Bba introduction to tourism unit-1 iitm igntu syllubus by amit tiwari

Introduction to
Tourism
for BBA (TT) -102
an introductory session
By Mr. Amit Tiwari
Assistant Professor
Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management Gwalior
(An autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India)

Introductory session for-
Introduction
to Tourism
BBA (TT)
12/10/2020© Tiwari Amit, Asst. Professor,IITTM Gwl
2

What is our subject?
➢Title of Subject- Introduction to
tourism
➢Subject Code- BBA (TT) 102
➢Subject Credit- 06 Credit
➢Evaluation Method- Internal and
External Exam
12/10/2020
3
© Tiwari Amit, Asst. Professor,IITTM Gwl

Introduction to the syllabus
4
Syllabus
contains
Basic
concepts &
development
of tourism
Typology and
forms of
tourism
Tourism
system &
Environment
Tourism
Demand &
Travel
Motivators
Future
growth and
development
of Indian
tourism
Total 5 Units
as under

Why it is very important subject?
➢Base for all tourism oriented subjects
➢Inter relate with tourism and other related
subject for further studies
➢New to the students came after 10+2
➢Key to understand the other managerial subjects
in tourism
Bottom line- back bone of all tourism academic
studies further i.e. MBA, Ph.D. , research and
base of industry related idea’s forever (etc.)
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Glimpse of syllabus- Introduction
to Tourism (ITT)
➢Unit I
➢Basic concepts & development of tourism: Tourism, excursion,
leisure and recreation; tourist, visitor, traveller; History and
evolution of tourism, Roman Empire and early travel, trade routes,
concept of annual holiday, social(paid)Tourism; Grand Tour, dark age,
renaissance in Tourism; Thomas cook & early organised travel;
Modern day Mass Tourism.
➢Unit II
➢Typology and forms of tourism: International Tourism, Inbound,
Outbound, inter regional, intra regional, domestic, internal, National
Tourism; Types of Tourism, contemporary trends in Indian Tourism.
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to Tourism (ITT)
➢Unit III
➢Tourism system & Environment: Components of tourism,
Distribution, Inter-relation between various segments, travel
industry network, Elements of tourism, Tourism environment, Manila
Declaration.
➢Unit IV
➢Tourism Demand & Travel Motivators: basics of Tourism demand,
Net travel propensity, Gross travel propensity, Case study-pattern of
movement of tourists to India; Travel Motivators, Physical Motivators,
Inter personal Motivators, Status & Prestige.
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to Tourism (ITT)
➢Unit V
➢Future growth and development of Indian tourism: 5 T’s of
Brand India; Major Tourism schemes of Govt. of India, Visa on
Arrival (VoA), PRASAD Scheme, HRIDAY Scheme, Travel Circuits;
Incredible India.
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Your Teacher/Mentor/Trainer
Mr. Amit Tiwari
Assistant Professor
Indian Institute of Tourism and
Travel Management Gwalior
* Ph.D (pursuing),MBA (TA), UGC –
NET Tourism Administrations &
Management, Diploma in
Proficiency in French, B.Sc. (Maths)
13th years of teaching and
tourism trade experience
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LET US START OUR JOURNY
UNIT-1
Basic concepts & development of tourism
Will be able to understand the primary
and basic concept of tourism related to
world over and tourism as a discipline as
a whole. Which will help the students to
develop their own thoughts process
towards tourism in much broader and
clear manner.
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History of Tourism
➢The earliest forms of leisure tourism can be traced as
far back as the Babylonian and Egyptian empires.
➢ A museum of “historic antiquities” was open to the
public in the sixth century BC in Babylon, while the
Egyptians held many religious festivals attracting not
only the devout, but many who came to see the
famous buildings and works of art in the cities.
➢The local towns accommodated tourists by providing
services such as: vendors of food and drink, guides,
hawkers of souvenirs
11

