BBA II EVS: Unit II: Eco Systems and their relation with tourism

1. By
Amit Tiwari
Asst. Professor
Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management Gwalior
(An autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism,
Govt. of India)

2. 
Eco Systems and their relation with
tourism: Introduction to wetland sites;
coral reefs; mangroves; national parks;
wild life sanctuaries; biosphere
reserves and their role in tourism.
Syllabus- UNIT II

3. 
 Water is an important resource for all living beings.
Therefore, the use of water and its supply from sources
are very important. Wetlands are an ecosystem from
mangrove to subarctic peat lands that have affected
human.
 This represents the importance of the water and wetlands.
The fact that people are in these regions is a reflection of
how important it is for biotic diversity. Therefore,
wetlands are a very critical ecosystem, and some of them
are the most productive habitats.
Importance of Wetland site
Management

4. 
 Because of urbanization, economic growth,
industrialization, and increasing population, more wastes
were discharged into nature. Wetlands carry through
some beneficial functions in the protection of whole
balance of the nature.
 Wetlands are ecologically sensitive systems and provide
many significant services to the human population. The
evaluation of wetlands with a multidisciplinary
perspective in the natural sciences and social sciences
provides efficient results. This perspective can give an
increased understanding of the processes and problems
associated with such strategies.
Importance of wetland
management

5. Ecosystem model
of Wetland

6. Ecosystem model
of Wetland

7. 
 Wetlands that may be accepted as ecosystems on
edge because of their importance for the future have
gained a crucial role to climatic change.
 Wetland management policies and simulations of
their ability to absorb major quantities of carbon
from the atmosphere as more than five times from
tropical forest show an important solution in future
climate .It seems clear that wetlands are balanced
due to mechanism of geochemical cycles (natural
control-feedback mechanism).
Wetlands & its future

8. An Introduction of Wetlands Video Session by
Amit Tiwari, Assitant Professor IITTM Gwalior
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHvr7iqDDik&list=PLzTOuirWWMlNMikY
C2BO-AHImGebOC6KS&index=12

9. 
 Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems
in the world. Coral polyps, the animals primarily
responsible for building reefs, can take many forms:
large reef building colonies, graceful flowing fans,
and even small, solitary organisms.
 Thousands of species of corals have been discovered;
some live in warm, shallow, tropical seas and others
in the cold, dark depths of the ocean.
Introduction of ecosystem
-Coral reef

10. 
Because of the diversity of life found in the
habitats created by corals, reefs are often
called the "rainforests of the sea."
About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on
healthy coral reefs.
Fishes and other organisms shelter, find food,
reproduce, and rear their young in the many
nooks and crannies formed by corals.
Coral reef diversity

11. 
 Shallow water, reef-building corals have a symbiotic relationship with
photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in their tissues.
 The coral provides a protected environment and the compounds
zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis.
 In return, the algae produce carbohydrates that the coral uses for food,
as well as oxygen.
 The algae also help the coral remove waste. Since both partners benefit
from association, this type of symbiosis is called mutualism.
 Deep-sea corals live in much deeper or colder oceanic waters and lack
zooxanthellae. Unlike their shallow water relatives, which rely heavily
on photosynthesis to produce food, deep sea corals take in plankton
and organic matter for much of their energy needs.
Characteristics of Corals

12. 
 Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened.
Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms.
 Other threats are caused by people, including pollution,
sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change,
which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification.
 Many of these threats can stress corals, leading to coral
bleaching and possible death, while others cause physical damage to
these delicate ecosystems.
 During the 2014-2017 coral bleaching event, unusually warm waters
(partially associated with a strong El Niño) affected 70% of coral reef
ecosystems worldwide.
 Some areas were hit particularly hard, like the Great Barrier Reef in
Australia, where hundreds of miles of coral were bleached.
Major Threats to coral reef
ecosystems

13. 
 Mangroves are one of the world’s dominant coastal eco-
systems comprised chiefly of flowering trees and shrubs
uniquely adapted to marine and estuarine tidal conditions
(Tomlinson, 1986; Duke, 1992; Hogarth, 1999; Saenger, 2002).
 They form distinctly vegetated and often densely structured
habitat of verdant closed canopies (Figure 1) cloaking coastal
margins and estuaries of equa- torial, tropical, and subtropical
regions around the world (Spalding et al., 1997).
 Mangroves are well known for their morphological and
physiological adaptations coping with salt, saturated soils, and
regular tidal inundation, notably with specialized attributes
MANGROVES

14. For more
information video
can be access:
https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=
p6xCChU80fI&list=
UUEnkfpF0NkgBsxj
x_Gy1keA&index=9
3

16. 
A forest of exposed, above-
ground stilt roots of
Rhizophora apiculata,
Daintree River estuary,
northeastern Australia.
Mature, viviparous
propagules of
a Bruguiera gymnorhiza tree,
near Dumbea, New
Caledonia.

