This document provides information on various irrigation methods used in India, including tank irrigation, well irrigation, surface irrigation, and sprinkler irrigation. Tank irrigation involves storing water in artificial reservoirs during monsoon seasons for irrigation. Well irrigation uses open wells or tube wells to lift groundwater for irrigation. Surface irrigation methods include flooding, furrows, and contour farming which distribute water across the surface of fields. Sprinkler irrigation applies water as a spray or sprinkle through a system of pipes, risers and nozzles, allowing for more uniform water distribution than surface methods. The document discusses the various types and suitable conditions for each irrigation method.
Introduction to irrigation engineering 19 07 1 (1)holegajendra
This document provides information about the Water Resource Engineering course taught by Mr. Hole G.R. at J.S. Polytechnic in Pune, India. The course is divided into 6 units covering topics like introduction to irrigation and hydrology, water requirements of crops, dams and spillways, minor and micro irrigation, diversion head works, and canals. The course outcomes include estimating hydrological parameters, crop water requirements, designing dam and spillway components, executing minor irrigation schemes, and designing and maintaining canals. The first unit covers definitions of irrigation, necessity of irrigation in India, advantages and disadvantages of irrigation, classification of irrigation, and hydrological concepts. Different types of irrigation like surface, subsurface, flow, and
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the definition and necessity of irrigation due to insufficient rainfall. The benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields and economic development, while ill effects can include rising water tables and loss of land. It then covers the history and development of irrigation in India, including the construction of canals and reservoirs. It also classifies irrigation projects and systems, such as major, medium and minor projects, as well as lift and flow irrigation systems. The document concludes by explaining soil water relationships, including water holding capacities, moisture content, and soil water constants like field capacity and wilting point.
This document contains the syllabus for the course CE8603 - Irrigation Engineering taught by A.Leema Margret, Assistant Professor at Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that cover topics like crop water requirement, irrigation methods, diversion and impounding structures, canal irrigation, and water management in irrigation. Key terms discussed in Unit 1 include duty of water, delta, base period, evapotranspiration, and factors affecting duty of water. Surface irrigation methods like flow irrigation and sub-surface irrigation are also introduced.
This document discusses duty of water and delta. It defines duty as the area of crop irrigated per unit of water, while delta is the total water required for a crop during its growth period. It then explains the relationship between duty and delta using an equation. Finally, it lists and describes 12 factors that can affect the duty of water, such as method of irrigation, crop type, soil conditions, and climate.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the necessity of irrigation due to factors like insufficient rainfall and uneven distribution. It describes different types of irrigation systems including flow irrigation, lift irrigation, and storage irrigation. It also defines important terms used in irrigation like duty, delta, command area. The document outlines the benefits of irrigation such as increased crop yields and prosperity of farmers. It also notes some ill effects like raising water tables and creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Overall, the document provides a broad introduction to key concepts in irrigation engineering.
1. Crop water requirement is the water needed by plants for survival, growth, development and producing economic parts, which can be supplied naturally through precipitation or artificially through irrigation.
2. Irrigation water functions include supplying water for crop needs, cooling soil and plants, providing water for transpiration, dissolving minerals for nutrition, providing oxygen for metabolism, and serving as an anchor for roots.
3. Duty, which is the area irrigated by 1 cubic meter per second of water, decreases from the head of the water course to the head of the canal due to losses from evaporation and percolation as water flows through irrigation channels.
This document discusses various methods of irrigation, including surface irrigation methods like furrow irrigation, contour farming, and flooding methods. It also discusses subsurface irrigation methods like sprinkler irrigation and drip/trickle irrigation. For each method, it describes the basic components and process, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Surface irrigation methods are best suited for row crops, while sprinkler and drip irrigation methods reduce evaporation and allow more precise water and fertilizer application. Drip irrigation in particular minimizes water usage and loss. The document emphasizes matching the appropriate irrigation method to field and crop conditions.
The gross command area is the total area that can be economically irrigated by an irrigation project without considering water limitations. It includes cultivable land as well as uncultivable areas like ponds, forests, and roads. When a canal system lies in a doab, which is the area between two drainages, the irrigation is more economical and the gross command area is defined as the area enclosed by the drainages on both sides.
Introduction to irrigation engineering 19 07 1 (1)holegajendra
This document provides information about the Water Resource Engineering course taught by Mr. Hole G.R. at J.S. Polytechnic in Pune, India. The course is divided into 6 units covering topics like introduction to irrigation and hydrology, water requirements of crops, dams and spillways, minor and micro irrigation, diversion head works, and canals. The course outcomes include estimating hydrological parameters, crop water requirements, designing dam and spillway components, executing minor irrigation schemes, and designing and maintaining canals. The first unit covers definitions of irrigation, necessity of irrigation in India, advantages and disadvantages of irrigation, classification of irrigation, and hydrological concepts. Different types of irrigation like surface, subsurface, flow, and
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the definition and necessity of irrigation due to insufficient rainfall. The benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields and economic development, while ill effects can include rising water tables and loss of land. It then covers the history and development of irrigation in India, including the construction of canals and reservoirs. It also classifies irrigation projects and systems, such as major, medium and minor projects, as well as lift and flow irrigation systems. The document concludes by explaining soil water relationships, including water holding capacities, moisture content, and soil water constants like field capacity and wilting point.
