Unit IV :Addressing Environmental Concerns

Environmental Science
from the prospects of tourism
BBA(TT) UNIT – IV
By
Amit Tiwari
Asst. Professor
Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management Gwalior
(An autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism,
Govt. of India)

Syllabus: UNIT IV
Addressing Environmental Concerns:
Environmental Conventions; ecotourism; responsible
tourism; voluntary tourism; community based
tourism; pro-poor tourism including STEP; eco-
friendly practices and energy waste management;
Concept of Sustainable tourism development

Addressing Global Environmental
Issues
 Global environmental issues are those that transcend
national borders, such as transboundary migration of
contaminants or so-called invasive species via
atmospheric or aquatic pathways, or issues that are
universal or common to many countries.

Issues
 The most pressing global issue today is climate
change. Suspicion, alarm, skepticism, doubt, debate,
denial, possibility, evidence and, lastly, almost
certainty, describe the evolution of both public and
expert reactions to the scientific discourse
surrounding this topic over the past nearly 2 decades

Issues
 According to the nearly 800 contributing authors from
130 countries who contributed to the IPCC summary
report, the science is so well documented that the
time has now come for substantive changes in
mankind’s approach to global commerce and
interaction with the environment.

Issues
 Much like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)’s
Global Environment Outlook (GEO; UNEP 2007), SETAC is committed
to supporting policymakers and other concerned stakeholders involved
in environmental management and policy setting through integrated
assessment of the state of the environment; analyzing environmental
trends; understanding the driving forces, current policies and emerging
global, regional, and national issues. IEAM is SETAC’s flagship for
promoting the results of these studies to global stakeholders.

Important International Environmental
Conventions

1. Ramsar Convention
It is called the Convention on Wetlands
It was adopted in the city of Iran, Ramsar in
1971.
It came into force in 1975.

2. Stockholm Convention
It is a convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs)
It was adopted in 2001 in Geneva, Switzerland.

3. CITES
It is a convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
It was adopted in 1963.

4. Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD)
It is a convention for the conservation of
biological diversity.
It was adopted in 1992

5. Bonn Convention
It is a Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals.

6. Vienna Convention
It is a convention for the Protection of Ozone
Layer.

7. Montreal Protocol
It is an international environment protocol on
substances that deplete the Ozone Layer.

8. Kyoto Protocol
It is an international protocol to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

9. United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
 It is an international environmental treaty governing actions
to combat climate change through adaptation and mitigation
efforts directed at control of emission of Green House Gases
(GHGs) that cause global warming.
 It was adopted in 1992.
 It came into force in 1994.

10. Rio Summit
It is a United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development.
It was held in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.

11. UNCCD
It is a United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification.

12. Basel Convention
It is a convention on the Control of Trans-
boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and their Disposal.

13. Cartagena Protocol
It is an international environmental protocol on
Bio safety to the Convention on Biological
Diversity.

14. UN-REDD
It is a United Nations Programme on Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation.
It was created in 2008.

15. Nagoya Protocol
 It is an international environment protocol on Access to
Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

16. COP24
It is the 24th meeting of the conference of
parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.
It took place in 2018.

17. COP21
It is the 21st meeting of the conference of
Convention on Climate Change.

18. Kigali Agreement
It is an amendment to the Montreal
Protocol.

19. Minamata Convention
 It is an international environmental treaty intended to
protect health and the environment from the adverse
effects of mercury.

