Environmental Concerns

Environmental Science
from the prospects of tourism
BBA(TT) UNIT - III
By
Amit Tiwari
Asst. Professor
Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management Gwalior
(An autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism,
Govt. of India)

Syllabus: UNIT III
Environmental Concerns: Factors creating
environmental concerns-rise in temperature; melting
of snow caps; rise in sea level; monsoon and its
changes; role of tourism in environmental concerns;
impact of environmental concerns on tourism;
prevention of environmental hazards.

Factors creating environmental
concern- Global warming
What is global warming?
 Since the Industrial Revolution, the global annual temperature has
increased in total by a little more than 1 degree Celsius, or about 2
degrees Fahrenheit. Between 1880—the year that accurate
recordkeeping began—and 1980, it rose on average by 0.07 degrees
Celsius (0.13 degrees Fahrenheit) every 10 years. Since 1981,
however, the rate of increase has more than doubled: For the last 40
years, we’ve seen the global annual temperature rise by 0.18 degrees
Celsius, or 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit, per decade.

Causes of global warming
 Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air
pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar
radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface.
 Normally this radiation would escape into space, but these pollutants,
which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat
and cause the planet to get hotter.
 These heat-trapping pollutants—specifically carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, water vapor, and synthetic fluorinated gases—are known
as greenhouse gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse effect.

Global warming link to extreme weather
 Scientists agree that the earth’s rising temperatures are fueling longer and hotter heat
waves, more frequent droughts, heavier rainfall, and more powerful hurricanes.
 In 2015, for example, scientists concluded that a lengthy drought in California—the
state’s worst water shortage in 1,200 years—had been intensified by 15 to 20 percent by
global warming. They also said the odds of similar droughts happening in the future had
roughly doubled over the past century. And in 2016, the National Academies of Science,
Engineering, and Medicine announced that we can now confidently attribute some
extreme weather events, like heat waves, droughts, and heavy precipitation, directly to
climate change.

Some other effects of global warming-
climate change
 Each year scientists learn more about the consequences of global
warming, and each year we also gain new evidence of its devastating
impact on people and the planet. As the heat waves, droughts, and
floods associated with climate change become more frequent and
more intense, communities suffer and death tolls rise. If we’re unable
to reduce our emissions, scientists believe that climate change could
lead to the deaths of more than 250,000 people around the globe every
year and force 100 million people into poverty by 2030.

Some other effects of global warming- the
melting of snow caps
 A snow cover melts as the result of a combination of several processes:
 net incoming solar radiation: the older the snow cover, the lower its albedo, and the more solar
radiation it absorbs;
 sensible heat from the air: at the same air temperature (above freezing), snow melts faster in
windy conditions than under calm conditions;
 terrestrial radiation emitted by the clouds and sky (sky radiation): the emissivity of snow is very
close to one, therefore it absorbs almost all incoming infrared radiation (in fact it is the infrared
component in the solar radiation that explains why snow melts under bright sunlight when the
air temperature is just below freezing);

 heat transfer from the ground below: the snowfall associated
with a cold snap following a warm spell is less likely to last
long;
 latent heat transfer: latent heat of evaporation is transferred
to snow when moisture sublimes from the atmosphere;
 heat transfer by falling rain

 The factors are more or less ranked in order of importance, however, depending on the
circumstances, any factor can be dominant, especially the first four (2).
 Two studies were conducted at Resolute in the north of Canada. Resolute, on Cornwallis
Island, has the annual mean temperature of only -16.6C.
 A study documents hourly measurements at Resolute (4). Melting was compared at two sites 3
km apart, one with clean snow and the other coated with windblown dust. Snow at the latter
site melted away 10 days sooner, on account of an albedo of only 40% instead of about 85.
Snow of the order of 250 mm deep had an initial density of about 0.32, the water equivalents
being 65 mm at the dirty-snow site and 145 mm at the other.

Rising of sea level
 Global sea level has been rising over the past century, and the rate has increased in
recent decades. In 2014, global sea level was 2.6 inches above the 1993 average—
the highest annual average in the satellite record (1993-present). Sea level continues
to rise at a rate of about one-eighth of an inch per year.
 Higher sea levels mean that deadly and destructive storm surges push farther inland
than they once did, which also means more frequent nuisance flooding. Disruptive
and expensive, nuisance flooding is estimated to be from 300 percent to 900 percent
more frequent within U.S. coastal communities than it was just 50 years ago.