600 BC and thereafter
➢The earliest form of leisure tourism can be traced as
far back as the Babylonian and Egyptian empires. A
museum of historic antiquities was open to the public
in Babylon. The Egyptians held many religious
festivals that attracted the devout and many people
who thronged to cities to see famous works of arts
and buildings.
➢In India, as elsewhere, kings travelled for empire
building. The Brahmins and the common people
travelled for religious purposes. Thousands of
Brahmins and the common folk thronged Sarnath and
Sravasti to be greeted by the inscrutable smile of the
Enlightened One- the Buddha.
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500 BC, the Greek civilization
• The Greek tourists travelled to sites of healing
gods. The Greeks also enjoyed their religious
festivals that increasingly became a pursuit of
pleasure, and in particular, sport.
• Athens had become an important site for
travellers visiting the major sights such as the
Parthenon.
• Inns were established in large towns and
seaports to provide for travellers' needs.
Courtesans were the principal entertainment
offered.
13

The Roman Empire
➢With no foreign borders between England and Syria,
and with safe seas from piracy due to Roman patrols,
the conditions favouring travel had arrived.
➢First class roads coupled with staging inns (precursors
of modern motels) promoted the growth of travel.
➢Romans travelled to Sicily, Greece, Rhodes, Troy and
Egypt.
➢From 300 AD travel to the Holy Land also became
very popular. The Romans introduced their
guidebooks (itineraria), listing hotels with symbols to
identify quality.
14

The Roman Empire
Second homes were built by the rich near Rome, occupied primarily
during springtime social season.
The most fashionable resorts were found around Bay of Naples.
Naples attracted the retired and the intellectuals, Cumae attracted
the fashionable while Baiae attracted the down market tourist,
becoming noted for its rowdiness, drunkenness and all- night singing.
Travel and Tourism were to never attain a similar status until the
modern times.
15

In the Middle Ages
➢ Travel became difficult and dangerous as people travelled for
business or for a sense of obligation and duty.
➢ Adventurers sought fame and fortune through travel. The
Europeans tried to discover a sea route to India for trade
purposes and in this fashion discovered America and explored
parts of Africa. Strolling players and minstrels made their
living by performing as they travelled. Missionaries, saints,
etc. travelled to spread the sacred word.
➢ Leisure travel in India was introduced by the Mughals. The
Mughal kings built luxurious palaces and enchanting gardens
at places of natural and scenic beauty (for example Jahangir
travelled to Kashmir drawn by its beauty.
➢ Travel for empire building and pilgrimage was a regular
feature.
16

The Grand Tour
• From the early seventeenth century, a new form of tourism
was developed as a direct outcome of the Renaissance. Under
the reign of Elizabeth 1, young men seeking positions at court
were encouraged to travel to continent to finish their
education.
• Later, it became customary for education of gentleman to be
completed by a 'Grand Tour' accompanied by a tutor and
lasting for three or more years.
• While ostensibly educational, the pleasure seeking men
travelled to enjoy life and culture of Paris, Venice or
Florence. By the end of eighteenth century, the custom had
become institutionalised in the gentry.
• Gradually pleasure travel displaced educational travel. The
advent of Napoleonic wars inhibited travel for around 30
years and led to the decline of the custom of the Grand Tour.
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What was the Grand Tour all about?
➢The Grand Tour was a trip of Europe, typically
undertaken by young men, which begun in the 17th
century and went through to the mid-19th. Women
over the age of 21 would occasionally partake,
providing they were accompanied by a chaperone
from their family.
➢The Grand Tour was seen as an educational trip across
Europe, usually starting in Dover, and would see
young, wealthy travellers search for arts and culture.
➢Those on The Grand Tour would often have a healthy
supply of funds in order to enjoy themselves freely.
18