20. Rotterdam Convention
 It is an international environmental convention on Prior
Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

21. COP25
It is the 25th meeting of the conference of
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Eco Tourism
 Ecotourism is now defined as
“responsible travel to natural
areas that conserves the
environment, sustains the well-
being of the local people, and
involves interpretation and
education”

responsible tourism
 Responsible tourism is any form of
tourism that can be consumed in a
more responsible way. “Responsible
tourism is tourism which: minimizes
negative social, economic and
environmental impacts. generates
greater economic benefits for local
people and enhances the well-being
of host communities.

voluntary tourism
 According to the Merriam Webster
Dictionary, the definition for
volunteer tourism is: ‘the act or
practice of doing volunteer work as
needed in the community where one
is vacationing.’ In a nutshell,
voluntary tourism is when you
combine volunteering with traveling.

community based tourism
 Community based tourism is
tourism in which local
residents (often rural, poor and
economically marginalised)
invite tourists to visit their
communities with the provision
of overnight accommodation.
... At least part of the tourist
income is set aside for projects
which provide benefits to the
community as a whole.

Pro-poor tourism
 Pro-poor tourism (PPT) is
defined as tourism that
generates net benefits for
the poor. Pro-poor tourism
attempts to do this, putting
poor people and poverty at
the centre of the
sustainability debate.

Pro-poor tourism
The potential for tourism to deliver pro-
poor growth in the least developed
countries offers significant benefits to the
world’s poorest people

Pro-poor tourism
 International tourism often falls between departments
dealing with development, trade, environment and
other issues – greater co-ordination should be
attempted, in order to maximise the potential to
support sustainable, pro-poor tourism.

Pro-poor tourism
The private sector, community
organisations in destination countries,
international NGOs and governments
should all be involved in efforts to develop
PPT.

Pro-poor tourism
 The Johannesburg Summit offers an opportunity to
highlight the potential for tourism to make a real
difference, to draw attention to existing examples of
PPT, and to pressure the industry, consumers and
governments to do more in future.

Pro-poor tourism and sustainability
 The World Tourism Organization defined sustainable tourism
as early as 1988 as “leading to the management of all
resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic
needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity,
essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life
support systems”.

Sustainable Tourism: Environmental
Protection
 The concept of sustainable tourism, as developed in the
United Nations sustainable development process, refers to
tourist activities “leading to management of all resources in
such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can
be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential
ecological processes, biological diversity and life support
systems.”

Concept of Sustainable Tourism:
Development
 It is a derivative of general concept of sustainable development which attempts to make a low
impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate income, employment
and conservation of local ecosystems. It is both ecologically and culturally sensitive. The
concept of sustainable development provides an organizing concept for the development of
ecotourism initiatives.
 It tends to see the pursuit of sustainable tourism development as involving the balancing of
social, economic and environmental goals. Its purpose is to counter the threats resulting from
unmanaged tourism. Sustainable tourism sees tourism within destination areas as a triangular
relationship between host areas and their habitats and peoples, holidaymakers, and the
tourism industry.

ECO-FRIENDLY WASTE DISPOSAL
METHODS
 Our waste stream is growing out of proportion. Therefore, if we want our future generations to
be able to experience this planet, we must focus on adopting measures that promote a healthy
environment. Improper waste disposal practices remain as one of the leading causes of
pollution. In the United States, alone, over 200 million of trash is produced every year.
However, a small 25-percent of this waste is recycled; with the remainder being found on
roadsides and in ditches and landfills. In 2013, 254 million tons of waste was generated. Out of
this, only 87 million was recycled or composted. With improper garbage disposal actively
contributing towards soil and air contamination and posing to be a serious threat to the health
of humans, animals, and marine life, it is time that we look into eco-friendly waste disposal
methods.

PRACTICE RECYCLING
 Simply by recycling one can lower the carbon footprint. Recycled
products are utilized into brand new products, which requires almost
twenty-percent energy in comparison to the power required to
produce an item from scratch. This contributes towards a healthy
environment by lowering the carbon footprint without having to
sacrifice anything.
 the use of recycled items in producing new items eliminates the need
for raw materials and helps in maintaining equilibrium. To help you
understand this, let’s take the production of paper, for example; by
recycling paper, fewer trees are required to be cut down. This helps
in fighting deforestation and promotes a balance in the environment.