17. 
A cormorant makes use of an eroding edge tree of
Sonneratia caseolaris, in the upper Daintree River
estuary, northeastern Australia

18. 
 Mangroves are a diverse group of predominantly
tropical trees and shrubs growing in the upper half
of the intertidal zone of coastal areas worldwide
(Duke, 1992).
 They are often mistakenly thought of as a single
entity. But, like coral reefs, healthy mangroves are
functionally diverse and complex. They also provide
essential structure and habitat for a host of marine
and intertidal species
Rich and diverse

19. 
Terebralia gastropods devouring a fallen
mangrove leaf, near Koumac, New
Caledonia

20. 
 Mangroves have evolved and flourished in their dynamic
setting. While mangroves collectively have specialized
morphologies and physiologies, these attributes have
limits that vary with individual species. The distributional
range of each mangrove species reflects its response to the
dominant influencing factors at global, regional, and local
scales .
 Where mangroves inhabit tropical and subtropical
regions of the world, their presence in higher latitudes is
generally constrained by the 20○C winter isotherm in the
respective hemispheres
Factors influencing
mangrove distributions

21. 
Delicate pink flowers of the rare
hybrid shrub, Lumnitzera rosea, Le
Cap River, New Caledonia.
Erect fruiting bodies of the
striking mangrove palm, Nypa
fruticans, Kien Giang Province,
Vietnam

22. 
Sizing up an ancient tree of
Avicennia germinans, near
Braganza, Amazonian
Brazil.
Attractive flowers of Pelliciera
rhizophorae support
hummingbirds, near Diablo on
the Pacific coast of Panama,
Central America.

23. 
 National Parks in India are discussed here along with
the Wildlife Sanctuaries. These are the suitable place for
biodiversity conservation. National Parks and Wildlife
Sanctuaries are protected areas declared by Government
with the primary objective to preserve wildlife, save flora
& fauna and restore the natural ecological balance.
 There are 103 National Parks and 544 Wildlife
Sanctuaries in India. Madhya Pradesh and Andaman &
Nicobar Islands have the maximum number of National
Parks (9 each). The spectacular natural beauty across the
national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India attracts
millions of tourists every year.
National Parks in India

24. 
 National park is an area which is strictly reserved for the
betterment of the wildlife and biodiversity, and where
activities like developmental, forestry, poaching, hunting
and grazing on cultivation are not permitted. The
government can declare an area as a national park with
adequate ecological, geo-morphological and natural
significance.
 In these parks, even private ownership rights are not
allowed. Their boundaries are well marked and
circumscribed. They are usually small reserves spreading
in an area of 100 sq. km. to 500 sq. km. In national parks,
the emphasis is on the preservation of a single floral or
fauna species.
National Parks in India:
Overview

32. 
 Wildlife Sanctuary is an area demarcated for the
protection of a particular species of flora and fauna.
Limited human activities may be allowed by the
state authorities for the people living inside it. For
e.g. Wildlife authorities may allow livestock grazing
for a particular community living there. Any
exploitation of wildlife is punishable offense and
removal of forest produce requires a
recommendation from relevant National or State
Wildlife Board.
Wildlife Sanctuary in
India

33. 
 Andaman and Nicobar-96
 Arunachal Pradesh-11
 Assam-18
 Bihar-12
 Chhattisgarh-11
 Chandigarh-2
 Dadra and Nagar Haveli-1
 Daman and Diu-1
 Delhi-1
List of Wildlife
Sanctuary in India

34. 
 Goa -6
 Gujarat-23
 Haryana-8
 Himachal Pradesh-28
 Jammu and Kashmir-15
 Jharkhand-11
 Karnataka-30
 Kerala-17
Contd…

35. 
 Lakshadweep-1
 Madhya Pradesh-25
 Maharashtra-42
 Manipur-2
 Meghalay-a4
 Mizoram-8
 Nagaland-3
 Odisha-19
Contd…

36. 
 Punjab-13
 Rajasthan-25
 Sikkim-7
 Tamil Nadu-29
 Telangana-9
 Tripura-4
 Uttar Pradesh-25
 Uttarakhand-7
 West Bengal-15
Contd…

37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaIJj91A
KD4&t=5s

38. amitiittm2011@gmail.com