Rising of sea level
 The two major causes of global sea level rise are thermal expansion caused by warming of the
ocean (since water expands as it warms) and increased melting of land-based ice, such as
glaciers and ice sheets. The oceans are absorbing more than 90 percent of the increased
atmospheric heat associated with emissions from human activity.
 With continued ocean and atmospheric warming, sea levels will likely rise for many centuries at
rates higher than that of the current century. In the United States, almost 40 percent of the
population lives in relatively high-population-density coastal areas, where sea level plays a role
in flooding, shoreline erosion, and hazards from storms. Globally, eight of the world's 10 largest
cities are near a coast, according to the U.N. Atlas of the Oceans.

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTING MONSOON
& CREATING IT CHANGES GLOBALLY
 Monsoon in India is the most important weather event, while other countries do have their
Monsoon, none of them compare to the Indian Monsoon. Most of the rainfall in the country
occurs just on account of the four JJAS (June, July, August and September) months of the
year. In fact, most of Asia is dependent on Monsoon, making an integral part of their lives.
 Even now, at least 60 percent of the crops in India are rain fed, and as we all know, agriculture
is the backbone of the Indian economy, employing close to 50 percent of the Indian population.
Nowhere in the world is an economy so dependent on a seasonal rainfall as India is.

 Research has confirmed that Monsoon in Asia is entwined with several aspects of global
climate along with having an influence over the global atmospheric circulation as well. The
behaviour of Indian Monsoon in the near future has consequences for the whole world. Without
a doubt, no other branch of the global climate system has a more direct effect. In fact, no other
part affects more people than the Indian Monsoon.
 Monsoon is as complex as anything else in the world. Lately, it has become quite clear that it is
not just the warming of planet which is responsible for Monsoon rains but also other factors
including aerosols emissions, domestic fires, crop burning as well as land usage changes. The
challenges at present are to not only understand these influences on Monsoon’s behavioral but
also detach them. Monsoon has been much more difficult to be studied as compared to other
aspects such as global temperatures.

 In 1990s, high concentrations of aerosols were found in the
northern Indian Ocean. In fact, satellite images even showed
a stain across the Indo-Gangetic Plain and over the Indian
Ocean, which was named as the “brown cloud”. In 1999, a
team of investigators set out to understand what brown cloud
exactly was.

Students can also go through this content
on slide share account by visiting below
link…
https://www.slideshare.net/amitiittmgwl/environm
ental-concernes-by-amit-tiwari

Environmental concernes by Amit tiwari
https://www.slideshare.net/amitiittmgwl/environmental-concernes-by-amit-
tiwari

ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
7/14/2021
Amit
Tiwari
,
Assistant
Professor
17

Global warming is the rise in the average temperature
of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th
century and its projected continuation.
Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has
increased by about
0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since
1980.
7/14/2021
Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor
18

Warming is believed to be caused by increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human
activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
The effects of an increase in global temperature
include a rise in sea levels and a change in the
amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a
probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
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19

Other likely effects of the warming include a more frequent
occurrence of extreme- weather events including heat
waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and
species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes.
Effects significant to humans include the threat to food
security from decreasing crop yields and the loss of habitat
from inundation.
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20

The climate system can respond to changes in external forcing. External forcing can
"push" the climate in the direction of warming or cooling.
Examples of external forcings include ;
changes in atmospheric composition (e.g., increased concentrations of greenhouse
gases),
solar luminosity,
volcanic eruptions,
and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun
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21

Natural Causes-of methane gas from arctic tundra and
wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas. A greenhouse
gas is a gas that traps heat in the earth's atmosphere.
The Greenhouse Effect- keeps the earth warm
Man-made Causes-Pollution is one of the biggest man-
made problems. Include such things like burning of fossil
fuels
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22

The first is thermal expansion: as ocean water warms,
it expands.
The second is from the contribution of land-based ice due
to increased melting. The major store of water on land is
found in glaciers and ice sheets.
Sea level rise is one of several lines of evidence that
support the view that the climate has recently warmed.
It is very likely that human-induced (anthropogenic)
warming contributed to the sea level rise observed in
the latter half of the 20th century.
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23

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) projected that during the 21st century, sea level will
rise another 18 to 59 cm (7.1 to 23 in), but these numbers
do not include "uncertainties in climate-carbon cycle
feedbacks nor do they include the full effects of changes in
ice sheet flow".
On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the melting of ice
sheets could result in even higher sea level rise. Partial
deglaciation of the Greenland ice sheet, and possibly the
West Antarctic ice sheet, could contribute 4 to 6 m (13 to 20
ft) or more to sea level rise.
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24

Various factors affect the volume or mass of the
ocean, leading to long- term changes in eustatic
sea level.
Include
Temperature
And the mass of water locked up on land and sea
as fresh water in rivers, lakes, glaciers, polar ice
caps, and sea ice.
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25