THE USE OF GARBAGE DISPOSERS
 Not all types of materials can be recycled. Taking the
negative environmental aspects of improper disposal into
consideration, the use of proper garbage disposal units can be a viable
solution. Ideally suited for common kitchen waste, these garbage
disposers are capable of shredding large wastes into smaller chunks
that can decompose at a faster rate.

CONSIDER COMPOSTING
 Perhaps the oldest, yet the most efficient way to manage
waste – composting is very helpful in limiting the negative
effects on our environment. We recommend that you use the
waste generated from your kitchen, allow it to decompose in
a compost pile and use the newly formed compost to provide
nourishment to your backyard/garden.

PRODUCTION OF ENERGY
The use of waste for the production of energy
has been around for a while. Taking out waste
that can be reused or recycled, the remaining
waste can be utilized to generate energy.

FORM HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
 Hazardous waste when not disposed properly or thrown away with normal
waste can be a serious threat to humans and the environment.
 Items commonly found in an American household such as cleaning and
polishing chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petrol, kerosene, motor oils,
thermometers, and batteries etc. require proper disposal.
 These items, when mixed with ordinary waste and dumped into a landfill, can
cause water, soil, and air pollution and take a serious toll on the environment.

UTILIZING GREEN WASTE
 The use of green waste such as yard trimming can not only keep them
out of landfills, but also be used to provide nourishment to the soil or as
feed for animals. We recommend that you spread grass clippings over
the grass and manage your yard waste in the most effective way
possible.
 Focusing on ways to protect our environment is now more important
than ever. There are endless ways to practice eco-friendly waste
removal. The ISO 14001 Standard highlights some of the most
effective measures of the bunch and provide individuals with the
training and resources they need to manage their environmental
responsibilities effectively.

“
”
All the topics of the unit 4 is there
with slideshare account of Amit
Tiwari , Assistant Professor IITTM
Gwalior. The link of the same is
given in next slide so kindly go
through it ……….

HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/AMITIITTMGWL/ENVIORNMENTAL-
CONVENTIONS-BY-AMIT-TIWARI

Topics covered
Environmental Conventions , Eco tourism , Responsible Tourism,
Voluntary Tourism , Community based Tourism, Pro poor tourism
In Special recorded video Session By Amit Tiwari
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
51

What are environmental conventions
 Since environmental issues are International subject therefore environmental
protections is an international agenda and to strengthen the numerous conventions
on the basic environmental preservation and conservation these environmental
conventions been adopted by the International community.
 ... The conventions focus on various issues, for example climate change,
stratospheric ozone layer protection, air quality, chemicals and nature conservation.
The conventions are tools for promoting cooperation and the development of
international environmental law and actions
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
52

Why these major international conventions
for….
 These conventions are of great importance
A. Strengthening the ties for common environment
B. To create international cooperation and understanding of environmental issues
C. To create universal laws for making environmental protection
D. To convey the regional cooperation of environmental studies
E. To Created sustainable develpement
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
53

What all are the burning issues
 Emission of Green house gases
 Creation of more carbon dioxide globally
 Pollution control
 Sustainable development
 Creating preservation and conservation of elements minerals , plants , wildlife , animals , water
, soil ,ocean and habitat
 Practicing eco /responsible tourism practice
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
54

Naming some of the important conventions
 Ramsar Convention
 1971
 for the conservation and sustainable
 utilization of wetlands
 Known as Waterfowl convention.
 · India is part of it.
 · There are currently 27 Ramsar sites
 · in India
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
55

…..
 Stockholm Declaration
 1972
 International protection of the
environment
 UNEP was the result of it
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
56

……
 Nairobi Declaration
 1982
 for achieving sustainable developments
 10th anniversary of Stockholm)
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
57

 Brundtland Report
 1987
 Sustainable Development
 gave the concept of "sustainable
development"
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
58