This document contains the syllabus for the course CE8603 - Irrigation Engineering taught by A.Leema Margret, Assistant Professor at Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that cover topics like crop water requirement, irrigation methods, diversion and impounding structures, canal irrigation, and water management in irrigation. Key terms discussed in Unit 1 include duty of water, delta, base period, evapotranspiration, and factors affecting duty of water. Surface irrigation methods like flow irrigation and sub-surface irrigation are also introduced.
This document discusses duty of water and delta. It defines duty as the area of crop irrigated per unit of water, while delta is the total water required for a crop during its growth period. It then explains the relationship between duty and delta using an equation. Finally, it lists and describes 12 factors that can affect the duty of water, such as method of irrigation, crop type, soil conditions, and climate.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the necessity of irrigation due to factors like insufficient rainfall and uneven distribution. It describes different types of irrigation systems including flow irrigation, lift irrigation, and storage irrigation. It also defines important terms used in irrigation like duty, delta, command area. The document outlines the benefits of irrigation such as increased crop yields and prosperity of farmers. It also notes some ill effects like raising water tables and creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Overall, the document provides a broad introduction to key concepts in irrigation engineering.
1. Crop water requirement is the water needed by plants for survival, growth, development and producing economic parts, which can be supplied naturally through precipitation or artificially through irrigation.
2. Irrigation water functions include supplying water for crop needs, cooling soil and plants, providing water for transpiration, dissolving minerals for nutrition, providing oxygen for metabolism, and serving as an anchor for roots.
3. Duty, which is the area irrigated by 1 cubic meter per second of water, decreases from the head of the water course to the head of the canal due to losses from evaporation and percolation as water flows through irrigation channels.
This document discusses various methods of irrigation, including surface irrigation methods like furrow irrigation, contour farming, and flooding methods. It also discusses subsurface irrigation methods like sprinkler irrigation and drip/trickle irrigation. For each method, it describes the basic components and process, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Surface irrigation methods are best suited for row crops, while sprinkler and drip irrigation methods reduce evaporation and allow more precise water and fertilizer application. Drip irrigation in particular minimizes water usage and loss. The document emphasizes matching the appropriate irrigation method to field and crop conditions.
The gross command area is the total area that can be economically irrigated by an irrigation project without considering water limitations. It includes cultivable land as well as uncultivable areas like ponds, forests, and roads. When a canal system lies in a doab, which is the area between two drainages, the irrigation is more economical and the gross command area is defined as the area enclosed by the drainages on both sides.
This document describes different methods of irrigation. Surface irrigation involves applying water over the soil surface through gravity, including basin, furrow, and border irrigation. Basin irrigation involves flooding entire fields enclosed by dykes. Furrow irrigation channels water along fields in furrows. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water into the air through sprinklers to water crops like rainfall. Drip irrigation drips water slowly onto soil near plants through emitters, wetting only the root zone unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation.
There are various irrigation methods that apply water to crops in different ways. The most common methods are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and makes up about 90% of irrigated areas. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure and is used on about 5% of irrigated land. When choosing an irrigation method, factors like water supply, topography, climate, soils, crops, economics, and local traditions must be considered. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, applying water directly to plant roots and minimizing losses, making it suitable for water-scarce areas.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
This document discusses water requirements for various crops. It provides the delta (total water requirement) for several crops ranging from 30-120 cm. It also lists the irrigation requirements, seed requirements, and average yields for important kharif and rabi crops. It discusses concepts like base period, duty of water, and the relationship between duty, delta, and base period. An example calculates the discharge required at the head of a canal based on the duty, culturable commanded area, and intensity of irrigation for kharif and rabi seasons.
This document provides an overview of the course content for Irrigation Engineering (170602). It discusses key topics that will be covered, including the definition and purpose of irrigation, different irrigation systems and methods, soil-water-plant relationships, water requirements of crops, irrigation efficiency, irrigation channels, head works, cross drainage works, and canal regulation works. Assignments include topics on the methods of irrigation, irrigation channels, diversion head works, and cross drainage works. Students will prepare presentations on different types of canal falls. Exams will include a university external exam, mid-semester exams, and a practical internal exam based on the presentations. Reference books are also provided.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
Cross drainage works (CDWs) are structures constructed where canals intersect natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of CDWs depending on the relative bed levels: 1) aqueducts or siphon aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage, 2) super passages or siphon super passages where the drainage passes over the canal, and 3) level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. The appropriate type of CDW is selected based on factors like relative bed levels, availability of suitable foundation, economic considerations, and discharge of the drainage. Key steps in planning CDWs include selecting a suitable site where the drainage crosses the canal alignment at a right angle and on
Canal falls are structures constructed across canals to lower the bed level to maintain the designed slope when there is a change in ground level. The main types of canal falls are ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, and straight glacis falls. Canal escapes are side channels that remove surplus water from canals into natural drains. The main types are surplus escapes, tail escapes, and scouring escapes. Cross drainage works include structures like aqueducts and siphon aqueducts to allow canals to pass over drainages when their bed levels differ.
This document provides information about diversion and impounding structures. It discusses types of impounding structures like gravity dams and describes their components. Gravity dams are the most commonly used type of dam as they require little maintenance. The document outlines the forces acting on gravity dams and how they are designed. It also discusses earth dams, describing their components and advantages/disadvantages compared to gravity dams. Earth dams are constructed using local natural materials and are simpler and more economical than other dam types.
