MBA Unit 2

TOURISM CONCEPTS
AND LINKAGES –
MBAT -101
Special Online Sessions
Unit 2-
MBA BY-
AMIT TIWARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- TOURISM STUDIES
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TOURISM AND TRAVEL
MANAGEMENT

UNIT TITLE-
TOURISM
AND IT’S
THEORIES
UNIT 2
1/12/2021
Amit Tiwari , Asst Professor- Tourism
Studies- IITTM, GWALIOR
2

Meaning of term Tourism
1/12/2021
Tourism meant for an
industry, a way of life, a
movement, activity, visit
and multiplier discipline
phenomenon etc.
3

Tourism Term’s: Meaning
360
degree
Ways of
Defining
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4

WHAT IS TOURISM ?
Tourism is a socio-economic phenomenon
Tourism accounts for the single largest peaceful
movement of people across cultural boundaries of the
world.
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5

Dictionary says: about
tourism
The activity of visiting places for
pleasure is tourism
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6

“
”
Life is meaningless
if not at all travel
by a living being.-
FAMOUS FRENCH PHRASE
Let us understand tourism more
conceptually.
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TOURISM CONCEPT (1 among
360 degree way)
Tourism as a phenomenon involves the movement of people within their own
country or across the national borders.
It is composed of three elements, namely, (S. Wahab)
 man (the human element as the creator of the act of tourism),
 space (the physical element to be necessarily covered by the act
itself), and
 time (the temporal element which is composed by the trip itself and
the stay at the destination).
These elements constitute the essential conditions for the existence of the
phenomenon of tourism. There could be no tourism act without them.
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TOURISM CONCEPT
Elements of Tourism ( Ray Youell)
 Travel between a tourist home area and a destination
 Temporary and short term visit
 Use variety of tourist facilties
 Will undertake activities associated with toursm, including
visit for business or VFR
 Results in positive or negative impacts.
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NEED FOR MEASURING AND
DEFINING TOURISM
 First, travel research requires a standard
definition in order to establish parameters for
research content
 Second, without standard definitions, there can
be no agreement on the measurement of tourism
as an economic activity or its impact on the local,
state, national or world economy.
It was found that there are forty- three definitions
for the three terms – TRAVELLER, TOURIST
AND VISITOR.
1/12/2021

DEFINING TOURISM (1 among 360
degree way)
Etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin
word TORNARE/ TORNUS and the Greek word TORNOS,
meaning, to represent 'one's turn'.
 The suffix -ism is defined as an action or process
 While the suffix -ist denote 'one that performs a given
action.‘
1/12/2021

DEFINING TOURISM (1
among 360 degree way)
Two main groups or classifications of tourism definitions:
 Technical Definitions: -
 to identify different types of tourist
 to identify different tourism activities,
 normally for statistical or legislative purposes
 as those put forward by League of Nations and then by the
United Nations.
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12

DEFINING TOURISM (1 among
360 degree way)
Technical Definitions: -
 to identify different types of
tourist
 to identify different tourism
activities,
 normally for statistical or
legislative purposes
 as those put forward by
League of Nations and then
by the United Nations.
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13
Conceptual Definitions:
an essentially
anthropologically perspective.
to understand the meaning
and role of tourism
impacts
Two main groups or classifications of tourism definitions:

DEFINING TOURISM (1 among
360 degree way)
 "Tourism is the sum total of
operators, mainly of an economic
nature which directly relate to the
entry, stay and movement of
foreigners inside and outside a
certain country, city or region".
-1910, Herman V. Schullard
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14

DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..
 1936, the committee of Statistical Experts of the League
of Nations, first proposed that a 'foreign tourist' is one
who 'visits a country other than that in which he
habitually lives for a period of at least twenty four
hours'.
1/12/2021
15
1910, Herman V. Schullard, defined it as, "Tourism is the sum
total of operators, mainly of an economic nature which
directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners
inside and outside a certain country, city or region".

 1942, Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf -
Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum of
the phenomenon and relationships arising from
the travel and stay of non residents in so far as
they do not lead to permanent residence and are
not connected with any earning activity".
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16

 The International Union of Official Travel
Organisation (IUOTO) broadened the concept to
include various form of business and vocational
travel as well.
1/12/2021
17
1942, Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf -
Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum of the phenomenon and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non residents in so
far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not
connected with any earning activity".