 Earth Summit/ United Nations
Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED)/ Rio
Declaration
 1992
 Environment conservation &
Development
 It had 27 principles
 · Three legally binding agreements
were opened for signature: (i) CBD (ii)
UNFCC (iii) UNCCD
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
59

……
 Stockholm Convention
 2001
 Eliminate or restrict the production and
use of persistent organic pollutants
 UN Treaty
 · US is not a party to this treaty
 · Intergovernmental Forum on
Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the
International Programme for Chemical
Safety
 (IPCS) prepared a list, known as the
Dirty Dozen.
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
60

……
 Rio+20
 2012
 Conference on Sustainable
Development
 20th Anniversary of Rio Earth Summit
1992
 It is the series of earth summits
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
61

Paris Agreement (COP 21)
 2015
 Climate Change
 It will come into force by 2020.
 · Not legally binding.
 Aims
 • This century, global temperature rises well below 2 degrees Celsius above circa-industrial
level.
 • Pursue efforts to limit the temperature upsurge even further to 5 degrees Celsius.
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
62

……
 Indian NDCs
· Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP- by 33 to 35 per cent below 2005 levels by the year
2030.
· By 2030, 40 percent of its energy would be generated from non-fossil fuels.
· Increase its forest cover to create an additional carbon sink equivalent to 2.5 to 3 billion tons of
carbon dioxide by 2030.
 Note: Recently the US has withdrawn from it.
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
63

Important Terms
 Pre-industrialtime:Referstoperiodbeforeyear1750.
 •Green House Gases(GHGs):Water vapor(H2O),CO2, methane(CH4),Nitrous
oxide(N2O),Ozone(O3),Chloro fluorocarbons(CFCs)
 •Signatory: A party (country) that sign a legally binding document at any treaty,
convention, conference, etc.
 •Ratification: Official adoption of any treaty, agreement, etc. signed by a
party(country)by its parliament/law making body by voting and securing a majority.
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
64

Various Environmental Organizations
 INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:
 •United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP)
 •IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change) [1988]
 •World Bank
 •International Energy Agency (IEA)
 •Earth System Governance Project [2009]
 •Global Environment Facility[1991]
 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION:
 •Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate
Change.
 •Central/State Pollution Control
Boards/Agencies.
 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (NGO) :
 •International (e.g. Green Peace, WWF)
 •Country Specific (e.g. CSE)
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
65

UN CONFERENCES & PROTOCOLS ON
ENVIRONMENT , SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT , CLIMATE CHANGE
 UN Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm (1972)
(Effect of Environmental degradation on Quality of Human Life)
 Vienna Convention (1985)
(Protection of Ozone Layer)
 Montreal Protocol (1989)
(Total Elimination of Ozone Depleting Substances)
 Basal Convention (1989)
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
66

……….
(Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous waste)
 Geneva Convention (1990)
(Technology and financial help to Developing Countries)
 UN Convention on Climate Change, New York (1992)
Economic Development and Environmental Protection
 Bio-diversity Convention, Nairobi (1992)
(Preservation of Earth’s Bio-diversity)
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
67

*Kyoto protocol
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
68

Kyoto Protocol (1997)
 Brown = Countries that have signed and
ratified the treaty(Annex I & II countries in
dark brown)
 Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage.
 Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from
the Protocol in December 2011.
 Grey = no position taken or position
unknown
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari
69

HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/AMITIITTMGWL/ECOTOURISM-
RESPONSIBLE-TOURISM-VOLUNTARY-TOURISM-COMMUNITY-BASED-
TOURISM-PRO-POOR-TOURISM-INCLUDING-STEP-BY-AMIT-TIWARI

What is Eco tourism ?
TODAY: ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR DEFINITIONS BY TIES (THE
INTERNATIONAL ECOTOURISM SOCIETY):
“…RESPONSIBLE TRAVEL TO NATURAL
AREAS WHICH CONSERVES THE
ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINS THE
WELLBEING OF LOCAL PEOPLE.”
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari (Assistant professor IITTM Gwalior )
71