What did travellers get up to?
• Just like us today, explorers travelled to discover and
experience all kinds of different cultures. With their
near-unlimited funds, travellers would often head off
for months – or even years – in search of Western
civilization, perfecting their language skills and even
commissioning paintings in the process.
• Cultural integration was not yet fully-fledged and
nothing like we experience today, so the only way to
understand different ways of life was to experience
them yourself.
• Hence why so many people set off for the Grand Tour
– the ultimate trip across Europe!
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Typical routes taken on the Grand
Tour
➢ Travellers (accompanied by a tutor: guide) would often start around the South East
region and head in to France, where a coach would often be rented should the party
be wealthy enough.
➢ Once passing through Calais and Paris, a typical journey would include a stop-off in
Switzerland before crossing the Alps in to Northern Italy.
➢ Of course, Italy is a highly cultural country and famous for its art and historic
buildings, so travellers would spend longer here. Turin, Florence, Rome, Pompeii and
Venice would be amongst the cities visited, generally enticing those in to extended
stays.
➢ On the return leg, travellers would visit Germany and occasionally Austria, including
study time at universities such as Munich, before heading to Holland and Flanders,
ahead of crossing the Channel back to Dover.
20

Route of Grand tour
21

The development of the spas
➢The spas grew in popularity in the seventeenth
century in Britain and a little later in the European
Continent as awareness about the therapeutic
qualities of mineral water increased.
➢Taking the cure in the spa rapidly acquired the nature
of a status symbol. The resorts changed in character
as pleasure became the motivation of visits. They
became an important center of social life for the high
society.
➢In the nineteenth century they were gradually
replaced by the seaside resort.
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The sun, sand and sea resorts
• The sea water became associated with health benefits.
• The earliest visitors therefore drank it and did not bathe in
it.
• By the early eighteenth century, small fishing resorts
sprung up in England for visitors who drank and immersed
themselves in sea water.
• With the overcrowding of inland spas, the new sea side
resorts grew in popularity.
• The introduction of steamboat services in 19th century
introduced more resorts in the circuit.
• The seaside resort gradually became a social meeting point
23

Basic terminology
used in the discipline
of Introduction to
Tourism
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Tourism
• "Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to
and staying in places outside their usual environment for
not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business,
and other purposes."
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Excursion
• people are only tourists if they stay in a place
outside their usual environment. This means that
people on day trips are not officially tourists,
which statistics count as those who stay at least
one night in a place. A day-tripper is also known
as an excursion.
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Leisure and Recreation
• Tourists are persons who are "travelling to and
staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes not related to the exercise of
an activity remunerated from within the place
visited".
12/10/2020
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Tourist
The following are to be considered tourists:
• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health, etc;
• Persons traveling in a representative capacity of
any kind;
• Persons traveling for business reasons;
• Persons arriving in the course of a sea cruise,
even when they stay less than 24 hours;
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Visitor
people are only tourists if they stay in a place
outside their usual environment. This means that
people on day trips are not officially tourists,
which statistics count as those who stay at least
one night in a place. A day-tripper is also known
as an excursionist. Day-trippers spend money in
the tourism sector and boost the economy, so it
is important to measure the value of their
spending.
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Traveler
• A traveler does their best to blend in
with the locals. They look like they
know where they are going (even if
they don’t), they dress the part, and
they make attempts to adhere to the
social norms of where they are.
• A traveler knows that food is the link
to any culture. They are willing to
step out of their comfort zone to try
out local dishes in order to taste the
country’s culture
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8 Trade Routes That Shaped World
History
31

1. THE SILK ROAD
• The Silk Road is the most famous ancient trade
route, linking the major ancient civilizations of
China and the Roman Empire. Silk was traded
from China to the Roman Empire starting in the
first century BCE, in exchange for wool, silver,
and gold coming from Europe.
32

2. THE SPICE ROUTES
• the Spice Routes were maritime paths linking the
East to the West. Pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and
nutmeg were all hugely sought-after
commodities in Europe, but before the 15th
century, North African and Arab middlemen
controlled access to trade with the East, making
such spices extremely costly and rare.
33

3. THE INCENSE ROUTE
• The Incense Route developed to transport
frankincense and myrrh, which are only found in
the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula
(modern Yemen and Oman). Frankincense and
myrrh are both derived from tree sap that’s
dried in the Sun; these nuggets of sap can then
be burned as incense or used as perfume, and
were also popular in burial rituals to aid
embalming.
34