 1910, Herman V. Schullard, defined it as, "Tourism is
the sum total of operators, mainly of an economic
nature which directly relate to the entry, stay and
movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain
country, city or region".
 1936, the committee of Statistical Experts of the
League of Nations, first proposed that a 'foreign tourist'
is one who 'visits a country other than that in which he
habitually lives for a period of at least twenty four
hours'.
12/08/08
UNIT – I

Typologies (Forms of
Tourism)
A few of new tourist typology are as under
due to changed tourist need and desire in
change environment.
I. Adventure Tourism
II. Medical Tourism
III. Alternate Tourism
IV. Agri Tourism
V. Cruise Tourism
VI. Business Tourism
1/12/2021
19
Amit Tiwari, Asst Professor, IITTM, Gwalior

Cont….
VII. Recreational Tourism
VIII. Experiential Tourism
IX. Cultural Tourism
X. Special Interest Tourism
XI. Eco Tourism
XII. Geo Tourism
XIII. Honeymoon Tourism
XIV. Wine Tourism
1/12/2021
20

Adventure Tourism
 Adventure tourism is a type
of tourism in which tourist do
some adventures activities like
as skydiving, hill climbing,
scuba diving. Adventure
tourism is very popular among
young age tourists. Adventure
tourism gains much of its
excitement by allowing
the tourists to step outside
their comfort zone.
1/12/2021
21

Medical Tourism
 Medical tourism refers to people
traveling abroad to
obtain medical treatment. In the
past, this usually referred to those
who traveled from less-developed
countries to major medical centers
in highly developed countries for
treatment unavailable at home.
1/12/2021
22

Alternative Tourism
 Alternative tourism can
be defined as 'forms
of tourism that set out to
be consistent with
natural, social and
community values and
which allow both hosts
and guests to enjoy
positive and worthwhile
interaction and shared
experiences
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23

Agri Tourism
 Agri tourism or agro
tourism, as it is
defined most broadly,
involves any
agriculturally based
operation or activity
that brings visitors to
a farm
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24

Cruise Tourism
 Cruise tourism is a form of
travelling for leisure purposes,
involving an all-inclusive holiday
on a cruise ship of at least 48
hours, according to a specific
itinerary in which
the cruise ship calls at several
ports or cities. Cruise
tourism is seen as a potential
growth enabler for
the tourism industry as a
whole.
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25

Business Tourism
 Business
tourism or business travel is
a more limited and focused
subset of regular tourism.
During business
tourism (traveling),
individuals are still working
and being paid, but are doing
so away from both their
workplace and home. Some
definitions
of tourism exclude business
travel.
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Recreational Tourism
 The main aims of recreational
tourism include active
participation in some kind
of recreational activity , or,
participating in a sport or
cultural event as spectator.
(Going to a play in a theatre).
Intellectual recreational activiti
es are also realized within the
framework of tourism.
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27

Experiential Tourism
 Experiential travel, also known as
immersion travel, is a form of tourism in
which people focus on experiencing a
country, city or particular place by
actively and meaningfully engaging with
its history, people, culture, food and
environment. It can often be
transformative.
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28

Cultural Tourism
 Cultural tourism is the subset
of tourism concerned with a traveler's
engagement with a country or
region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of
the people in those geographical areas, the
history of those people, their art,
architecture, religion(s), and other elements
that helped shape their way of life.
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Special Interest Tourism
 Special interest tourism (SIT) is the provision of
customized tourism activities that caters to the specific
interests of groups and individuals. In this case,
tourism is undertaken to satisfy a particular interest or
need. It has been proposed that SIT consists of four
main experiences:
1.Rewarding
2.Enriching
3. Adventuresome Experiences
4. Learning Experiences.
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30

Eco Tourism
 Ecotourism is now
defined as “responsible
travel to natural areas
that conserves the
environment, sustains
the well-being of the
local people, and
involves interpretation
and education”
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31

Geo Tourism
 Geo tourism is defined as tourism
that sustains or enhances the
distinctive geographical character of
a place—its environment, heritage,
aesthetics, culture, and the well-
being of its residents.
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32