Generally Ecotourism refers to two criteria:
environmentally responsible
and socially and culturally sound
8/2/2021
72

Ecotourism… IUCN (1996 )
 “…is environmentally responsible travel and
 • visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas,
 • in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any cultural features)
 • that promotes conservation,
 • has low negative visitor impact,
 • and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations.”
8/2/2021
73

4 Principles of ecotourism
Minimize negative impacts
Involvement of local stakeholders in all processes
Benefits for local communities and nature conservation
Public awareness and Education
8/2/2021
74

Minimize negative impacts:
 Preservation of ecological carrying capacity
 Ecological balance
 Ensuring acceptance of tourism development
 Environmental friendly transport alternatives
8/2/2021
75

Involvement of local stakeholders in all
processes
Include local communities
Just and human working
opportunities for local people
8/2/2021
76

Benefits for local communities and nature
conservation:
 Economic benefits,
 Alternative employment,
 Income opportunities
 Directing revenues to conservation and management of natural and protected areas
8/2/2021
77

Public awareness and Education:
 Increasing awareness towards conservation of natural and cultural assets
 Education of local people and stakeholders on the importance of conservation
8/2/2021
78

Eco tourism and Sustainable Tourism
Ecotourism can be considered as a
subset of sustainable tourism and
nature tourism because it
represents a sustainable way of
travelling in natural areas.
8/2/2021
79

What is Responsible Tourism?
 Responsible Tourism was defined in Cape Town in 2002
alongside the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
This definition, the Cape Town Declaration is now widely
accepted and was been adopted by the World Travel Market in
2007 for World Responsible Tourism Day.
 Responsible Tourism is about "making better places for people
to live in and better places for people to visit." Responsible
Tourism requires that operators, hoteliers, governments, local
people and tourists take responsibility, take action to make
tourism more sustainable.
8/2/2021
80

Characteristics of Responsible
Tourism
 minimizes negative economic, environmental and social impacts;
 generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well-being of host communities, improves working
conditions and access to the industry;
 involves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life changes;
 makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, to the maintenance of the world's
diversity;
 provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater
understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues;
 provide access for people with disabilities and the disadvantaged;
 is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and confidence
8/2/2021
81

Volunteer tourism : Introduction
 Volunteer tourism is a form of travel that has become increasingly popular in modern society
and it seems the trend is growing, along with its appearance in tourism academia .
 is it and where does it fit in the broad tourism industry?
 In this post I will provide a comprehensive definition of volunteer tourism, explain what the
term volunteer tourism means and explain how this form of tourism has become particularly
popular among volunteers, travellers and academics
8/2/2021
82

What is volunteer tourism?
Volunteering is an integral part of society and with travelling becoming more accessible,
volunteers have begun to appear in the tourism industry
In brief, volunteer tourism is a type of tourism where an individual will travel abroad to a
destination that is predominantly considered ‘undeveloped’ or ‘developing’ to offer their
support to those in need. And when we use the phrase ‘those in need’, which is expressed
a lot in volunteering, we refer to those who are surrounded by extreme poverty, do not have
adequate education and healthcare facilities and frequently have little building
infrastructure.
8/2/2021
83

What is Community-Based Tourism?
 Community-based tourism is travel to local indigenous communities that have
invited outsiders to experience their customs, food, lifestyle, and set of beliefs.
 These communities manage both the impacts and the benefits of this tourism,
strengthening their self-governance, economic alternatives, and traditional ways of
life in the process.
8/2/2021
84

Key Characteristics of Community-based
Tourism
 Indigenous Leadership
 Community-based tourism is managed by indigenous communities. This means the community
assumes collective responsibility for all aspects of your stay, including accommodations,
internal travel, local food, and cultural activities.
 Communities reap the benefits from tourism revenue, making community-based tourism a
sustainable alternative to many travel organizations, which often do not work in solidarity with
the communities and environments they use.
 Through community-based travel, collective wellbeing is valued over corporate or individual
profit.
8/2/2021
85