4. THE AMBER ROAD
• Amber has been traded since about 3000 BCE,
with archaeological evidence revealing amber
beads from the Baltics having reached as far as
Egypt. The Romans, who valued the stone for
both decorative and medicinal purposes,
developed an Amber Road linking the Baltics with
the rest of Europe.
35

5. THE TEA HORSE ROAD
• This ancient route winds precipitously for more
than 6000 miles, through the Hengduan
Mountains—a major tea-producing area in China—
and on to Tibet and India. The road also crosses
numerous rivers, making it one of the most
dangerous of the ancient trade routes.
36

6. THE SALT ROUTE
• Salt has long been a precious commodity—it’s
been used to flavor and preserve food, and as an
antiseptic, for example. But easily harvested salt
was a scarce commodity in antiquity, so areas
rich in the mineral became important trading
centers. Routes connecting these centers to
other settlements also became commonplace.
37

7. THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
ROUTE
• The Trans-Saharan Trade Route from North Africa
to West Africa was actually made up of a number
of routes, creating a criss-cross of trading links
across the vast expanse of desert. These trade
routes first emerged in the fourth century CE. By
the 11th century, caravans composed of more
than a thousand camels would carry goods across
the Sahara.
38

8. THE TIN ROUTE
• One such tin route flourished in the 1st
millennium BCE. It stretched from the tin mines
in Cornwall in the far southwest of Britain, over
the sea to France, and then down to Greece and
beyond. Evidence for this route is provided by
the many hillforts that sprung up along the way
as trading posts.
39

Basic Purposes for
Travel causes in
different eras
40

1.Travel for trade and
commerce
• Most early travel was associated with trade and
commerce. Throughout history, traders and
merchants have traveled to far-off lands in order to
trade with other regions and communities. Travelers
from distant lands started moving about in large
umbers and visited many places for the purposes of
commerce. With he gradual opening of the trade
routes, travel became easier as well as a regulated
one. At the market-places, travelers made contacts
with each other, resulting inincreased flow of trade
and commerce.
41

2. Travel for exploring new
lands
The urge to explore new lands and to seek new
knowledge in ancient and distant lands was yet
another motive of travelers in subsequent periods.
Although trade and commerce continued to be the
strong force for many travelers to undertake journeys
to distant lands, seeking new knowledge and
exploring the unexplored lands was ecoming a strong
urge in ancient times. Homer's great work 'Odyssey'
records the wanderlust of the ancient Greeks and
Romans. There are innumerable references to great
explorers who spent many formidable years of their
lives
42

3. Travel for religious purposes
Travel for religious purposes assumed a significant
importance during middle ages and became a well
established custom in many parts of the world. By the
end of the Middle Ages, a large number of pilgrims
traveled to the main shrines in Europe and
elsewhere. The adoption and spread of Christianity
subsequently led to numerous pilgrims making their
way to the holy land. So deep and strong was the
hold of faith that the ritual of pilgrimage flourished
over the centuries. It became a great unifying force
and the pilgrimages strengthened religious bonds.
43

4. Travel accounts of
adventurers
The great travelers who ventured to explore distant
lands had fascinating accounts of their travels. Even
if we go back just a few hundred years to the third
century A.D., since the first exploration of Alexander
the Great, or only about seven hundred years since
Marco Polo, and their amazing exploration crossing
many lands we get fascinating accounts of the travels
of these great persons. The first medieval traveler to
reach the orient was probably Benjamin of Tudela, a
Jewish scholar, who left Saragossa in the year A.D.116
0.
44

5. Early pleasure travel
The concept of pleasure travel as it existed in the west can
be associated with the Roman Empire. Romans probably
were the first pleasure travelers. Travel received a great
stimulus from the good communication system and security
of the Roman Empire. There existed a fine network of
roads and new roads were built by the Romans in their
places of visit. Travel literature was published extensively
giving routes, the names of the roads, distances among
places and time required for traveling to them. The
Romans were able to travel over a hundred miles in a day
using relay of horses. Spas and seaside resorts which
developed during this period may be associated with
pleasure travel. Theatrical productions, athletic
competitions, festivals and other forms of entertainments
and amusement were often provided at the sites where
spas there are.
45