Canal design involves defining types of canals based on use and discharge. There are two main types - aqueducts for water supply and navigable waterways. Canals are also classified based on discharge into main, branch, major/minor distributaries and watercourses. Design considers canal shape, lining requirements, and layout to minimize curves and balance cuts and fills. Proper drainage systems including surface ditches and subsurface pipes are also important to control water levels and allow cultivation. Explicit equations have been developed for least-cost design of common canal shapes like triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal and circular.
This document discusses duty of water and delta in irrigation engineering. It defines duty of water as the area irrigated using 1 cumec of continuous water supply. Delta is defined as the total depth of water required by a crop in its base period. Duty is calculated using the formula D=8.64/B(days) * Δ(meters). Several factors that affect duty are discussed such as crop type, irrigation method, soil type, climate etc. Methods to improve duty include proper land preparation, lining canals to reduce seepage, using efficient irrigation methods, and training farmers in optimal water usage.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
This document discusses different types of canal lining materials and their advantages. It states that lining canals reduces water losses through seepage and prevents waterlogging of adjacent lands. It allows for smaller canal dimensions since lined canals have lower resistance to flow. Lining also reduces maintenance needs like silt removal and bank repairs. Common lining materials described include cement concrete, shotcrete, precast concrete, brick and various earth linings. Cement concrete lining provides excellent hydraulic properties but has high costs. Shotcrete and cement mortar linings use large amounts of cement. Brick lining allows for easy repair and is hydraulically efficient. Lining improves water conservation and irrigation capacity but requires heavy initial investment.
The document discusses water conveyance and distribution systems. It covers the design of pressure pipes, pumps, and distribution networks. There are two stages of water conveyance: from the source to the treatment plant, and from the plant to the distribution system. Pipes are designed to balance flow velocities and pressure losses. Pumps are used to lift water at various stages. Distribution systems aim to deliver water to consumers with adequate quality, quantity and pressure through layouts like dead-end, radial, gridiron or ring systems. Water is distributed through gravity, pumping or combined systems using distribution reservoirs.
This document discusses types of hydraulic jumps that can occur when upstream flow is supercritical, and describes how stilling basins are used to initiate jumps to dissipate energy without downstream damage. It notes that the "steady jump" type is best for design when the Froude number is between 4.5 and 9.0. Stilling basins use structures like baffle blocks to stabilize the jump position and control the jump. The length and design of the stilling basin depends on factors like the jump length and surface profile which relate to the upstream Froude number and flow velocity.
energy dissipator in hydraulic structure Kiran Jadhav
This document discusses energy dissipators, which are structures that reduce the kinetic energy of water flowing over spillways to prevent erosion. It describes two main types of energy dissipators - stilling basins and bucket dissipators. Stilling basins use either horizontal or sloping concrete aprons and hydraulic jumps to dissipate energy. Bucket dissipators include solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump designs. The document explains how dissipator selection depends on the relationship between tailwater curve and flow depth. Appropriate dissipators maintain stable hydraulic jumps or direct flow into the air to safely dissipate kinetic energy for different tailwater conditions.
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
Reservoirs are artificial lakes or dams used to store water. They are created through dam construction in river valleys or excavation. Reservoirs store water for uses like irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectric power, and flood control. The storage capacity and zones of a reservoir, including dead storage, conservation, and flood control zones, determine how much water can be supplied over time periods ranging from daily to yearly. Hydrological investigations study runoff patterns and flood risks to inform reservoir planning and design.
Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to crops. There are several types of surface irrigation methods including border irrigation, check basin irrigation, and furrow irrigation. Border irrigation involves dividing land into parallel strips and flooding the upper end to flow water down the slope. Check basin irrigation divides land into level basins surrounded by ridges to retain water. Furrow irrigation applies water in furrows between crop rows. Subsurface irrigation maintains an artificial water table below ground through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation apply water through nozzles or perforated pipes. Drip irrigation saves water but has high initial costs.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering in India. It defines irrigation engineering and discusses the necessity of irrigation given India's diverse climate and rainfall patterns. It then summarizes the history of irrigation development in India from ancient times to post-independence. The document also covers major, medium, and minor irrigation projects; water requirements of crops; principal crops in India; methods of irrigation including surface, subsurface and sprinkler; canals; tube well irrigation; dams; and issues like waterlogging and their remedial measures.
Irrigation involves applying water artificially to land or soil to supply moisture for plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation that depend on the available water sources and infrastructure. Surface irrigation methods include border, check basin, and furrow irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water below the ground surface through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized methods that distribute water through pipes and emitters. The choice of irrigation method impacts water usage, uniformity of application, and suitability for different soil and crop types.
This document describes different methods of irrigation. Surface irrigation involves applying water over the soil surface through gravity, including basin, furrow, and border irrigation. Basin irrigation involves flooding entire fields enclosed by dykes. Furrow irrigation channels water along fields in furrows. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water into the air through sprinklers to water crops like rainfall. Drip irrigation drips water slowly onto soil near plants through emitters, wetting only the root zone unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation.