Sustainability
 Communities will only accommodate as many people as they are able, keeping in mind long-
term sustainability, and avoiding unnecessary strain on their own resources. Meals generally
draw on local agriculture, and communities will not take on more guests than their housing and
energy resources can effectively support.
 Aside from physical resources, revenue from community-based travel helps to sustain
indigenous cultures and traditions in a rapidly changing world.
8/2/2021
86

Cultural Immersion
 Travelers are able to experience the diversity and customs of another culture, and to interact
with the community. Unique lodging, cuisine, and activities form a foundation for increased
knowledge and awareness of another culture, different set of beliefs, and social norms
8/2/2021
87

What is pro-poor tourism?
 Pro-poor tourism is defined as tourism that generates net benefits for the poor.
 Benefits may be economic, but they may also be social, environmental or cultural.
 The definition says nothing about the relative distribution of the benefits of the tourism.
Therefore, as long as poor people reap net benefits, tourism can be classified as ‘pro-poor’
(even if richer people benefit more than poorer people)
8/2/2021
88

Implementation of pro poor tourism
strategies
i. Expanding business opportunities for the poor: small enterprises,
particularly in the informal sector, often provide the greatest opportunities
for the poor.
ii Expanding employment opportunities for the poor: unskilled jobs may be
limited and low-paid by international standards, but they are much sought
after by the poor.
iii Enhancing collective benefits: collective community income from
tourism can be a new source of income, and can spread benefits well
beyond the direct earners.
8/2/2021
89

STEP ?
Sustainable tourism , eliminating
poverty is an UN - WTO initiative
towards the welfare of the poor
people and to ensure the
sustainability as well.
8/2/2021
90

It ‘s an initiative UN-
WTO with
conjunction to
UNWTO- ST-EP
foundation
ALONG WITH
SUSTAINABILITY ENSURING
POVERTY ELEVATION AS
WELL , THROUGHOUT THE
GLOBE.
8/2/2021
91

HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.
NET/AMITIITTMGWL/ECO-
FRIENDLY-PRACTICES-
ENERGY-AND-WASTE-
MANAGEMENT

What is Being Environmentally
Friendly or Eco Friendly?
There are a surprising amount of people, businesses and
communities that would like to do more to conserve and
protect our natural resources, but they don’t know where to
begin with becoming more environmentally friendly.
Understanding what makes each of these aspects of our
world part of the process of changing and conserving our
resources; and learning how to be more environment
friendly.
8/2/2021
Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor
93

Thus the real meaning is …
“Environmentally friendly,
environment-friendly, eco-friendly,
nature-friendly, and green are
marketing claims referring to
goods and services, laws,
guidelines and policies that inflict
reduced, minimal, or no harm at
all, upon ecosystems or the
environment.”

Why it’s Important to Become
Environmentally Friendly
 You can’t just point towards one business or practice and blame them for all of our
environmental woes, everything fits together like a puzzle.
 The more that we all do our part – the faster we will create an entire ecology of living that
promotes sustainability.
 The first step is to begin to understand the basics of what each part of life can do to become
more environmentally friendly.
 The next step is to begin to learn to make different choices on a personal level that start to
change your awareness, and consumption of resources.
 The changes are surprisingly easy to make, there are more ways than you can imagine to
begin to practice conservation.
8/2/2021
95

15 Easy Ways to Become More Environmentally
Friendly
 Become More Aware of Resources
 Practice Conservation
 Plant Trees
 Conserve Water
 Change Your Travel Habits
 Use Less Fossil Fuel Based Products
 Buy Locally Grown Products
 Reduce Use of Harmful Chemicals
8/2/2021
96