Wine Tourism
 Wine tourism demand
trends], travelling to wine-
producing countries and
visiting wine regions. The
second main reason of this
success is related to the fact
that wine tourism can include
other tourism segments, such
as cultural, heritage and
gastronomy tourism,
appealing to more than just
wine enthusiasts or wine
experts and thus, attracts a
large number of visitors.
1/12/2021
33

Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum of the
phenomenon and relationships arising from the travel and
stay of non residents in so far as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected with any
earning activity".
12/08/08
UNIT – I

Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum of the
phenomenon and relationships arising from the travel
and stay of non residents in so far as they do not lead
to permanent residence and are not connected with any
earning activity".
 The International Union of Official Travel Organisation
(IUOTO) broadened the concept to include various form
of business and vocational travel as well.
12/08/08
UNIT – I

 In the year 1945, the United Nations (which had
replaced League of Nations) endorsed the proposed
definition of 1935, but added to it a maximum duration
of stay of less than six months.
 1963, Rome conference on Tourism recommended that
a new word "visitor" be adopted which define a tourist
as "any person visiting a country other than that in
which he has his usual place of residence, for any
reason other than following an occupation remunerated
from within the country visited."
12/08/08
UNIT – I

 Jafari, who states "tourism is study of man away from his
usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs
and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the
host-socio cultural economic and physical environments.“
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UNIT – I

 Jafari, who states "tourism is study of man away from his
usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and
of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host-
socio cultural economic and physical environments.“
 Wanhill defines 'tourism' as the temporary, movement of
people to destinations outside their normal places of work and
residence and the activities undertaken during the time spent
at those destinations.
12/08/08
UNIT – I

 Leiper postulated that "there are three
approaches in defining tourism: economic,
technical, and holistic.
 Economic definitions view tourism as both a
business and an industry.
 Technical definitions identify the tourist in order to
provide as common basis by which to collect data.
 Holistic definitions attempt to include the entire
essence of the subject".
12/08/08
UNIT – I

 Leiper postulated that "there are three approaches in
defining tourism: economic, technical, and holistic.
 Economic definitions view tourism as both a business and an
industry.
 Technical definitions identify the tourist in order to provide as
common basis by which to collect data.
 Holistic definitions attempt to include the entire essence of the
subject".
 Smith, developed a more explicit reference to motivation, a
tourist being a temporarily leisure person who voluntarily
visits a place for the purpose of experiencing a change.
12/08/08
UNIT – I

 According to WTO , tourism is the movement of
people away from their normal place of residence and
work for a period of not less than 24hrs and not more
than 1 year and whose main purpose of travel is other
than the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the places visited.
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UNIT – I

TRAVELLOR TYPOLOGY
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UNIT – I
TRAVELLERS
VISITORS OTHER TRAVELLERS
TOURISTS SAME DAY VISITORS

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UNIT – I
TRAVELLERS
VISITORS OTHER TRAVELLERS
TOURISTS
(OVERNIGHT VISITORS)
SAME DAY VISITORS
(EXCURSIONST)
COMMUTERS
MIGRANTS
NOMADS TRANSIT
PASSENGERS
REFUGEES DIPLOMATS
ARMED FORCES
DAILY/ ROUTINE TRIPS
LEISURE/RECREATION BUSINESS/ PROFESSIONAL OTHER
RESIDENTS NON RESIDENTS RESIDENTS NON RESIDENTS

TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY?
 Robert Chirstie Mill states that 'Tourism is not an
industry, although tourism gives rise to a variety of
industries. Tourism is an activity engaged by people
who travel".
 Wahab, states that "the appellation of the term
'industry' to tourism is justified because of the modern
approach to the definition of industry as a group of
firms producing identical goods, i.e., which the
consumer regards as being substitutes for one
another although they may be physically different.
12/08/08
UNIT – I

TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY? CONTD..
 According to Roger Doswell there are three levels of tourism which work
together:
LEVELS OF TOURISM
 Kaiser has advocated that "there is no such thing as Tourism Industry,
but it is a collection of several industries that function separately with
various types of links with tourists. These links can be both incidental as
well as purposeful, direct or indirect.“
FIRST LEVEL Tourism policy and strategy framework, the
Government Tourism Administration (GTA)
SECOND LEVEL Hotels, Accommodation, Catering, Attraction,
Transportation
THIRD LEVEL Network of supporting services
12/08/08
UNIT – I

TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY? CONTD..
The UN source identified seven industrial areas, which could be
regarded as belonging in different degrees to the tourist sector,
although for the most part not concerned exclusively with tourism
accommodation,
attraction management
travel agents and tour operators,
restaurants,
passenger transport enterprises,
manufacturers of handicraft and souvenirs designed for visitors
and related outlets,
agencies concerned with tourism.
12/08/08
UNIT – I

TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY?
CONTD..
Tourism is not one single industry but an amalgamation of
many industries and allied industries.
(1) Aviation
(2) Transportation (Surface - Rail and Road),
(3) Water Transport,
(4) Hospitality,
(5) Attraction Management (Theme Parks, Monuments)
(6) Communication (CRS, Internet, etc.) and
(7) Travel Facilitators (Travel Consultants, Guides, Escorts, etc.)
come together to form the Tourism Sector.
12/08/08
UNIT – I

12/08/08
UNIT – I
Home Local Regional National International
Leisure
The time available to an individual
when work, sleep and other basic
needs have been met
Recreation
Pursuit engaged upon during
leisure time
The recreation activity continuum
Home-based
recreation
Reading,
gardening,
watching, T.V.,
socializing etc.
Daily leisure
Visiting theatres
or restaurants,
sports (as
participant of
speactator)
socializing, etc
Day trips
Visiting
attraction,
picnicking, etc.
Tourism
Temporary movement to
destinations outside normal
home and workplace, the
activities undertaken during
the stay, and the facilities
created to cater for their
needs
HOME

WHAT IS TOUISM SYSTEM?
 Tourism to be understood as a system by which it is made
up or framed , in its conventional form or setup.
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49
Tourism system
Social components
People,
communities
Art forms,
Attairs,
Architectural
facades
Cultural Components
Food, fairs,
festivals, rituals,
events
Environment Components
Flaura fauna ,
eco system
Wild life forest,
topography etc.

Tourism System and
introduction
By Tourism System we mean
that conceptual approach which
helps to identify the dynamic
elements of tourism. The
boundaries of tourism are
extremely flexible and can be
confused with leisure and
recreation activities.
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50

Concept of Tourism System
Tourism is being systematically
viewed as a framework in which the
theory and practice link up with
each other to address the
satisfaction of all those concerned
with the functioning of the system.
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51

Concept of Tourism System
 The dynamic element of the Tourism System is its
historical potential for development and resulting
benefits.
 However, the system operates within a global economic
environment along with national priorities. These are
often not understood in a common perspective.
 The different perceptions can act as constraints on the
developmental potential of a destination.
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52

Tourism System
Tourism system has 4 tier –
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53
Tier 1
• Tourism
framework
• A dynamic
phenomena
Tier 2
• Demand aspect
& supply aspect
• Tourist
propensities
• Transport ,
communication
, Geography
attraction etc.
Tier 3
• Management-
Tier 4
• impacts

1/12/2021
54
Tourism system framework

Tourism System (Phenomena)
 How far does the phenomenon of tourism balance
between the expectations of the tourist and the
resident population depends on the :
 • interaction between the support system of the
resident and the tourist, and
 • perceptions of both groups regarding their right to
have access to tourist oriented products as well as
resident oriented products.
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55

TOURISM SYSTEM
12/08/08
UNIT – I
Tourism System
Source: Leiper, 1990

TOURISM SYSTEM CONTD..
Regulatory
Framework
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UNIT – I
DEMAND
Domestic
and
International
Tourists
SUPPLY
Tourist
Destinations
and
Facilities
Influences on
Demand
Tourism
Impacts
Tourism
Intermediaries
A simplified model of Tourist Activity
Source: Ray Youell

SIMILARITY WITH
CONSUMER GOODS
 Customer Satisfaction
 Profit Generation
 Service element
12/08/08
UNIT – I

CHARACTERISTICS
 Intangibility
 Perishability
 Heterogeneity / variability
 Inseparability
 Lack of ownership
12/08/08
UNIT – I