After the last ice age,
the rapid melting of
glaciers rapidly
raised sea level.
The warming of the
atmosphere caused
by increases in
greenhouse gases is
melting glaciers and
causing ocean water
to warm and expand
thermally. Both
effects increase the
volume of the ocean,
raising its surface
level.
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26

Linked to three things
Thermal expansion: When water heats up, it expands.
About half of the past century's rise in sea level is
attributable to warmer oceans simply occupying more
space.
Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps-Large ice formations,
like glaciers and the polar ice caps, naturally melt back a bit
each summer.
Ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica- higher sea
temperatures are causing the massive ice shelves that extend
out from Antarctica to melt from below, weaken, and break off.
7/14/2021
27

May include;
increased coastal erosion,
higher storm-surge flooding,
inhibition of primary production processes,
more extensive coastal inundation,
changes in surface water quality and groundwater
characteristics,
increased loss of property and coastal
Habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life,
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28

Changes in water quality and temperature can also
have substantial impacts on urban, industrial, and
agricultural use values, as well as on aquatic
ecosystems.
For urban water uses, degraded water quality can
add substantially to purification costs.
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29

Increased precipitation intensity may periodically
result in increased turbidity and increased nutrient
and pathogen content
The water utility serving in many Cities has identified
heavy precipitation events as one of its major climate-
change- related concerns because such events can
raise turbidity levels of surface water sources as it
effects monsoon and it’s movements also .
7/14/2021
30

Students can also find the below mentioned
content at slide share account for their further
detailed reference
 Role of tourism in environmental concerned ( further next slide may be
referred )
 Impact of environmental concern on tourism (further next slide may be
referred also first unit can be referred- similar content )
 Prevention of environmental hazards . (further next slide may be
referred)

Range of impacts of tourism on wildlife and enviornment
https://www.slideshare.net/amitiittmgwl/range-of-impacts-of-tourism-on-wildlife-and-
enviornment-by-amit-tiwari

RANGE OF IMPACTS
“Due to TOURISM
on
WILDLIFE and
ENVIRONMENT”
7/14/2021
33
Amit
Tiwari
,
Assistant
Professor
Indian
Institute
of
Tourism
and
Travel
Management
,
Gwalior

Expectation from Tourism to act responsibly as
Under :
 As tourism continues to grow and expand, it is inevitable that pressures on the environment
and wildlife will increase.
 Without proper and effective management and protection, these pressures will destroy the
very things that people value, and which are the key assets for tourism.
 These dangers arise because animal populations cannot cope, indefinitely, with increasing
visitor numbers.
7/14/2021
34
Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Tourism
and Travel Management , Gwalior

Expectation from Tourism to act responsibly as
Under :
 If tourists are to enjoy high-quality wildlife watching without threatening the survival of the
animals they watch or their habitats, wildlife watching practices need to be controlled and
properly managed.
 This means setting firm limits (established through impact assessments) on the tourist
numbers, on tourism development, and on how wildlife watching is conducted.
 This is done to minimize the disturbance tourism causes to wildlife.
 Achieving this while also ensuring the long-term sustainability and viability of the industry will
require concerted action by both governments and the tourism industry.
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35

DEFINITIONS : Biodiversity
Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is a term to describe the variety
of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the foundation of life on Earth. It is
crucial for the functioning of ecosystems which provide us with
products and services without which we couldn’t live.
Biodiversity includes plants, animals and other organisms. It is
defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity ecosystems, and the
ecological complexes of which they are part. It includes diversity
within species, between species and of and between ecosystems.
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36

Wildlife and Environment and it’s relativity
to tourism
 Wildlife is one of the components of biodiversity. It
is a general term that technically covers both flora
and fauna, although this document will cover
fauna only. In popular use, wildlife mostly refers to
animals in the wild.
 Perhaps a classic image of wildlife for many
people is a large mammal or a flock of wild birds,
but the term is widely used to cover all types of
animals, including all kinds of insects and marine
life (Tapper, 2006).
 The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
defines tourism as a social, cultural and
economic phenomenon which entails the
movement of people to countries or places
outside their usual environment for personal
or business/professional purposes.
 A tourist is a traveler taking a trip to a main
destination outside his/her usual
environment, for less than a year, but for
more than one day.
 A more common understanding of tourism is
travelling for leisure or sightseeing.
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37