6. The grand tour
The Renaissance marked the next important
stage in the history of travel. The reappearance
of tourism in Europe follows the Italian
Renaissance and the development of a full scale
urban system and network of roads. By the end
of the fifteenth century, Italy was Europe's
economic and cultural leader. It was, however,
totally disunited politically. Wars were fought on
Italian soil. These wars played an important part
in the dissemination of the Renaissance and the
subsequent development of the 'grand tour'.
46

7. Concept of Annual holiday
The introduction of Annual Holiday in Europe was yet
another important landmark which enabled many people to
undertake travel in large numbers during the eighteenth
century. The annual holiday was the forerunner to the 'paid
holiday' which later on was responsible for an
extraordinary growth of tourism during the twentieth
century. A feature of ancient Rome, public holidays were
among the most enjoyable events of the period. In Europe
also certain days commemorating religious festivals and
saints' days.became holy days during which time there was
holiday from work. In the year 1552 in England an act was
passed during the reign of Edward VI "for the keeping of
holidays and fasting days“. The concept of modern annual
paid holiday is very largely an outcome of the post
industrial revolution.
47

The development of Transport
facilities
• Rail transport: Nineteenth century witnessed a -
great technological development, first in
England, and later on in Europe and America.
• Sea transport: Like the railways, shipping made
a significant contribution to travel during the
ineteenth century. While railways were
responsible for inland travel, especially in
Europe, the steamship crossed the boundaries
and made strides in intercontinental travel. The
shipping technology made a number of
innovations in the nineteenth century.
48

Industrial revolution:
• The second half of the nineteenth century, in fact, witnessed
the growth of travel as a result of development of industrial
societies. These societies which developed in Western Europe
and North America greatly felt the urge to travel purely for
the purpose of rest and relaxation. This trend certainly gave
way to what came to. be known as the tourism phenomenon
in the latter part of the century and in the twentieth century.
The emergence of the industrialized societies was a direct
result of the industrial revolution in the West. The Industrial
revolution was responsible for changes both in the economic
as well as social systems prevailing at that time. A large
number of factory towns, both big and small, sprang up which
in turn necessitated large-scale migrations from the
countryside to towns and cities. The Industrial Revolution was
responsible for the emergence of the working class which was
needed to run factories.
49

Seaside resorts:
• As the industrial momentum gathered and the cities
and their populations increased at an enormous rate,
the need for some relief was acute. Escape from the
routine of work began to be felt in greater intensity.
The prosperous and well-to-do who could afford the
escape, proceeded to various resorts for rest and
recreation. By this time a large number of such
resorts were developed around Europe. The
industrialization brought in better working conditions
and increase in material wealth for a large number of
workers.
50

Tourism in twentieth century
By the turn of twentieth century all the main
characteristics of modern tourism were evident in embryo.
Changes in mental attitudes towards pleasure seeking, the
recognized value of travel for ducation, increase in
material wealth coupled with social prestige, a growing
need to find relief from working routine, improvements in
assenger transport systems-all these factors produced a
fertile ground for the development of excursion traffic on
a large scale. Pleasure travel continued to expand in the
beginning of the century. The pleasure tourism had by now
assumed a class and a charm of its own associated as it
was with elegant luxurious hotels, Pullman coaches, and
prestigious nostalgic long distance trains.
51

World War I & Tourism Scenerios
• World War I was responsible for a temporary halt to tourist
movements. Tourism has always flourished in peace as it is
a peace-time activity. As such the war saw a considerable
decline in tourist travel not only within Europe but also all
over the world. However, soon after the war, travel soon
reached pre-war peak levels, and within the next three to
five years, greatly exceeded them. Early post-war period
also brought in its wake prosperity coupled with large scale
migration, and this period increased the demand for
international travel. Gradual development of the mass
communication system like the radio and the press played
an important role in increasing travel by way of widening
knowledge and interest of a large number of people about
other countries. The post-war period also brought about
attitudinal changes which were destined to influence the
volume and nature of tourism.
52