NATURE
 Fragile
 Risky
 Demand based
 Seasonal
12/08/08
UNIT – I

COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
 Attraction or Tourism Patrimony
 Man made
 Natural
 Hybrid
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UNIT – I

COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..
 Accessibility
 Surface
 Water
 Air
 Space
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UNIT – I

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Organised
 Unorganised
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UNIT – I

COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
CONTD..
 Accommodation
 Organised
 Hotels
 Heritage
 Luxury
 House boats
 Guest houses
 Resorts
 sPas
 Unorganised
 Paying guest
 Charitable organisations
 Others
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UNIT – I

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Amenities
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UNIT – I

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Amenities
 Activities
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UNIT – I

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Amenities
 Activities
 Available packages
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UNIT – I

FORMS OF TOURISM
INTERNATIONAL
12/08/08
UNIT – I
D
O
M
E
S
T
I
C
INTERNAL
NATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL
Source: World Tourism Organisation

TYPES OF TOURISM
1. On the basis of Origin and Destination
· Incoming tourism
· Outgoing tourism
· Internal Tourism
2. On the basis of Movement Patterns
· Residential Tourism
· Seasonal tourism
· Roving tourism
3. On the basis of Seasonal Character of Tourism
· Winter tourism
· Summer tourism
· Circumstantial tourism
12/08/08
UNIT – I

TYPES OF TOURISM
4.On the basis of the Incentives
 Recreational tourism
 Pleasure tourism of Leisure tourism
 Sporting tourism
 Business or Technical tourism
5.On the basis of Socio-economic aspects of demand
 Self financing tourism
 Juvenile tourism
 Social tourism
6.On the basis of Range
 Domestic tourism Or Internal tourism
 International tourism
12/08/08
UNIT – I

TYPES OF TOURISM
7.On the basis of Sociological Aspects
 Mass tourism
 Popular tourism
 Social tourism
8. On the basis of Purpose of Visit
 Holiday tourism
 Business tourism
 Common Interest Tourism
12/08/08
UNIT – I

TYPES OF TOURISM
PROPOSED BY THE UN (Based on purpose of travel)
1. Leisure recreation and holidays
2. Visiting friends and relatives
3. Business and profession
4. Health treatment
5. Religion/pilgrimage
6. Other (sports, crews of public carrier)
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UNIT – I

PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
TRAVEL
BY OBLIGATION FOR PLEASURE
VFR
Health
Religion Pilgrimage
Other
BUSINESS AND MAINSTREAM,
ROFESSIONAL SECIAL INTEREST,
ALTERNATIVE TOURISM
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UNIT – I

TYPOLOGY OF TOURISTS
ORGANISED INDIVIDUAL EXLORER DRIFTER
MASS TOURIST MASS TOURIST
12/08/08
UNIT – I
TOURIST TYPOLOGY
INSTITUTINALISED
TOURISM
NON INSTITUTIONALISED
TOURISM
• Environmental
bubble
•Personal choice
•Less real experience
•Independent
•Off beat track
•Environmental
bubble or safety
•Away from all
things familiar
•No fixed itinerary
•Cultural experience
•No connection with
the industry
Readymade tour
Environmental
bubble
Guided tour
Little contact
No adventure

ENVIRONMENTAL BUBBLE
12/08/08
UNIT – I
TOURIST
TOUR OPERATORS
E
S
C
O
R
T
PERSONAL BELIEFS
H
O
S
P
I
T
A
L
I
T
Y

CLASSIFICATION OF
TOURISTS
 PSYCHOCENTRIC
 Concentrate on self
 Safe destination
 Conservative in travel pattern
 Small problem areas of life
 Return trip
 ALLOCENTRIC
 Varied in form
 Adventurous
 Travel or discover new places
 Rarely return to the same place
 MIDCENTRIC
 SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN
12/08/08
UNIT – I

The lecture video sessions (Few) on different tourism related
topic are available at YouTube Channel
GYANDHARA KNOWLEDGE FOR ALL SEGMENT
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=Mn-
V0LFIz_U&t=216s
https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=6ss
y6HEvvIM&t=61s
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=gzMNQ9
7V1wU&t=41s
1/12/2021
Amit Tiwari, Asst Professor, IITTM,
Gwalior
77