There are various irrigation methods that apply water to crops in different ways. The most common methods are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and makes up about 90% of irrigated areas. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure and is used on about 5% of irrigated land. When choosing an irrigation method, factors like water supply, topography, climate, soils, crops, economics, and local traditions must be considered. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, applying water directly to plant roots and minimizing losses, making it suitable for water-scarce areas.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
This document discusses water requirements for various crops. It provides the delta (total water requirement) for several crops ranging from 30-120 cm. It also lists the irrigation requirements, seed requirements, and average yields for important kharif and rabi crops. It discusses concepts like base period, duty of water, and the relationship between duty, delta, and base period. An example calculates the discharge required at the head of a canal based on the duty, culturable commanded area, and intensity of irrigation for kharif and rabi seasons.
This document provides an overview of the course content for Irrigation Engineering (170602). It discusses key topics that will be covered, including the definition and purpose of irrigation, different irrigation systems and methods, soil-water-plant relationships, water requirements of crops, irrigation efficiency, irrigation channels, head works, cross drainage works, and canal regulation works. Assignments include topics on the methods of irrigation, irrigation channels, diversion head works, and cross drainage works. Students will prepare presentations on different types of canal falls. Exams will include a university external exam, mid-semester exams, and a practical internal exam based on the presentations. Reference books are also provided.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
Cross drainage works (CDWs) are structures constructed where canals intersect natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of CDWs depending on the relative bed levels: 1) aqueducts or siphon aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage, 2) super passages or siphon super passages where the drainage passes over the canal, and 3) level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. The appropriate type of CDW is selected based on factors like relative bed levels, availability of suitable foundation, economic considerations, and discharge of the drainage. Key steps in planning CDWs include selecting a suitable site where the drainage crosses the canal alignment at a right angle and on
Canal falls are structures constructed across canals to lower the bed level to maintain the designed slope when there is a change in ground level. The main types of canal falls are ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, and straight glacis falls. Canal escapes are side channels that remove surplus water from canals into natural drains. The main types are surplus escapes, tail escapes, and scouring escapes. Cross drainage works include structures like aqueducts and siphon aqueducts to allow canals to pass over drainages when their bed levels differ.
This document provides information about diversion and impounding structures. It discusses types of impounding structures like gravity dams and describes their components. Gravity dams are the most commonly used type of dam as they require little maintenance. The document outlines the forces acting on gravity dams and how they are designed. It also discusses earth dams, describing their components and advantages/disadvantages compared to gravity dams. Earth dams are constructed using local natural materials and are simpler and more economical than other dam types.
Canal design involves defining types of canals based on use and discharge. There are two main types - aqueducts for water supply and navigable waterways. Canals are also classified based on discharge into main, branch, major/minor distributaries and watercourses. Design considers canal shape, lining requirements, and layout to minimize curves and balance cuts and fills. Proper drainage systems including surface ditches and subsurface pipes are also important to control water levels and allow cultivation. Explicit equations have been developed for least-cost design of common canal shapes like triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal and circular.
This document discusses duty of water and delta in irrigation engineering. It defines duty of water as the area irrigated using 1 cumec of continuous water supply. Delta is defined as the total depth of water required by a crop in its base period. Duty is calculated using the formula D=8.64/B(days) * Δ(meters). Several factors that affect duty are discussed such as crop type, irrigation method, soil type, climate etc. Methods to improve duty include proper land preparation, lining canals to reduce seepage, using efficient irrigation methods, and training farmers in optimal water usage.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
This document discusses different types of canal lining materials and their advantages. It states that lining canals reduces water losses through seepage and prevents waterlogging of adjacent lands. It allows for smaller canal dimensions since lined canals have lower resistance to flow. Lining also reduces maintenance needs like silt removal and bank repairs. Common lining materials described include cement concrete, shotcrete, precast concrete, brick and various earth linings. Cement concrete lining provides excellent hydraulic properties but has high costs. Shotcrete and cement mortar linings use large amounts of cement. Brick lining allows for easy repair and is hydraulically efficient. Lining improves water conservation and irrigation capacity but requires heavy initial investment.
The document discusses water conveyance and distribution systems. It covers the design of pressure pipes, pumps, and distribution networks. There are two stages of water conveyance: from the source to the treatment plant, and from the plant to the distribution system. Pipes are designed to balance flow velocities and pressure losses. Pumps are used to lift water at various stages. Distribution systems aim to deliver water to consumers with adequate quality, quantity and pressure through layouts like dead-end, radial, gridiron or ring systems. Water is distributed through gravity, pumping or combined systems using distribution reservoirs.
This document discusses types of hydraulic jumps that can occur when upstream flow is supercritical, and describes how stilling basins are used to initiate jumps to dissipate energy without downstream damage. It notes that the "steady jump" type is best for design when the Froude number is between 4.5 and 9.0. Stilling basins use structures like baffle blocks to stabilize the jump position and control the jump. The length and design of the stilling basin depends on factors like the jump length and surface profile which relate to the upstream Froude number and flow velocity.
energy dissipator in hydraulic structure Kiran Jadhav
This document discusses energy dissipators, which are structures that reduce the kinetic energy of water flowing over spillways to prevent erosion. It describes two main types of energy dissipators - stilling basins and bucket dissipators. Stilling basins use either horizontal or sloping concrete aprons and hydraulic jumps to dissipate energy. Bucket dissipators include solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump designs. The document explains how dissipator selection depends on the relationship between tailwater curve and flow depth. Appropriate dissipators maintain stable hydraulic jumps or direct flow into the air to safely dissipate kinetic energy for different tailwater conditions.
