capacity = Total Resistance
In case of straight track on level:
Hauling Capacity = Train Resistance
In case of curved track on level:
Hauling Capacity = Train Resistance + Curve Resistance
In case of curved tracon grade:
Hauling Capacity = Train Resistance + Curve Resistance + Gradient Resistance
44
45. 45
Que 1: The hauling capacity of a locomotive with 03 pairs of driving wheels and an
axle loads of 20 tonnes. use 0.2 as coefficient of friction is find out as follows:
Hauling capacity of locomotive = Coeff. Of friction X Weight on driving wheels
= 0.2 x 3 x 20 x 1000
= 12000 Kgs.
45
46. 46
Que. 2: Calculate the maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by a
locomotive having four pairs of driving wheels, carrying an axial load of 20 tonnes
each. The train has to run at the speed of 70 kmph on a straight level BG track.:
Pairs of driving wheels = 4 pairs
w = 20 tonnes
v = 70 kmph
Assuming coefficient of friction = 0.2
Hauling capacity of locomotive = 0.2 x 4 x 20 = 16 tonnes = 16000 kg
On a straight level track, train resistance = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
Equating hauling capacity to the train resistance,
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w (70) + 0.0000006 w (70)2
w = 1578 tonnes
Maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by a locomotive = 1578 tonnes.
46
47. 47
Que. 3: Calculate the maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by a locomotive
having four pairs of driving wheels, carrying an axle load of 24 tonnes each. The train has to
run at the speed of 80 kmph on a straight level BG track.
Also calculate the reduction in speed, if train has to climb a gradient of 1 in 200.
If train climbs the gradient with a 20 curve, then what would be the reduction in speed?
Pairs of driving wheels = 4 pairs, w = 24 tonnes, v = 80 kmph
Assume hauling capacity is 1/6 times the load on driving wheels (coeff. of friction = 0.166)
48. 48
Que. 3: Calculate the maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by a locomotive
having four pairs of driving wheels, carrying an axle load of 24 tonnes each. The train has to
run at the speed of 80 kmph on a straight level BG track.
Also calculate the reduction in speed, if train has to climb a gradient of 1 in 200.
If train climbs the gradient with a 20 curve, then what would be the reduction in speed?
Pairs of driving wheels = 4 pairs, w = 24 tonnes, v = 80 kmph
Assume hauling capacity is 1/6 times the load on driving wheels (coeff. of friction = 0.166)
Hauling capacity of locomotive = 0.166x 4 x 24 = 16 tonnes = 16000 kg
On a straight level track, train resistance = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
Equating hauling capacity to the train resistance,
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w (80) + 0.0000006 w (80)2
w = 1351.4 tonnes say 1350 tonnes
49. 49
Que. 3: Calculate the maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by a locomotive
having four pairs of driving wheels, carrying an axle load of 24 tonnes each. The train has to
run at the speed of 80 kmph on a straight level BG track.
Also calculate the reduction in speed, if train has to climb a gradient of 1 in 200.
If train climbs the gradient with a 20 curve, then what would be the reduction in speed?
Pairs of driving wheels = 4 pairs, w = 24 tonnes, v = 80 kmph
Assume hauling capacity is 1/6 times the load on driving wheels (coeff. of friction = 0.166)
Hauling capacity of locomotive = 0.166x 4 x 24 = 16 tonnes = 16000 kg
On a straight level track, train resistance = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
Equating hauling capacity to the train resistance,
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w (80) + 0.0000006 w (80)2
w = 1351.4 tonnes say 1350 tonnes
In case, the train has to move up the gradient 1 in 200 (0.5 percent)
Total Train Resistance = (0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2) + (w x % Gradient)
16 = (0.0016x1350 + 0.00008x1350 x v + 0.0000006x1350 x v2) + (1350x(0.5/100))
v = 50kmph
Hence reduction in speed = 80 – 50 = 30 kmph
50. 50
Que. 3: Calculate the maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by a locomotive
having four pairs of driving wheels, carrying an axle load of 24 tonnes each. The train has to
run at the speed of 80 kmph on a straight level BG track.