To be continued
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=kOOAT6NqI
VI&list=UUEnkfpF0NkgB
sxjx_Gy1keA&index=1
Also persue all such
upcoming video
assignment in favour of
your internal exam
perpratotion.
1/12/2021
78

Tourism Environment
 In the process of interpreting term
‘tourism environment’ , it is to be
understood as very much physical
environment where people are
emerged within the tourism system in
relation to the people and their
environment.
1/12/2021
79

Tourism Concepts & Models
 The advantages of models over definitions is that certain
complexities inherent in tourism can be more easily
expressed or represented in a model with a dynamic &
multidimensional capacity as opposed to the more static
definitions.

Tourist Area Life Cycle
(Butler’s Curve - 1980)
 Exploration
 involvement
 Development
 Consolidation
 Stagnation
 Decline
Rejuvenation

Butler’s Curve (1980)
Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration

Exploration
 characterised by small numbers of tourists
 adventurous
 visit “new” places
 attracted by some unique feature
 few tourist facilities  reliance on local facilities
 high level of contact between tourist & host
 small impact on the host community.

Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration
Involvement

Involvement
 local residents begin to provide facilities for tourists
 high degree of contact between tourists & locals
 locals may start to change usual patterns to accommodate tourists
 pressure on local government to provide more & better facilities for
tourists.

Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration
Involvement
Development

Development
 tourism market: well-defined because of
promotion at tourist generating areas
 local control of facilities & development of tourism
starts to decline
 international organisations take root (Holiday Inn)
 physical nature of resort changes (not universally
accepted)
 number of tourists approaches (or exceeds) local
population (take notice at this point, can start to
see negative impacts)
 type of tourist  mainstream, conservative

Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation

Consolidation
 rate of increase of tourist arrivals starts to decline
(even though absolute numbers may still grow).
 number of tourists now exceeds local population
 marketing & promotion well developed
 market is almost saturated, therefore new
development/building slows down
 growing discontent among host population

Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation

Stagnation
 peak number of visitors has been reached
(carrying capacity)
 environmental, social & economic problems
(beach erosion, local businesses sold,
dissatisfaction with locals)
 area is not as popular with tourists (beach is
dirty, crowded, not enough parking)
 original features which attracted tourists in the
first place will have been supplemented by new
“attractions”. (theme parks, museums, bungee
jumping, something that wasn’t there before)

Immediate decline
Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline

Immediate Decline & Decline
 immediate decline: an abrupt death of the
resort
 decline: a more gradual decline, where
number of visitors gradually tapers off
 infrastructure changes (hotels converted
to condominiums because not enough
visitors)
 local population begins to buy tourist
facilities because of affordability

Stabilisation
Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Immediate decline
Decline
Consolidation
Stagnation
Reduced growth
Rejuvenation

Stabilisation, Reduced Growth &
Rejuvenation
 Stabilisation: the area stabilises and
changes very little over time
 Reduced growth: the area continues to
grow but at a reduced rate of growth
 Rejuvenation: can take place in 2 ways:
 building a new attraction
 taking advantage of previously untapped resources.
 Strong government or corporation involvement

Time
Numberoftourists
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Immediate decline
Decline
Stabilisation
Reduced growth
Rejuvenation
Consolidation
Stagnation
Critical range of
elements of capacity

Critical Range of Elements of
Capacity
 This is the stage when carrying capacities
become critical (cc has been reached)
 can be exceeded or managed
 Tourism Carrying Capacity:The number of
visitors that an area can accommodate
before negative impacts occur, either in the
physical environment, the psychological
attitude of the tourists, or the social
acceptance level of the hosts.
Assumes destination went through all stages (exploration)

MidcentricsPsycocentrics Allocentrics
Mass Tourists
Near
Psychocentrics
Near Allocentrics

Plog’s Psychographic Typology
(1972)
 Different destinations are attractive to different types of tourists based
on their different personalities.