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
Reservoirs are artificial lakes or dams used to store water. They are created through dam construction in river valleys or excavation. Reservoirs store water for uses like irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectric power, and flood control. The storage capacity and zones of a reservoir, including dead storage, conservation, and flood control zones, determine how much water can be supplied over time periods ranging from daily to yearly. Hydrological investigations study runoff patterns and flood risks to inform reservoir planning and design.
Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to crops. There are several types of surface irrigation methods including border irrigation, check basin irrigation, and furrow irrigation. Border irrigation involves dividing land into parallel strips and flooding the upper end to flow water down the slope. Check basin irrigation divides land into level basins surrounded by ridges to retain water. Furrow irrigation applies water in furrows between crop rows. Subsurface irrigation maintains an artificial water table below ground through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation apply water through nozzles or perforated pipes. Drip irrigation saves water but has high initial costs.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering in India. It defines irrigation engineering and discusses the necessity of irrigation given India's diverse climate and rainfall patterns. It then summarizes the history of irrigation development in India from ancient times to post-independence. The document also covers major, medium, and minor irrigation projects; water requirements of crops; principal crops in India; methods of irrigation including surface, subsurface and sprinkler; canals; tube well irrigation; dams; and issues like waterlogging and their remedial measures.
Irrigation involves applying water artificially to land or soil to supply moisture for plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation that depend on the available water sources and infrastructure. Surface irrigation methods include border, check basin, and furrow irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water below the ground surface through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized methods that distribute water through pipes and emitters. The choice of irrigation method impacts water usage, uniformity of application, and suitability for different soil and crop types.
This document discusses the importance of rainwater harvesting. It notes that fresh water is becoming scarce globally and that traditional water management systems need reviving. It defines rainwater harvesting as the conscious collection and storage of rainwater for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes. Benefits include arresting groundwater decline, augmenting aquifers, and conserving surface runoff. Methods discussed are surface runoff harvesting through storage tanks or groundwater recharge, and rooftop rainwater harvesting through storage tanks or recharge. Key components and economics of systems for individual homes and buildings are covered. The conclusion stresses the need to sustain groundwater by judiciously catching rainwater wherever possible.
1. Irrigation management involves scheduling irrigation appropriately based on soil type, crop water requirements, and other factors to efficiently use water resources.
2. Common methods of surface irrigation include border irrigation, check basin irrigation, and ridges and furrows irrigation which involve dividing fields into strips or basins and flooding or furrowing the land.
3. Factors considered in irrigation scheduling include soil type, crop water needs, available water supply, and allowing sufficient drying time between irrigations based on the crop's water depletion level. Monitoring soil moisture, plant conditions, and pan evaporation can help determine irrigation timing.
Rainwater harvesting is a technique to collect and store rainwater runoff from rooftops, land surfaces or rock catchments. It has been used since ancient times to provide drinking water, water for livestock and irrigation. It involves three steps - catchment, conveyance and storage. Rainwater can be stored in tanks, wells, check dams or percolation tanks to recharge groundwater. Benefits include improving water resources, raising groundwater levels and mitigating droughts and floods.
1. The document describes various irrigation systems used in Tamil Nadu, including surface irrigation systems like canals, tanks, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater irrigation systems like open wells and tube wells.
2. Surface irrigation systems divert water from rivers and streams or store water upstream in reservoirs/tanks, then distribute it through canal networks. Groundwater systems extract underground water using various well types.
3. Tamil Nadu has a large number of irrigation sources including thousands of tanks and wells, as well as several major canal and reservoir projects that irrigate large areas and are important for agriculture.
1. The document discusses various topics related to irrigation and hydrology including definitions of irrigation, the necessity of irrigation, types of irrigation projects, and methods of calculating rainfall, runoff, maximum flood discharge, and yield.
2. Key types of irrigation discussed include flow irrigation, lift irrigation, perennial irrigation, and surface irrigation methods like border strip flooding and furrow irrigation.
3. Calculating rainfall involves different measurement techniques like non-recording and recording rain gauges, while runoff is affected by factors like rainfall characteristics, topography, and can be estimated using methods like the Inglis and runoff coefficient methods.
Irrigation methods can be categorized as gravity or flow irrigation and lift irrigation. Gravity irrigation uses water from a higher elevation conveyed via gravity through canals. It can be further divided into perennial and inundation irrigation. Common surface irrigation methods include furrow, border strip, basin, flooding, and wild flooding. Choosing a method depends on factors like soil type, slope, and crop. Surface methods are generally less efficient than pressurized systems but have lower infrastructure costs.
Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainwater for reuse on-site rather than allowing it to run off. It has many benefits like reducing water bills, being suitable for irrigation, reducing demand on groundwater, and reducing floods. Some techniques used in urban areas include recharge pits, trenches, and using existing tube wells to recharge deeper aquifers. In rural areas, techniques include gully plugs, contour bunds, gabion structures, check dams, and dugwell recharge. Regular maintenance is required and unpredictable rainfall can limit the water supply. The initial costs are also high but the benefits can outweigh these disadvantages.