Also calculate the reduction in speed, if train has to climb a gradient of 1 in 200.
If train climbs the gradient with a 20 curve, then what would be the reduction in speed?
Hauling capacity of locomotive = 0.166x 4 x 24 = 16 tonnes
On a straight level track, train resistance = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
Equating hauling capacity to the train resistance,
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w (80) + 0.0000006 w (80)2
w = 1351.4 tonnes say 1350 tonnes
If train moves with above gradient on a 20 curve, then total train resistance will be
= (0.0016w + 0.00008wv + 0.0000006wv2) + (w x % Gradient) + (0.0004wD)
Equate with Hauling Capacity
51. 51
Que. 3: Calculate the maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by a locomotive
having four pairs of driving wheels, carrying an axle load of 24 tonnes each. The train has to
run at the speed of 80 kmph on a straight level BG track.
Also calculate the reduction in speed, if train has to climb a gradient of 1 in 200.
If train climbs the gradient with a 20 curve, then what would be the reduction in speed?
Hauling capacity of locomotive = 0.166x 4 x 24 = 16 tonnes
On a straight level track, train resistance = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
Equating hauling capacity to the train resistance,
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w v + 0.0000006 w v2
16 = 0.0016 w + 0.00008 w (80) + 0.0000006 w (80)2
w = 1351.4 tonnes say 1350 tonnes
If train moves with above gradient on a 20 curve, then total train resistance will be
= (0.0016w + 0.00008wv + 0.0000006wv2) + (w x % Gradient) + (0.0004wD)
Equate with Hauling Capacity
16=(0.0016x1350 + 0.00008x1350 x v + 0.0000006x1350 x v2) + (1350x(0.5/100)) +
(0.0004x1350x2)
v = 43kmph
Hence reduction in speed = 80 – 43 = 37 kmph
52. 52
Que. 4: A locomotive on MG track has three pairs of driving wheels each carrying
20 tonnes. What maximum load can it pull on level track with curvature of 20 at
50kmph.
Hauling Capacity = Coeff. Of friction X Weight on driving wheels.
Equate Hauling capacity with Total train resistance.
If train moves with above gradient on a 20 curve, then total train resistance will be
= (0.0016w + 0.00008wv + 0.0000006wv2) + (0.0003wD)
w = 1300 tonnes
53. 53
Que. 5: Find out the steepest gradient on a straight track using given data, for train having 20
wagons.
Weight of each wagon = 18 tonnes
Rolling resistance of wagon = 2.5 kg/tonne
Speed of train = 50 kmph
Weight of locomotive with tender = 120 tonnes
Tractive effort of locomotive = 12 tonnes
Rolling resistance of locomotive = 3.5 kg/tonnes
54. 54
Que. 5: Find out the steepest gradient on a straight track using given data, for train having 20
wagons.
Weight of each wagon = 18 tonnes
Rolling resistance of wagon = 2.5 kg/tonne
Speed of train = 50 kmph
Weight of locomotive with tender = 120 tonnes
Tractive effort of locomotive = 12 tonnes
Rolling resistance of locomotive = 3.5 kg/tonnes
Total weight of Train = 120 + (20 x 18) = 480 tonnes
Rolling resistance of all wagons = (2.5 x 18) x 20 = 900 kg = 0.9 tonnes
Rolling resistance of locomotive = 120 x 3.5 = 420 kg = 0.42 tonnes
Total Rolling Resistance of locomotive & wagons = 0.9 + 0.42 = 1.32 tonnes
Resistance depending on speed = 0.00008 w v = 0.00008 x 480 x 50 = 1.92 tonnes
Atmospheric resistance = 0.0000006 w v2 = 0.0000006 x 480 x 50 x 50 = 0.72 tonnes
Resistance due to Gradient = (1/g) w Gradient required is 1 in g
Train Resistance = Rolling Resistance + Resistance depend on speed + Atmospheric Resistance +
Resistance due to Gradient
55. 55
Que. 5: Find out the steepest gradient on a straight track using given data, for train having 20
wagons.