Psychocentric
 need for consistency & reliability
 avoid stress/unusual situations
 prefer familiar destinations
 want to be surrounded by similar people
 impact on host community: large

Allocentrics
 thrives on new experiences
 prefer to explore areas on their own
 likes to befriend local community
 impact on host
community: small

Mid-centric
 fall between psychocentrics &
allocentrics
 looks for familiarity
 prefers to be with
friends/relatives
 not overly adventurous, but
willing to try new things
People may visit a place, but not fall under a certain
category

DOXEY’S “IRRIDEX”
direct link between
increased community
irritation & continual
tourism development

EUPHORIA
APATHY
ANNOYANCE
ANTAGONISM
Initial phase of development, visitors &
investors welcome, little planning or control
mechanism - exploration
Visitors taken for granted, contacts between
residents & outsiders more formal
(commercial), planning concerned mostly with
marketing
Saturation points approached, “hosts” have
misgivings about tourism, policy makers
attempt solutions via increasing
infrastructure (rather than limiting growth) -
critical on butlers curve
Irritations openly expressed, visitors seen as
cause of all problems, planning now remedial
but promotion increased to offset deteriorating
reputation of destination.

Limitations
 Whole population may have the
same attitude
 The chart goes in one direction,
not multi-directional, only
progress in one direction

Tourist-Host Interactions (first
stage of iridex index)
 Harmony between guests, hosts, and communities
 Can be destroyed if unprepared
 Common behavior and body language may be rude and
unacceptable elsewhere
 If hosts do not deliver the expected services, disappointment may
set in
 Doxey’s index of tourist irritation
 Describes how communities react to increasing levels of tourism

Figure 10–1 • Doxey’s Irridex of Tourist Irritation
Source: Adapted from Doxey GV

Interactions (cont’d.)
 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
 Four characteristics of tourist–host relationships:
 Its transitory nature
 Temporal and spatial constraints
 Lack of spontaneity
 Unequal and unbalanced experiences

Interactions (cont’d.)
 Inskeep suggests the scope and depth of the encounters
include:
 Basic value and logic system
 Religious beliefs, traditions, and customs
 Lifestyles and behavioral patterns
 Dress codes
 Sense of time budgeting
 Attitude toward strangers

Too Much Tourism?
 Example of too much tourism:
 Peru’s Inca citadel of Machu Picchu
 Agra’s, Tajmahal , Khajuraho
 Threatened by unregulated growth
 Hotel and restaurant construction is contributing to
destabilization of the structures
 UNESCO may add it to its list of endangered World
Heritage sites

Tourism and Social Change
 Tourism brings change
 Welcomed by some segments of society
 Causing debates among others
 Different observers may see the same tourist attraction
differently
 Commercialization forces change
 Public ritual in Fuenterrabia was originally a statement of the courage
and equality of all people
 Was promoted and now has lost its authenticity and meaning for the
people

Figure 10–2 • Some Costs and Benefits of Tourism to a Community

Social Change (cont’d.)
 Demonstration effect
 Phenomenon of local residents adopting visiting tourists styles
and manners (e.g., blue jeans and Scotch whisky)
 Tourism is not always to blame for diluting of culture
 Mass communications have greatly contributed to it

 Is quality of life reduced by tourism?
 Yes, if the destination is not prepared
 Highly subjective matter
 Negatives: traffic congestion, increased crime, noise, etc.
 Positives: employment creation, income redistribution, and
poverty alleviation

 Social impacts may include:
 Revival of art, dance, and crafts
 When arts and crafts are made outside the host community, this
results in job and revenue loss
 Tourism can encourage crime
 Tourists can slow residents’ way of life
 Tourists unduly influence the host community culture
 Host community may resent tourists

Social Change (due to over
tourism)
 Tourists also change
 May or may not be interested in the host history or culture
 Study assessing British tourists to Greece and others visiting
Morocco
 Attitudes toward the host peoples changed as a result of the two- to
three-week tours