Wild life tourism and eco tourism
 It is necessary to distinguish between wildlife tourism and ecotourism, as
the terms are often used interchangeably. “Wildlife tourism” encompasses
all forms and scales of tourism that involve the enjoyment of natural areas
and wildlife. Wildlife tourism can be defined loosely as tourism that
includes, as a principle aim, the consumptive and non-consumptive use of
wild animals in natural areas. It may be high volume mass tourism or low
volume/low impact tourism, generate high economic returns or low
economic returns, be sustainable or unsustainable, domestic or
international, and based on day visits or longer stays (Roe, D. et al.,
1997).
7/14/2021
38

The tourism life cycle concept revolves around :
Exploration (few tourists, poor access and facilities, environment unchanged);
• Involvement (local initiatives, some promotion, increasing numbers);
• Development (many tourists, locals lose control, deterioration of environment);
• Consolidation (tourist numbers exceed local residents, all major chains represented);
• Stagnation (numbers peak, destination falls out of fashion, environmental and social problems); and
• Decline or Rejuvenation (or states in-between).
7/14/2021
39

This cycle has a number of obvious
implications for sustainability
carrying capacity,
local
participation
ownership,
social and
environmental
impacts.
7/14/2021
40

Definition of carrying capacity
carrying capacity means the maximum number of
individuals that an area of land can support, usually
determined by their food requirements. Carrying capacity
often holds a different meaning when applied to human
activities, where it means the maximum amount of human
disturbance an area can support without deterioration.
7/14/2021
41

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) proposes
the following definition of carrying capacity
“The maximum number of people that may visit
a tourist destination at the same time, without
causing destruction of the physical, economic,
socio-cultural environment and an
unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors’
satisfaction.”
7/14/2021
42

IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES AND
TOURISM
Tourism is the largest business sector in the global economy, accounting
for $3.6 trillion in economic activity and 8% of jobs worldwide
The contribution of wildlife tourism in countries’ economies has increased
significantly. The share of ecotourism claimed to form 255 million jobs and
9% in global GDP or over USD $6 trillion in 2011.3 For example, a survey
undertaken in the United States in 2001 indicated that the direct
expenditure on wildlife watching was around USD $32 billion, which
includes the USD $7.5 billion spent on food, transport and accommodation
related to wildlife watching trips
7/14/2021
43

ISSUES TO ADDRESS WHEN CONSIDERING RISKS TO THE
SUSTAINABILITY OF WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT
DUE TO TOURISM.
7/14/2021
44

7/14/2021
45
The continuing worldwide
growth in tourism, and the
tendency of tourism to
follow the “tourism cycle”
with a stage of rapid growth
that is often difficult to
control, means that wildlife
watching tourism can also
be expected to continue to
increase. This is likely to
lead to more pressure on
existing wildlife watching
sites, their animal
populations and habitats
Wildlife watching can only be sustainable if it
contributes to the conservation and survival of the
watched species and their habitats, provides
benefits for local communities and community
development, offers good quality tourism in line
with market expectations, and is commercially
viable.
An important reference for the human impacts on
wildlife is the International Union for Conservation
of Nature IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. It
is the most comprehensive information source on
the status of wild species and their links to
livelihoods. The IUCN Red List is used by
government agencies, wildlife departments and
others interested in halting the decline in
biodiversity.

Biology of watched species and monitoring of the
effects of tourism on them
Most wildlife watching
guidelines are based on
attempting to minimize the most
visible stresses that can be
caused to animals - for
example, too many tourists, too
much feeding and contact with
tourists, and disturbance during
breeding periods.
Recent research, for example,
is starting to show up significant
differences between apparently
similar species in terms of how
they respond to tourism. For
example, there are large
biological and behavioral
differences between lions and
cheetahs, or large whales and
small whales.
7/14/2021
46

Effects of disturbance from tourism on Wildlife and
Environment
7/14/2021
47

Physiological effects of disturbance
Recent studies have found physiological changes in
animals subject to disturbance through tourism.
The long term implications of such physiological changes on
the survival of individuals and populations are only beginning
to be investigated.
However, such changes emphasize the need for caution in
managing populations that are regularly subject to touristic
activities.
7/14/2021
48

Damage to the wildlife habitat
 Wildlife watching tourism can also result in damage to sites and habitats where species are watched.
 One dramatic example of this is the damage that is commonly reported to coral reefs that are regularly
visited by too many recreational divers.
 Damage to coral destroys reef organisms and reduces the habitat available to fish for spawning and
feeding.
 This in turn reduces the abundance of marine life at these sites, and ultimately makes them much less
attractive to divers.
7/14/2021
49

