The document discusses several United Nations peacekeeping missions and issues: - UN peacekeeping began in 1948 and there have been 69 operations since. The earliest was the UN Emergency Force established in 1956 for the Suez Crisis. - The UN plays a role in resolving several ongoing conflicts and disputes, including the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the conflict between North and South Korea. - Other sections cover the Palestine and Israel issue, Afghanistan, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and nuclear nonproliferation efforts regarding Pakistan, India, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

1. UNITED NATIONS AND
PEACEKEEPING
MISSIONS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION
 Peace keeping began in 1948.
 It has 15 members, and each member has one vote.
 Agreement between Israel and its Neighbours.
 Known as the United Nations True Supervision
Organization (UNTSO)
 69 peacekeeping operations have been developed by
the UN.

4. UN EMERGENCY FORCE (UNEF)
 The earliest peace keeping
operation
 Launched in 1956
 Address the Suez Crises

5. How a peacekeeping operation starts
 Set up by the Security Council, theUN organ with
primary responsibility for maintaining international
peace and security/
 The Council decides the operation's size, its overall
objectives and its time frame.
 Member States decide whether to participate in a
mission and, if so, what personnel and equipment
they are willing to offer for mission.

6. KASHMIR ISSUE

7. JAMMU AND KASHMIR GEOGRAPHY AND
INDEPENDENCE:
 Jammu and Kashmir is a region administrated by
India and consisting of the southern portion of the
larger Kashmir region which is the cause of dispute
between India and Pakistan since 1947.
 Area : 42,241km square and 20 districts.
 India claims the entire Kashmir based on an
instrument of accession signed in 1947.

8. PROBLEMS FACED BY KASHMIRIS:
 Extrajudicial killing, rape, torture, and enforced disappearances BY
Indian forces.
 People have been facing daily difficulties including a lack of
telephone and internet communications, and reduced access to
goods and medical care.
 An overwhelming feeling of anger and despair hangs in the air.
 India should adopt three policies
1. Territorial policy
2. Political policy
3. Socio-economic policy

9. UN ROLE IN SOLVING KASHMIR CONFLICT
 Between 1948 to 1971 ,UN passed 23 resolutions
 Formation of UNCIP
 UNSC president(General McNaughton) plans
 Owen Dixon Proposals
 Formation of UNMOGIP on 30 March, 1951
 On 23rd January, 1957 Bakhshi Ghulam passed a
resolution.
 In October,2001 UNMOGIP chief declared KASHMIR as
tormented area.
 Border confrontation(2002)

10.  Kashmir issue is still unsolved.
 The UN retains the status in this matter which it was
granted by the original Indian reference under article 35 of
the UN charter and UN still has duty to solve this problem.
 The UN has twice called for a referendum in Kashmir,
which is yet to be held
Summary

11. RUSSIAN INVASION
OF UKRAINE 2022

12. OVERVIEW
 Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February,2022
 Europe’s largest refugee crisis since World War II w
more than six million Ukrainians left the country
 more than 200 children death
 The total fatalities reported by 18 April, 2022 were
6,000—21,000.
 Russian troops entered Ukraine from the north in
Belarus (towards Kyiv); from the Luhansk People’s
Republic; and from the south in Crimea.

14. The Security Council expresses deep concern
regarding the maintenance of peace and security of
Ukraine,” it said.
 Under UN council, UN Secretary General and UN
system, Russia vetoed a resolution on February 25.
 he 193-member UN General Assembly resolution
 suspend Russia from the Geneva based Human
Rights.
UN SECURITY COUNCIL CALLS FOR “PEACEFUL
SOLUTION” ON UKRAINE

15. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION DEMANDS END TO
RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE IN UKRAINE
 Resolution on Wednesday on 2nd March.
 A total of 141 countries voted in favor, 38 abstained
and just five opposed of the resolution. Member
nations vote during 11th emergency special session of
the UNGA.
 The Article 4, paragraph 2 of the charter:
“The admission of any such state to membership in the
United Nations will be effected by a decision of the
General Assembly upon the recommendation of the
Security Council. “

16. IMPASSIONED PLEA FROM UKRAINES U.N.AMBASSADOR TO
RUSSIA TO STOP THE WAR
 Ukrainian Ambassador Sergiy Kyslytsya:
According to Article (2) of the charter of UN:
“Membership in the United Nations is open to all other
peace-loving states which accept the obligations
contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of
the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these
obligations.”
 Sergiy Kyslytsya, Ukraine's ambassador to Russian
ambassador in the U.N
You declared the war. It is the responsibility of
this body (Security Council) to stop the war.

17. CONFLICT BETWEEN
NORTH AND SOUTH
KOREA

18. Brief History
 For centuries before the division, the Korea was a single unified
Country which occupied by the Japan after the Russo-Japanese
War in 1905.