Commencement of Paid holidays
concept
• The concept of modern tourism emerged along with the
introduction of holiday with pay. It was in the last quarter
of the nineteenth century that increasing attention was
paid to the desirability of holiday with pay and at least of
cheap holidays for working class people. Modern tourism
really got under way in the year 1936 when, at the
instigation of its trade union representatives, the
International Labour Organization adopted the first
convention of supporting serious movements to promote
paid holidays and in turn, tourism. Introduction of paid
holiday had led to great mobility of the population,
created new industries, resulted in the creation and rowth
of many towns of distinctive function and broadened the
horizons of millions of people. In fact, the introduction of
paid holidays can truly be associated with the development
of modern mass tourism.
53

THE RENAISSANCE IN EUROPE
• The Renaissance in Europe was characterized, among
others, by the revival of Greek cartography, with the
discovery of the writings of Ptolemy of Alexandria, and in
particular with the translation from Greek into Latin, and
later into other European languages, of his great work on
cartography, had made people enable to travel different
place of the world as now they have the scientifically
approach towards world geography and the earlier for of
land to be end somewhere was obsolete therefore new
eras people in Europe had started travel and this was
rebirth of travel intially in Europe and later will be entire
world was an outcome of Renaissance ie. social revival by
thinking and execution of scientifical fact in social in
system.
54

Renaissance and Tourism
• Renaissance meaning ‘rebirth’ was a cultural
movement between14th and 17th centuaries A.D.
• It begin in the city of Florence in and spread to rest
of Europe
• This period witness a powerful movement of learning
based on cultural sources and educational reform.
• People all arround Europe begin to move out of their
homes and visit far-off places
• As an outcome the road side in for traveler to take
rest
• in some part of Europe , people travel there over
water bodies between islands to reduce distance.
55

RENAISSANCE AND ITS EFFECT
ON TOURISM
• Commencement of travel
• Development of basic facilities for traveler
• Change in society and masses towards travel
• Water travel between islands at started new
colonies of travel
As Coltman (1989) explains two type of
tourist during those days-
(i) Elizabethan traveler
(ii) Pilgrim
56

Elizabethan traveler
•Elizabethan traveler
known for being travel
for knowledge and
experiencing new ideas
and certain novelty
57

Pilgrim
•The basic purpose
of these travelers
was experiencing
mystery of church
58

Concept of Annual Holiday
• The concept of annual holiday was an outcome
of industrialization where employees were
working in hectic work schedule, their work
resulting lot of stress and the stress made them
unproductive to a certain extent. Therefore later
this concept been made available for employees
which gives them a opportunity to recover from
stress and rejuvenate themselves for more
productive towards work this concept later
intended for travel against given annual
holidays.
59

Outcome of concept of Annual
Holiday
• Travel licence were issued in England to the
employees
• More frequent family travel being witnessed
• Employees related travel leave concession being
introduced.
• Concept of “letter to credit” (similar to travelers
check today getting started
• Elizabethan, pilgrim and Students and researcher
traveler also started.
60

The history of Thomas Cook
• Thomas Cook- The two words have become
synonymous with the modern concept of package
travel, but they come with plenty of heritage.
The company can trace its origins back 178
years, when the very first tour was organised by
a Leicestershire printer who could not have
envisaged that his simple scheme would become
a colossal company.
61

Cont…
• Born in the Derbyshire market town of Melbourne in
1808, Thomas Cook was a man of religious conviction
who, in 1841, began dabbling in transport plans for
his fellow followers of the temperance (abstinence
from alcohol) movement.
• That first jaunt was a rail hop from Leicester to
Loughborough – but operations quickly expanded
beyond local trains. A tour to Liverpool, just four
years on, was booked by 1,200 people. It was so
popular that Cook had to repeat it, for 800 further
customers, a fortnight later.
62