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISTS
 Tourists usually want to see animals from a short distance away, and they want to be
able to take close up photographs. But, this may frighten animals, especially at
sensitive times of their life cycle, and can have adverse effects on breeding.
 Feeding of wildlife by tourists can change social behavior patterns. For example,
artificial feeding by tourists caused a breakdown of the territorial breeding system of
land iguanas in the Galapagos Islands.
 The expansion of wildlife sites and related activities such as creation of hotels can
improves the livelihood of the communities around those sites.
 However, it affects the natural organisms and processes on that land. This highlights,
for instance, the need for proper management of waste so that it does not affect the
surroundings.
7/14/2021
50

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
TOURISTS
Environmental impacts of tourism include, among others:
• Use of land resources for accommodation, tourism facilities and other infrastructure provision,
including road networks, airports and seaports;
• Damage to or destruction of ecosystems and habitats, including deforestation, draining of
wetlands and intensified or unsustainable use of land;
• Unsustainable consumption of flora and fauna (e.g. through picking plants or buying souvenirs
manufactured from wildlife - especially from endangered species such as coral and turtle shells
or through unregulated hunting, shooting and fishing);
7/14/2021
51

Tourism can cause changes or loss of local identity and values, through:
• Commercialization of local culture. Tourism can commodity local culture if religious traditions, local
customs and festivals are altered to conform to tourist expectations, resulting in what has been
called “reconstructed ethnicity”.
• Standardization due to having to satisfy tourists desires. Although landscape, accommodation,
food and drinks, etc., must meet the tourists’ desire for the new and unfamiliar, they must at the
same time not be too strange to be sellable.
• Adaptation to tourist demands. Tourists want souvenirs, arts and crafts, and to experience the local
culture. in many tourist destinations, craftsmen have responded to this growing demand and have
made changes in the design of their products to make them more saleable to customers.
7/14/2021
52

The physical influences that increasing tourism can cause to a destination havoc it may cause severe social stress on local
communities, in the form of:
• Cultural deterioration and damage to cultural heritage, from vandalism, littering, pilferage and illegal removal of cultural heritage items
or by changing the historical landscape that surrounds it.
• Resource use conflicts, such as competition between tourism and local populations for scarce primary resources like water and energy.
• Conflicts with traditional land-uses, when the construction of tourist facilities cuts off the locals’ access to traditionally used areas.
Social and cultural impacts related to tourism may also include: changes to family structure and gender roles, leading to tension and loss
of self-esteem for men and older generations; dilution of local languages and culture; and impacts on the health and integrity of local
cultural systems.
7/14/2021
53

HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT
Although wildlife is a valuable natural resource with several beneficial values to the people, in some
regions(e.g. Africa) wild animals may cause damage to society in terms of attacks on people and livestock.
Damage to crops and other property such as infrastructure, and disruption of peaceful existence in local
communities living close to wildlife areas.
Increasing human populations brings with it increasing encroachment onto wildlife habitat(e.g. settlements,
cattle posts, farmlands).
Inevitably, human-wildlife conflicts have become more common.
7/14/2021
54

The following are some of human-
wildlife conflict issues:
Human deaths and injuries
Destruction of crops
Livestock depredation
Transmission of diseases to livestock and/or humans
Adverse interaction with other species (endangered or highly valuable)
7/14/2021
55

World Travel and Tourism Council Environmental
Guidelines (source WTTC 1994)
1. Identify and minimize product and operational environmental problems, paying particular attention to new products.
2. Pay due regard to environmental concerns in design, planning, construction and implementation.
3. Be sensitive to the conservation of environmentally protected or threatened areas, species and scenic aesthetics, achieving
landscape enhancement where possible.
4. Practice energy conservation.
5. Reduce and recycle waste.
6. Practice freshwater management and control of sewage disposal.
7/14/2021
56

7. Control and diminish air emissions and pollutants.
8. Monitor, control and reduce noise levels.
9. Control, reduce and eliminate environmentally unfriendly products, such as asbestos,
CFCs etc. pesticides and toxic, corrosive, infectious, explosive or flammable materials.
10. Respect and support historic or religious objects and sites.
11. Exercise due regard for the interests of local populations, including their history,
traditions and culture and future development.
12. Consider environmental issues as a key factor in the overall development of travel and
tourism destinations.
7/14/2021
57

Unit 3 entire content is a youtube
 The entire content of 3rd unit is also available at Gyandhara
knowledge for all segments You tube channel as under: -
 https://www.slideshare.net/amitiittmgwl/environmental-
concernes-by-amit-tiwari
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpZvH0_bmtg

Environmental Concerns By Amit Tiwari
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OJ_Fcr_tIY

Environment impact of Tourism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpZvH0_bmtg

Environmental Concerns

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