…..
 Buy Recycled Products
 Composting
 3 R’s of Waste Hierarchy
 Join Environment Groups
 Stop Littering
 Protect Wildlife
 Educate others
8/2/2021
97

The Best way of
Energy and waste
management is ..
Waste-to-Energy
8/2/2021
99

What is Waste-to-Energy?
WtE refers to a family of technologies that treat waste to recover energy in the form of heat, electricity or alternative
fuels such as biogas. The scope of the term ‘Waste-to-Energy’ is very wide, encompassing a range of technologies of
different scales and complexity.
These can include the production of cooking gas in household digesters from organic waste, collection of methane gas
from landfills, thermal treatment of waste in utility size incineration plants, co-processing of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
in cement plants or gasification.
This guide takes a very broad understanding of WtE, referring to large scale plants at the municipal level (i.e. utility
size) using the technologies of incineration, co-processing, anaerobic digestion, landfill gas collection and
pyrolysis/gasification.
These five technologies apply to different waste streams and have different functions and characteristics.
8/2/2021
100

Key findings and recommendations
• Waste reduction through prevention should
take priority, followed by preparation for re-use
and the material recycling of waste.
• Waste to Energy projects can be categorized
as a complementary technology for the
recovery of energy from remaining non-
recyclable MSW fractions, and should
therefore not compete with waste reduction,
reuse and material recycling measures.
The
development
of MSWM
systems
should follow
the waste
hierarchy:
8/2/2021
101

……
• A comprehensive legal framework for all
types of Waste to Energy exists in a few
cases only. Where laws are not available
or existing ones cannot be enforced,
• The high emission standards required will
not be achieved. Low emission standards
shall not be tolerated as they have
irreversible health impacts.
Waste to
Energy
must fulfill
high
emission
standards:
8/2/2021
102

…..
• Waste quantities will double in the
next 20 years in many cities but
consistent waste management
plans, which consider ,
demographic and social changes,
are often missing
Waste to
Energy requires
knowledge on
waste
quantities and
characteristics:
8/2/2021
103

……
• Secure finance for
operation and
maintenance is a key for
sustainable operation of
Waste to Energy plants.
Waste to
Energy
requires
significant
financial
resources:
8/2/2021
104

Energy and waste management (50: 50 )
8/2/2021
105

Urbanization and new Challenges in Waste
Management
The 21st century will be the century of the cities. The urban population of the world has grown rapidly since
1950, from 746 million to 3.9 billion in 2014 [2]. According to UN data it is expected to increase up to 9.7 billion
by2050, with nearly 90 per cent of the increase to take place in the urban areas of Africa and Asia.
Already today, the global amounts of municipal solid waste are estimated at 2 billion tonnes per year.
Unlike world population and urbanization trends, there are no UN forecasts of future waste generation per
capita,
There is a common understanding that waste quantities will substantially increase. The drivers are increased
consumption of goods in growing urban populations, changes in lifestyle, and increasing wealth of the rising
middle class.
8/2/2021
106

Waste-to-Energy: a Temptation for
Municipalities
Dealing with the issue of waste-to-energy means
reaching a new level of complexity in an already
challenging waste management situation.
8/2/2021
107

Challenges
Nevertheless, Waste to Energy
technologies can improve waste
management in fast-growing cities of
developing and emerging countries but its
application is complex and must consider,
amongst others, the
following specific circumstances:
And they are as ……
8/2/2021
108

 Lower calorific value in MSW than in industrialized countries due to the high moisture (high organic content) and
mineral content in waste (e.g. ash, construction and demolition waste);
»» Substantial seasonal change in waste composition (i.e. changing consumption pattern during festival
seasons, seasonal crops);
»» Limited practice of waste segregation at source, a precondition for anaerobic digestion;
»» Weak business and operation models;
»» Lack of knowledge on how to operate and maintain Waste to Energy plants;
»» High investment and operating costs which cannot be recovered by existing waste fees and generated
additional
income from energy sales alone;
»» Neglecting of livelihood issues for marginalized persons and informal sector workers dependent on the
availability
of recyclables in the waste;
»» Lack of monitoring and weak enforcement of environmental standards, leading to public health issues.
8/2/2021
109