Cont…
• “The company has witnessed a good deal,” says Paul
Smith, the company’s archivist, picking up a brochure
which marks one of the moments when British tourists
became airborne.
• “Thomas Cook was the first travel agent to market
pleasure flights,” he adds. “We placed an advert in The
Times in Easter 1919. And we produced this.”
• It is, in truth, an unremarkable testament to so seismic a
time – a pamphlet in drab olive-brown, a photograph of a
converted First World War Handley Page bomber as a sole
cover photograph. But the dream it is selling is there in the
few metres of space between the plane’s wheels and the
ground, a new era dawned.
63

Thomas cook – 20th century and
holidays
• Further items shed breezy light onto the 20th
century – a Fifties belle adorning a pamphlet for
the company’s Prestatyn holiday camp that
shouts: “This Is It! Your 1954 Holiday”; a 1963
brochure, disguised as a women’s magazine
called “Holidaymaking”, firmly aimed at female
are to a decision maker for family holidays.
• Thomas Cook helped the world to run with
tourism in the Second World War, by deploying
companies work force in order to deliver tourism
services as much as possile.
•
64

A brief history of Thomas Cook
1841
• Thomas Cook started organising leisure trips in the
summer of 1841 when its founder, who gave his
name to the company, organised a successful one-
day rail excursion at a shilling a head from
Leicester to Loughborough.
• During the next three summers Mr Cook arranged a
succession of trips, taking passengers to Leicester,
Nottingham, Derby and Birmingham.
• Four years later, he organised his first trip abroad,
taking a group from Leicester to Calais.
• This was followed in the 1860s by trips to
Switzerland, Italy, Egypt and America.
65

1865 (Thomas cook)
• In partnership with his son, John Mason Cook, he
opened an office in Fleet Street in 1865.
• In accordance with his beliefs, Mr Cook senior
and his wife also ran a small temperance hotel
above the office.
• The firm’s growing importance was demonstrated
in 1884, when it transported a relief force to
rescue General Gordon, from Khartoum, in
Sudan.
66

1869 (Thomas cook)
• In 1869, he hired two steamers and conducted his
first party up the Nile.
• The climax of his career, however, came in
September 1872 when, at the age of 63, he departed
from Leicester on a tour of the world that would keep
him away from home for almost eight months.
• It had long been his ambition to travel “to Egypt via
China”, but such a trip only became practicable at
the end of 1869 following the opening of the Suez
Canal and the completion of a rail network linking
the east and west coasts of America.
67

1924 (Thomas cook)
• The company was incorporated as Thos Cook & Son
Ltd in 1924, and in 1926 the headquarters moved
from Ludgate Circus to Berkeley Street, Mayfair, a
once aristocratic area which was now the centre of
London society.
• Then, in 1928, Thomas Cook’s surviving grandsons,
Frank and Ernest, unexpectedly sold the business to
the Belgian Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits
et des Grands Express Européens, operators of most
of Europe’s luxury sleeping cars, including the Orient
Express.
68

1945 (Thomas cook became a
travel brand)
• Thomas Cook was nationalised shortly
after the Second World War when it
became part of the state-owned British
Railways.
• It benefited from a holiday boom after
the conflict, which saw one million
Britons travelling abroad by 1950.
69

1965 (Thomas cook became a
travel brand)
•In 1965, Thomas Cook's
profits exceeded £1m for
the first time, but it was
facing stiff competition
from younger rivals.
70

Modern Day Travel & Tourism
• With the amount of tourism that the UK has are from all around
the would and would/do buy all different type of merchandise
when they are here they also pay transport to get to all the
different tourist attractions all over the UK.
• All that expense adds up and helps the UK travel and tourism
economy. According to a article that was published in 2009 the UK
tourism industry employs 2.66 million people, 80% of there people
are British, 44% of the people employed within the travel and
tourism industry are under the age of 30 compared to the national
average which is 24% that is a significant 20% difference.
• 44% of people employed in the travel and tourism industry are on
a part-time employment contract.
• The travel and tourism industry is the 3rd largest employer within
the world; revenue for the sector was £125 bn.
71

New Types Of Organisations
• Budget Airlines:
•
Budget Airline may be cheaper for people
to fly especially if it is a last minute
thing, there are also more budget airlines
emerging.
72