19.  Korea was split into North and South Korea when Japan was forced
to surrender all of their colonies to the Soviets and the United States
after losing WWII.

The Soviets occupied the North and the United States occupied the
South Korea, both regions generally separated by the 38th parallel.

20.  On June 25th, 1950, North Korea invaded the South in an attempt to spread
communism.
 The United States immediately pressed for the United Nations to act.
 The UN and US forces came to the aid of South Korea, pushing the invading
forces back across the border.

21. On July 27, 1953, military commanders from the
United States (representing the United Nations
Command), the Koreans signed the Korean
Armistice Agreement, ending roughly three
years of fighting of the 1950-1953 Korean War.
The two sides agreed to create a 4-kilometre-
wide (2.5-mile) buffer zone between the
states, known as the Korean Demilitarized
Zone(DMZ).
KOREAN TREATY

22. PALESTINE AND ISRAEL
ISSUE

23. 1917 – 1947: BRITISH MANDATE
 Palestine was among former Ottoman
territories
 “Balfour Declaration” of 1917
 League of Nations gave Palestine to UK in
1922
 1947, the UK turned the Palestine problem
over to the UN
 UN proposed partitioning

24. 1948, 1967, 1973 WARS INALINEABLE RIGHTS
 In 1948 the Israel and neighboring Arab
states went to war .
 1974 the General Assembly reaffirmed the
inalienable rights of the Palestinian people to
1. self-determination
2.national independence
3.sovereignty
4.to return

25. 1977 – 1990: LEBANON, ICQP, INTIFADA
 In June 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon with the declared intention to
eliminate the PLO.
 Mass murders and injuries

26. The PEACE PROCESS OF THE 1990s
 A Peace Conference was convened in
Madrid in 1991
 1993 OSLO Accord was signed which led to
1.Partial withdrawal of Israeli forces,
2.The elections to the Palestinian Council and
3.The Presidency of the Palestinian
Authority and the establishment of a
functioning administration in the areas under
Palestinian self-rule.

27. 2000-PRESENT: SECOND INTIFADA, SEPARATION WALL
 In 2000 there was second intifada.
 Israel began the construction of a West Bank separation wall, located mostly
within the Occupied Palestinian Territory, ruled illegal by the International Court of
Justice.

28. CURRENT STATUS

29. AFGHANISTAN
ISSUE

30.  It is a country in South Asia. It’s
capital is Kabul.
 Its area is 652,860km square.
 Its official language is Pashto
and Dari.
 In 2020 its population is 38.93
million.
 Afghanistan and Taliban
offensive began on Saturday, 1
May and ended on Sunday, 15
August.
OVERVIEW

31. When Taliban took over the country people faced
following problem
1.Schools for girls were closed
2.Journalists were beaten
3.Accelerating humanitarian crisis
PROBLEMS FACED BY AFGHANISTAN

32.  UNAMA: A UN Special political mission
 UN efforts :
 Peace keeping operation
 Passing resolution
 support for survival of Afghan National
Army
 Efforts in countering terrorism but all in
vain.
 Afghanistan is still in need of a UN role
ROLE OF UN

33. NUCLEAR WEAPONS

34. The US detonated two atomic
bombs over the Japanese cities
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and
9 August 1945, respectively.
129,000--226,000 people were killed.
ATOMIC BOMBINGS OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

35.  Nuclear-Weapon-free zones
 Treaty on the prohibition of
nuclear weapons
 Fissile materials
UNODA: UN OFFICE FOR DISARMAMENT AFFAIRS

36. NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY (NPT): PAKISTAN
AND INDIA
 India became a nuclear power in
May 18,1974
 Pakistan became a nuclear power
in May 28,1998

37. CONCLUSION

38.  “Instrument developed by the organization as a way to help
countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting
peace".
 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Maritime
Task Force (MTF) ship located at sea outside Lebanese
territorial waters a boat with 37 people inside.
Unfortunately, one of them had already passed away.
 UNIFIL was created by the Security Council restore
international peace
UN PEACKEEPING

39. • Kashmir Issue
• Russia Invasion in Ukraine
• Conflict between North Korea and
South Korea
• Palestine and Israel Issue
• Afghanistan
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons
PLACES IN WHICH
PEACEKEEPING IS BEING
WORKED ON:
Nuclear Weapon

40. QUESTION/ANSWER SESSION!
1. Peacekeeping began in?
1948
2. Major Problems faced by Kashmir are?
Torture, Starvation, Loss of Homes etc.
3. Russia invaded Ukraine in?
24 February,2022
4. On June 25th North Korea invaded South Korea. What was their reason?
To spread Communism
5. When was the second intifada in Palestine?
2000
5. Capital of Afghanistan is?
Kabul
6. Pakistan became a nuclear power in?
May 28,1998

41. THANK YOU!