Push & Pull Motives
 Push & Pull factors have been widely accepted to explain tourist
behaviour and travel motivations" (Crompton, 1979; Uysal & Hagen,
1993; as cited in Chan & Baum, 2007, pg.359).
 Dann (1997) simply explains push factors as the motive that drives a
tourist away from home and pull factors as the motives in which drive a
tourist towards a destination. However with more complexity the push
factors encouraging a person to travel are the socio-psychological
needs of a person (Yoon & Uysal, 2005) and the pull factors are the
motivations arousing a person to visit a particular destination (Buhalis,
2003; Flucker & Turner; as cited in Chan & Baum, 2007).
 Crompton (1979) distinguishes 7 socio-psychological motives: escape
from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of
self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship
relationships and facilitation of social interaction; and 2 cultural motives:
novelty and education.
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Push & Pull Motives
 Gray (1970) however defines the same push and pull motives as
'sunlust' and 'wanderlust'. Sunlust describes those "vacations in
which are motivated by the desire to experience different or better
amenities for a specific purpose than are available in the
environment in which one normally lives" (Crompton, 1977, p.
410). And alternative wanderlust is described as the "basic trait in
human nature that causes some individuals to want to leave things
with which they are familiar and to go and see at first hand different
existing cultures and places" (Crompton, 1977, p. 410).
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Mill & Morrison Model also
named as
 The Tourism System Model
 Mill & Morrison Model
 Mill & Morrison consumer behavior
Model
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120

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121

Cont..
 The key elements of the system are the market, travel, the
destination and marketing. Market demand, in this model is
determined by a number of internal and external influences which
affect the travel purchase.
 This, in turn, affects the tour element of the tourism system for the
reason that demand for a product encourages the improvement of
transportation networks to meet this demand. This in turn influences
the type, nature and level of tourism infrastructure at a destination.
This consequentially influences the marketing method for a vacation
spot and the market segments. The way in which a destination
markets itself and communicates its product can stimulate the level
and type of patron demand, which is prompted by way of a number of
internal and outside elements.
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122

Cont..
 The model can have certain general uses like total demand of the market can be
studied by taking into account the external and internal factors. The model can
particularly be used by the tourism promotional agencies and travel intermediaries
(tour operators & Travel agents) for comparing the numerous levels of purchasing
behaviours of tourists. The model can also guide the destination development and
promotion agencies to undertake research and development for the tourism
industry.
 This model can also be adopted by tour operators, travel agents, transport
operators, entertainment agencies, lodges and inn businesses, leisure companies,
and so on as a framework to evaluatethe purchasing behaviour of tourists.
Accordingly, they can put into effect marketing strategies to function the product in
the marketplace. This model, in short, explains about the levels via which tourism
intermediaries can reach in the marketplace place with no trouble. In essence, this
approach displays a marketplace -oriented view of the tourism device wherein the
figuring out factor is patron behavior.
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123

Mathieson and Wall Model
also known as
 Mathieson and Wall Model
 Travel-Buying Behaviour
 five-stage linear model
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124

Mathieson and Wall Model
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125
Mathieson and Wall (1982)

There are five stage liner
model:
 Felt Need/ travel desire
 Information collection and evaluation image
 Travel decision
 Travel preparation and experience
 Travel satisfaction evaluation
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Felt Need/ travel desire:
 A travel desire is felt amongst the tourists, mostly caused by
intrinsic factors such as spending time with friends and
family, rejuvenation, relaxation, developing a particular skill
set (say, hiking, trekking, cycling) and many more. All the
aforesaid reasons are assessed in this process.
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Information collection and
evaluation image:
 In this stage, information regarding travel
information is collected from various formal
and informal sources The information
received is evaluated against each other.
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128

Travel decision:
 It involves the decision regarding destination to be visited
(amongst array of choices available), accommodation,
activities to be undertaken, attractions to be visited, et al. In
the decision-making process tourist expectations and the
benefits sought relate to a core tourism product.
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Travel preparation and
experience:
 It involves travel booking (including travel
documents like visa and passport) and
commencement of travel. It fundamentally
includes the appropriation of travel decisions
undertaken in the former step.
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Travel satisfaction
evaluation:
 After undertaking the desired travel (or vacation) the next step is to
evaluate the post trip satisfaction taking into consideration a total
tourism product that encompasses the attraction, transport,
accommodation, food, hosts, weather and many other elements which
form the total tourism experience.
 This also influences further travel decisions. Although all the stages of
decision-making process by tourist are equally important, it is the
endmost stage that is crucial to securing recurring visits to the
destination.
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131

Thank You
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132

MBA Unit 2

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