Weight of each wagon = 18 tonnes, Rolling resistance of wagon = 2.5 kg/tonne, Speed of train
= 50 kmph, Weight of locomotive with tender = 120 tonnes, Tractive effort of locomotive = 12
tonnes & Rolling resistance of locomotive = 3.5 kg/tonnes
Total weight of Train = 120 + (20 x 18) = 480 tonnes
Rolling resistance of all wagons = (2.5 x 18) x 20 = 900 kg = 0.9 tonnes
Rolling resistance of locomotive = 120 x 3.5 = 420 kg = 0.42 tonnes
Total Rolling Resistance of locomotive & wagons = 0.9 + 0.42 = 1.32 tonnes
Resistance depending on speed = 0.0008 w v = 0.00008 x 480 x 50 = 1.92 tonnes
Atmospheric resistance = 0.0000006 w v2 = 0.000000 x 480 x 50 x 50 = 0.72 tonnes
Resistance due to Gradient = (1/g) w Gradient required is 1 in g
Train Resistance = Rolling Resistance + Resistance depend on speed + Atmospheric Resistance +
Resistance due to Gradient
12 = 3.582 +(480/g)
g = 60 Steepest gradient permissible is 1 in 60.
56. 56
Que. 6: What would be the gradient for BG track when the gradient resistance
together with curve resistance due to curve of 30 shall be equal to the resistance
due to a rulling gradient of 1 in 200.
57. 57
Que. 6: What would be the gradient for BG track when the gradient resistance
together with curve resistance due to curve of 30 shall be equal to the resistance
due to a ruling gradient of 1 in 200.
Resistance due to required gradient = (1/X) w
Resistance due to curve of 30 on BG track = 0.0004 x 3 x w
Resistance due to ruling gradient = (1/200) w
58. 58
Que. 6: What would be the gradient for BG track when the gradient resistance
together with curve resistance due to curve of 30 shall be equal to the resistance
due to a ruling gradient of 1 in 200.
Resistance due to required gradient = (1/X) w
Resistance due to curve of 30 on BG track = 0.0004 x 3 x w
Resistance due to ruling gradient = (1/200) w
((1/X) w ) + (0.0004 x 3 x w) = (1/200) w
59. 59
Que. 6: What would be the gradient for BG track when the gradient resistance
together with curve resistance due to curve of 30 shall be equal to the resistance
due to a ruling gradient of 1 in 200.
Resistance due to required gradient = (1/X) w
Resistance due to curve of 30 on BG track = 0.0004 x 3 x w
Resistance due to ruling gradient = (1/200) w
((1/X) w ) + (0.0004 x 3 x w) = (1/200) w
(1 / X) + (0.0004 x 3) = (1 / 200)
X = 265
Ruling gradient is 1 in 265
60. 60
SUMMARY
The Definitions of the various technical terms commonly used in railway engineering
included in this chapter. History and development plans of railways are briefly
described in this chapter. Traction and hauling capacity of locomotives are given in a
detailed form.
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61. 61
Typical Questions
Q.1 Write a brief note on “Indian Railways”.
Q.2 Discuss about the development of Railway transportation in India.
Q.3Write short note on Railway Organisation in India.
Q4 What do you understand by ‘Tractive Effort’ of a locomotive & derive an expression for the
same.
Q.5 Explain in brief the various tractive resistance which resist the movement of trains?
Q.6 What is the Hauling Capacity of locomotive? A locomotive on M.G. track has three pairs of
driving wheels each carrying 17.27tonne.What maximum load can it draw on a level track with a
curvature of 2 at a speed of 48.3 kmph? If the train has to climb on up gradient of 1in 250, what is
the reduction in speed?
61