Irrigation development in India, necessity, scope, benefits
and ill effects of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, methods of irrigation, physical
and chemical properties of soils, soil nutrients, classification of irrigable soils, suitability
of soils for irrigation, quality of irrigation water, soil water plant relations in irrigation,
measurement of soil moisture, field capacity, wilting point, available water , hydraulic
conductivity, water movement through soils.
This document provides information about an irrigation engineering course taught by Engr. Ghulam Murtaza. It includes details about the instructor, course contents, textbooks, and introductory lectures. The course covers topics such as irrigation systems in Pakistan, water resources, types of irrigation, techniques of water distribution, the Indus Water Treaty, and features of the major rivers including the Sutlej, Ravi, and Chenab rivers.
This document discusses various methods for rainwater harvesting and reducing water demand for landscaping. It describes different surface runoff harvesting techniques like recharge pits, trenches, and shafts. It also covers rooftop rainwater harvesting methods and considerations for collecting and storing rainwater. These include calculating collection efficiency based on roof area and rainfall, and safety guidelines for groundwater recharge and storage tanks. The document advocates for proper irrigation systems and xeriscaping to reduce landscape water demand.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining groundwater and artificial recharge. It then discusses the importance of artificial recharge due to issues like groundwater depletion and drinking water shortages. The document outlines various methods of artificial recharge like spreading methods, recharge shafts, injection wells, and induced recharge. It discusses advantages like increased groundwater availability and disadvantages like potential contamination. Finally, it stresses the importance of groundwater resources and provides recommendations like developing affordable recharge technologies.
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This document provides an overview of a syllabus for a water resource engineering course. The syllabus includes 6 units covering topics like irrigation and hydrology, water requirements of crops, dams and spillways, minor and micro irrigation, diversion head works, and canals. Key concepts from hydrology like the hydrological cycle, rainfall measurement, and types of rain gauges are also summarized. The document aims to introduce students to important concepts in irrigation engineering and hydrology.
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- The history and need for rainwater harvesting in India given limited freshwater resources.
- Common techniques like rooftop collection, recharge pits, trenches, and traditional rural structures.
- The benefits of rainwater harvesting like groundwater recharge, irrigation, and drought mitigation.
- Studies showing increased crop yields and financial viability from integrated rainwater harvesting systems.
- The future potential for rainwater harvesting to decentralize water sources given groundwater depletion.
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
IRRIGATION METHODS
1. UNIT-II IRRIGATION
METHODS
SYLLABUS:
Tank irrigation – Well irrigation – Irrigation
methods: Surface and Sub-Surface and Micro
Irrigation – design of drip and sprinkler
irrigation – ridge and furrow irrigation-Irrigation
scheduling – Water distribution system-
Irrigation efficiencies.
2. TANK IRRIGATION
Irrigation practice carried out by irrigation tank is
called Tank irrigation.
It may be an artificial reservoir of any size.
This type of irrigation is used at the time of
monsoon seasons.
Our Tamil Nadu has the second place of using
tank irrigation next to Andhra Pradesh.
3. TANK IRRIGATION
Nellore and Warangal are the main districts
of tank irrigation.
Tamil Nadu has the second largest area of 589
thousand hectares under tank irrigation.
This is over 23 per cent of tank irrigated area of
India and about one-fifth of the
total irrigated area of the state.
There are about 24,000 tanks in Tamil Nadu.
4.
5.
6. Reasons for Tank Irrigation more common in
south India
Undulating topography of land, not possible to
make canal and wells.
Poor ground water availability.
Seasonal river(water sources)
Many streams are become torrential(more water
in rainy season), to make use of this water tank
constructed along the path of river streams.
The scattered availability of agricultural land.
7. Tanks and their Functions
1. Soil water conservation
2. Flood control
3. Drought mitigation
4. Protection of environment and surrounding area
Re-orient investment pattern towards tank-fed
agriculture:
Since the five year plan, all the five year plans
gave much important for the canal and well
irrigation sectors.
8. Due to the increase of poverty and marginal
farmers who depends on dry land and tank fed
agriculture, tank irrigation getting important.
The solution has to come up with the specific
area development approach for combining both
the tank fed and rain fed agriculture.
9. Merits & Demerits of Tank Irrigation
S.No Merits Demerits
1 Most of the tanks are
natural and do not involve
heavy cost for
construction.
Many tanks dry up
during dry seasons
2 Even individual farmer can
have his own tank.
Fail to provide irrigation
when its needed most.
3 Tanks are generally
constructed on rocky bed
have longer life span.
Silting of the tank bed is
a serious problem.
10. Merits & Demerits of Tank Irrigation
S.No Merits Demerits
4 Fishing is also carried on
it.
Requires desilting of the
tank at regular intervals.
Evaporation takes place.
Cover the large area of
cultivable land.
Lifting water from tank
make some difficulties.
11. Capacity – 1474 million
cubic ft
Sluice nos- 10
Area – 8 km
Depth – 30.6 ft
Water spread area – 16.06
Km2
Irrigate land area – 6000
acres
KAVERIPAKKAM TANK
12. Capacity – 3645 million
cubic ft
Sluice nos- 08
Depth – 24 ft
Water spread area – 16.06
Km2
Irrigate land area – 5428.8
hectares
CHEMBARAMBAKKAM TANK
13. Capacity – 1465 million
cubic ft
Water spread area – 25
Km2
VEERANAM TANK
14. WELL IRRIGATION
Irrigation was done by using wells.