Budget Hotels:
•The prices are cheap
enough for the peoples so
that they may afford the
same for their different
travel needs as well.
73

Dark Ages
• Religious tourism (or pilgrimage) is the oldest form of
cultural tourism. Traditionally this was executed as a
spiritual quest on foot to a holy site where the
existence of God was felt to be present.
• For common people in medieval times a pilgrimage
was one of the few permissible ways to leave home.
• While travelling, pilgrims had the chance to loosen
the emotional ties with their working environment
and leave their daily troubles behind.
74

Black tourism/ dark era
• Black tourism – in effect, pure dark
tourism, where a fascination with
death is satisfied by the purposeful
supply of experiences intended to
satisfy this fascination (examples:
Auschwitz-Birkenau, Chernobyl,
Ground Zero, battlefields of the
First World War).
75

Deeper meaning
• Dark tourism is a way to experience heritage in the contemporary
world.
• This phenomenon has added new meaning to the spectrum of cultural
tourism.
• Both the growing public interest in history, and the growing tourism
industry cause an increase in demand for a larger diversity of forms
of heritage experience.
• Consequently, heritage sites more or less adapt to these trends,
through their choice of communication and promotion.
• The response chosen by a heritage site can be categorized in the
demand and supply matrix of Sharpley.
• The choice that is made needs to take into account a balance
between the supply and demand side.
• An authentic heritage site can become a dark tourism site partly due
to its history and contents.
76

What is the Concept of Modern Mass
Tourism?
• Mass tourism is the product of mass leisure (i.e., rest from
work). The World Tourism Organisation (1984) estimated that
between 1960 and 1980 the proportion of countries in which
the average working week exceeded 40 hours fell from 75 per
cent to 56 per cent.
• There has also been an increase in the number of people who
are excluded from the formal economy, for example, there
are more people living beyond the retirement age who are
able to enjoy tourism.
• Mass tourism depends not only on the growth of leisure time
but also the structure of free time and on the economics of
tourism industry.
• The World Tourism Organisation estimated in 1994 that there
were 800 million workers globally who received paid holidays
from work.
77

Mass Tourism (Context till so far)
• The economics of the tourism industry has
played an important part in the emergence of
mass tourism. Changes in transport technology
by air as well as by land and sea have
accelerated travel at reduced costs.
• The virtuous circle of mass tourism has five main
phases; to begin with, mass tourism emerged in
the USA in the twenties and thirties.
• Two important conditions were: the spread of
paid holidays and the extension of car
ownership.
78

Third phase of Mass Tourism
(modern context)
• In the third phase the late fifties
and sixties mass tourism developed
another dimension, being
increasingly internationalized.
Between 1950 and 1988, the number
of international tourists increased
from 25 million to 389 million.
• The USA and Canada topped the list.
79

Forth phase of Mass Tourism
(modern context)
• In the fourth phase there was an
Europeanization of international
tourism from the 1960s.
• According to the World Tourism
Organisation, globally there were
405 million international tourists in
1989, and the destination for 64 per
cent of these was Europe.
80

Last of latest phase of modern mass
tourism (post globalization era)
• In the last phase in the late twentieth century
there has been a globalization of the tourism
industry.
• Globalization has occurred as more and more
countries have become locked into international
travel tourism from Japan, Europe, North
America, Australia, India and the Middle East
have become increasingly internationalized.
• At the same time, the range of destinations of
mass tourism has increased.
81

The factors responsible for mass
tourism are as follows:
(i) Sustained prosperity and consequent rise in the
income of the people;
(ii) Increase in paid leisure time;
(iii) Rise in educational standard;
(iv) Reduction in the size of family;
(v) Development of good communication system;
(vi) Growth of travel agents;
(vii) Monotony of work life in an industrialised society;
(viii) Growth in the number of International
Conferences.
82

Thank you
This comes the end of the Unit -1
12/10/2020
83

Bba introduction to tourism unit-1 iitm igntu syllubus by amit tiwari

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