Waste-to-Energy and the Circular Economy
8/2/2021
110

The Fundamentals of WTE
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
3Rs concept (as an integrated
element of a circular economy)
in the order of “reduce, reuse
and recycle”:
8/2/2021
111

Reducing
Reducing:
First priority in waste management must be an overall reduction of
solid waste quantities ,e.g. food waste, packaging, unnecessary waste
of raw materials and energy during production processes. Reducing
waste also reduces the cost of waste collection and treatment.
8/2/2021
112

Re-using
Reuse
• Second priority should be given to
the reuse of materials, i.e. a
discarded product is cleaned and
repaired to be used again.
8/2/2021
113

Recycle
• The third priority in the 3Rs concept is to
recycle materials, i.e. to collect waste and to
transform it into as econdary raw material.
• Recycling of e.g. plastic or paper can
normally save more energy in the
production of products than the energy that
can be produced in waste-to-energy plants
from these materials.
Recycling:
8/2/2021
114

Myths around Waste-to-Energy
 Energy recovery from MSW has a role in the circular economy when used for non-recyclable
and hazardous waste fractions, respecting environmental standards and carefully considering
social aspects.
 However, its integration in developing and emerging countries is still in the initial stages.
Responsible options may be offered by some firms, however many discussions on this topic
can be biased and non-transparent.
 It is important to be aware of several common myths that persist around Waste-to-Energy and
may be pushed by inexperienced companies looking to take advantage of municipalities:
8/2/2021
115

Myths are ….
 Myth 1: “WtE is an easy going solution to get rid of all the waste problems in a city”
 Myth 2: “A WtE plant can finance its costs exclusively through the sale of recovered energy”
 Myth 3: “With a WtE plant in operation, a big fraction of the energy demand of a city can be
covered”
 Myth 4: “You can make gold from garbage; even unsorted waste can be sold with profit to be
used for further energy and material recovery”
 Myth 5: “Qualified and experienced international companies are queuing up to invest and
operate large WtE plants in developing and emerging countries at their own risk”
8/2/2021
116

PRE-CONDITIONS FOR WASTE-TO-
ENERGY
 Planning and tendering
 Obligations of operators
 Prerequisites for permitting
 Safety and environmental standards
 Monitoring of the compliance with safety and
environmental standards
8/2/2021
117

Principles of sustainable
tourism

A common definition of sustainable tourism
development
 "Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while
protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management
of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while
maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life
support system." [WTO 1998
8/2/2021
119

In other words, sustainable tourism
development is
 In other words, sustainable tourism development is
ecologically sustainable, economically viable as well as
ethically and socially equitable. It respects the fragile
environmental balance that characterizes many tourism
destinations, particularly in environmentally sensitive areas;
and it is
8/2/2021
120

Sustainable tourism is characterized by
 Enhancing the well-being of communities
 Supporting the protection of the natural and cultural environment
 Recognizing product quality and tourist satisfaction
 Applying adaptive management and monitoring
8/2/2021
121

“
”
All the topics of the unit 4 are also available with
YouTube channel at
GYAN DHARA KNOWLEDGE FOR ALL
SEGMENTS of Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor
IITTM Gwalior. The link of the same is given in next
slide so kindly go through it and
subscribe the channel also

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ss
y6HEvvIM&t=2271s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ls
8LmNqjh0&t=26s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9
eod9k28vY&t=20s

Thank You
8/2/2021
126

Unit IV :Addressing Environmental Concerns

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Unit IV :Addressing Environmental Concerns

Similar to Unit IV :Addressing Environmental Concerns (20)

More from amitiittmgwl

More from amitiittmgwl (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Unit IV :Addressing Environmental Concerns