In order to reduce salinity, wells are dug near by
the ponds.
Well irrigation is mainly used in the alluvial
plains and where easy to dig.
Generally wells are dug in the middle of the land.
Well irrigation is implemented in two ways:
1. Open well/Dug well Irrigation
2. Tube well Irrigation
17. 1.Open well/ Dug well Irrigation
Shallow well – 3 to 5 mts
Deep well - 15 to 25 mts
There were about 5 million wells in 1950-51 and
now increased about 12 million.
Well irrigation are generally used about 60%,
canal irrigation about 29.2% and tank irrigation
4.6%
Uttar Pradesh has largest area of 93-84 lakh
hectares under well irrigation which accounts
about 28-19% well irrigated area of india.
18. This is followed by,
Rajasthan – 10 to 44%
Punjab - 8 to 65%
Madhya Pradesh – 7 to 97%
Gujarat – 7 to 34%
Bihar – 6 to 29%
Andhra Pradesh – 5 to 87%
Maharashtra – 5 to 75%
Haryana – 4 to 41%
Tamil Nadu – 4 to 35%
West Bengal – 4 to 19%
Karnataka – 3.06%
21. 2.Tube Well Irrigation
o It is a deeper bore-well(greater than 15m to
100m) from which water is lifted with the help of
a pumps.
o Tube well is not possible to install all the places,
especially some geographical conditions.
Facts of Tube well:
There should be the sufficient ground water
available, because this methods is irrigates 2
hectares/ day against normal irrigation done by
0.2 hectares/day.
22. The water level should be nearly 15 m, if the
depth of water increases more than 50 m, the cost
of pumping out water from tube well getting
uneconomic.
There should be a regular supply of electricity or
diesel while using tube well.
The dug soil was used to fertility for land, it may
help to increase the production.
23. The first tube well of India was sunk in Uttar
pradesh in 1930.
Till 1951 tube well count = 2500 nos & it will
increased 3 million .
Tamil Nadu has the largest numbers of tube well,
i.e, 11 lakhs.
Merits of Well and Tube well Irrigation
1. Well is the simplest and cheapest can be used
for the poor farmer also.
2. Well irrigation is the independent one, can be
access at the time of need.
24. 3. Excessive irrigation by canal may lead problem
but which is not in the case with well irrigation.
4. There is a limit for canal lining but there is no
limit for well dug.
5. Several chemicals like nitrate, chloride, sulphate,
etc., are generally add in the well water, it is used
for the fertility purpose.
6. The farmers has to pay regularly for canal
irrigation, here no case of pay.
25. Demerits of well and tube well irrigation
1. Limited area can be irrigated (1 to 8 hect)
2. Well may be dry and after irrigation purpose it
may be rendered.
3. At the time of drought, ground water level falls
,so well water level also getting decreased.
4. Tube wells can take large quantity water from
the surrounding places, so the nearby places
unfit for agricultural.
5. The both types are not possible in areas of
blackish groundwater.
26. YIELD TEST OF AN OPEN WELL
1. Constant level pumping test
2. Recuperation test
1. Constant level pumping test
Pumping is carried out in the well with a suitable
pump with regulating arrangement.
The water level is ‘h’ known as draw down
(or)depression head.
The speed of the pump is regulated & the water level
is maintained in the well for a given time.
At the same time quantity of water pumped out is
measured with V- notch , it is measured (Yield of the
well= m3/hr)
27.
28. Discharge is given by,
Q = A x V
Q = A x ( Cxh)
Where,
Q = discharge (m3/sec)
A = Area of cross section of well at bottom (m2)
V = mean velocity of water (m/sec)
h = depression head
C = Percolation intensity coefficient
29. 2.Recuperation Test
This types of test is carried out at the place of
regulate the pump is not possible to maintain the
constant level.
In this test, water level is depressed to any level
below the normal level of water and the pumping
is stopped.
The time taken for the water to recuperate to the
normal level is noted.
The discharge(Q) is calculated from the data
given below:
30.
31. Let, aa – static water level in well before pumping
started
bb – water level when pumping stopped
cc – water level at time ‘T’ after pumping
stopped
h1 –depression head, when pumping stopped
h2 –depression head at time ‘T’ after pumping
stopped in ‘m’
s –depression head at time ‘t’ after pumping
stopped in ‘m’
t,T – Time (hrs)
dh – change in depression head in change in
time dt
32. Q= K H = [K/A] A.s
Where,
K/A – Specific yield
𝐾
𝐴
=
2.303
𝑇
log10(
ℎ1
ℎ2
)
⁘ Q=
2.303
𝑇
log 10
ℎ1
ℎ2
𝐴. 𝑠
Where,
K/A = 0.25 for clay
K/A = 0.50 for fine sand
K/A = 1.00 course sand
It T = secs, Q= m3/sec. Discharge ‘Q’ corresponds to
the depression head ‘s’.
33.
34. Types & methods of irrigation
Irrigation has been classified into two main types,
based on water source available.
1. Flow Irrigation
2. Lift Irrigation
1. Flow Irrigation
The available water(mainly surface water) is
conveyed to the crops by gravity flow pattern.
