This document summarizes key concepts related to measurement systems and instrumentation. It discusses how measurement systems are used for monitoring processes, controlling processes, and analysis. It then defines instrumentation as a system that maintains a relationship between a measured property and physical variable, communicating this to an observer. Transducers are described as sensing the measured variable and converting it to a signal. Measurement errors are defined as the difference between the measured and true values. Finally, it discusses common mechanical measurement instruments like micrometers, vernier calipers, dial indicators, and gauges.

1. Chapter one
Measurement Error Analysis

2. Measurement systems are set up for the following functions
1. Monitoring of processes and operations – simply indicates the
value or condition of parameter under study and do not serve any
control function.
2. Control of process and operations –The thermostat in a
refrigeration or geyser determines the temperature of the relevant
environment and accordingly switches off or on the cooling or
heating mechanism to keep the temperature constant, i.e to control
the temperature.
3. Analysis – measurements are also made to
- test the validity of predictions from theories
- formulate the empirical models, i.e. relationships between
parameters and quantities assciated with a problem and
- characterize materials, devices and components
Notes. Any measurements are made with the help of instruments

3. Instruments
 It may be defined as a device or a system which is
designed to maintains a functional relationship between
a prescribed property of a substance and a physical
variable, and communicates this relationship to a
human observer by some ways and means. For
example, a
 The purpose of an instrumentation system used for
making measurements to give the user a numerical
value corresponding to the variable being measured.
 An instrumentation system for making measurements
has an input of the true value of the variable being
measured and an output of the measured value.

5.  Transducer
 A Transducer senses the physical variable to be measured
(measurand) and converts it to a suitable signal, preferably an
electrical one.
Notes: all transducers extract some energy from the measured
medium which implies that the measurand is always disturbed by
the measurement system. Therefore, a perfect measurement is
theoretically impossible.

7. Measurement Errors and performance parameters

8. error = measured value - true value
The term error is used for the difference between the result of the
measurement and the true value of the quantity being measured (as
per standard), i.e.
Thus if the measured value is 10.1 when the true value is 10.0, the
error is +0.1. If the measured value is 9.9 when the true value is 10.0,
the error is-0.1.

9. Gross Errors
Misuse Error
Human Errors

10. Observational Error

11. Instrument error
Systematic Errors

13. Environmental Error

15.  Calibration
 The calibration of all instruments is important, for it affords
the opportunity to check the instrument against a known
standard and subsequently to reduce errors in accuracy.
 Calibration procedures involve a comparison of the particular
instrument with either
I. a primary standard,
II. a secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the
instrument to be calibrated, or
III. a known input source.

16. .
LINEAR EQUIVALENCE
Conversion Factors
English to Metric
1 inch =
1 foot =
5,280 feet = 1 mile
=
2.54 centimeters (= 0.254m)
0.3048 meters (= 304.8mm)
1.34 kilometers
Metric to English
1 centimeter =
1 meter =
1 kilometer =
0.3937 inches
3.280 feet (= 39.37 inches)
0.746 miles (= 3,280.84 feet)

17. • Micrometers
• Vernier Calipers
• Dial Indicators
• Telescopic Gauges
• Small Hole Gauges
• Thickness Gauges
• Straight Edge
Mechanical Measuring Instruments

18. Micrometers
 Micrometer Calibration
◦ In order to measure accurately, the
micrometer must be accurate itself
◦ Extreme temperatures can affect accuracy

19. Depth Micrometers

20. Vernier Calipers
 Calipers. Engineers and machinists frequently use
calipers to secure accurate measurements of
inside and outside diameters the depth of an
object.

21. Why a Vernier Caliper?
 Durable
 Accurate measuring instrument
 Multiple reading use
 Easy to store and maintain
Readings that can be taken
 Outside Diameter
 Inside Diameter
 Thickness
 Depth

24. Telescopic Gauges
◦ Used with outside micrometers to measure inside
diameters
◦ Various lengths and T-shaped
◦ Extensions are spring-loaded

25. Telescoping gages

27. Dial Indicators
 Any of a number of deviation-type
gauges that indicate the amount by
which an object being gauged
deviates from the standard.
 This deviation is shown in units of
measurement, in which movement
of a gauging spindle deflects a
pointer on a graduated dial

29. Metric Feeler Gauges

31. The end!!