(a) Perennial Irrigation
(b) Flood Irrigation or Inundation Irrigation
37. (a)Perennial Irrigation
In this type of source of water is from a river
which is perennial. A weir or barrage is
constructed across this river.
Sometimes dam may be constructed to form a
reservoir upstream.
Main canal with a regulator is constructed
where one or both banks supply water to the
crop field.
This type is reliable as water is available during
the whole period of the year.
39. In this type of irrigation, the cultivated land is
flooded with water & dried be the planting of the
crop.
It is further subdivided into 3 types based on the
source of water supplied to the crops.
i. Direct irrigation (or) River canal irrigation –
diversion type
ii. Storage irrigation(Reservoir or tank irrigation-
storage type)
iii. Combined storage & diversion type.
40. i) Direct irrigation (or) River canal irrigation –
diversion type:
InDirect Irrigation no storage of water
upstream of diversion weir is provided. Water
is directly diverted to canals, without any
storage. Water through the canals with
regulators is diverted directly to the canals.
ii) Storage or Tank Irrigation:
In this method, water is stored in dam or weir and
used to irrigation purposes.
The capacity of the dam or weir is based on the
crop-water requirements.
43. iii) Combined storage cum diversion scheme:
In this method first the water is stored in the
reservoir or dam.
The water is discharged from dam & used to
hydroelectric power generation.
44. 2.Lift Irrigation
In this method of irrigation, the water is lifted
from the well and conveyed to the agricultural
field for cultivation.
The adaptation of any particular methods of
irrigation depends upon the following factors,
1) Uniform distribution of water
2) Large concentrated water flow
3) Economic conveyance of water with suitable
structure
4) Mechanised farming
45. I. Surface Irrigation
It refers application of water conveyed on to the
land surface.
This method is subdivided into three types.
a) Flooding method
b) Furrow method
c) Contour farming
46. I.a)FloodingMethod
• The flooding method is subdivided into various
methods as:
• FreeFlooding
With the help of field channels, agricultural land
is divided into small strips . Field channels are
provided with the field regulator.
This method is known as irrigation by plots
commonly used in India.
In this method when the strips are flooded with
water, surplus water is allowed to enter the water
channel and allowed to discharge in the water
downstream.
47.
48. BasinFlooding
• This method is used frequently to irrigate the
or chards. It is a special type of check flooding
method. Each plant is enclosed by circular
channels which is called basin. Basins are
connected to small field ditches.
• Ditches are fed from the main supply channel.
When the basin are flooded, the supply is
stopped. Portable pipes or large hoses may also
be used in place of ditches to flood the basin
49.
50.
51. Check Flooding
In check flooding the crop area is divided into
some plots which are relatively leveled by
checks or bunds water from field channels is
allowed to enter to each plot or check basin
and the plots are flooded to the required depth.
52.
53. BorderStrips
In this method, the agricultural area is divided
into series of long narrow strips known as
border strips by levees, i.e. small bunds.
The strips are aligned along the country slope
so that the water can flow easily throughout the
area.
This method is suitable when the area is at level
with gentle country slope.
54.
55. Zig-Zag Method
In this method, the agricultural area is sub-
divided into small plots by low bunds in a zig-
zag manner.
The water is supplied to the plots from the field
channel through the openings.
The water flows in a zig-zag way to cover the
entire area. When the desired depth is attained,
the openings are closed.
56.
57. I b).Furrow Method
• In this method, irrigation water is useful for
row crops. Narrow channels are dug at
regular intervals.
• Water from the main supply is allowed to enter
these small channels or furrows. Water from
the furrows infiltrates into soil and spread
laterally to saturate the root zone of the crops.
It is suitable for row crops like potatoes,
sugarcane, tobacco, maize, groundnut, cotton,
etc..
58.
59.
60. This method has the followingadvantages:
• Less water is required as water comes
in contact of 1/5 to ½ of the land surface.
• Evaporation loss is less.
• Labor requirement for land preparation
and irrigation is less.
• Wastage of water is minimum.
• It is suitable for row crops.
61. Ic) .Contour Farming
Contour farming is practiced in hilly areas with
slopes and with falling contour.
The land is divided into series of horizontal
strips called terraces. Small bunds are
constructed at the end of each terrace to hold
water up to equal height.
Contour farming besides producing crop yields,
helps in mitigating indirectly controlling flood,
soil conservation.
62.
63. II.SprinklerIrrigation Method
• In this method, water is applied to the crop in
the form of sprinkle or spray with the
combination of pump, main pipe, sub-main
pipe, lateral, riser, nozzle, etc..
• It is a kind of artificial rainfall and therefore, it
is very fruitful for crops grown in afarm.
64. Conditions Favoring the Adoption of Sprinkler
Method
(i)When the land topography is irregular, and hence
unsuitable for surface irrigation.
(ii)When the land gradient is steeper, and soil is
easily erodible.
(iii)When the land soil is excessively permeable, so as
not to permit good water distribution by surface
irrigation; or when the soil is highly impermeable.
(iv)When the water table is high.
(v)When the area is such that the seasonal water
requirement is low, such as near the coasts.
65. (vi) When the crops to be grown are such:
(a)as to require humidity control, as in
tobacco;
(b)crops having shallow roots; or
(c)crops requiring high and frequent
irrigation.
(vii) When the water is available with difficulty and
is scarce.
66.
67.
68. Advantagesof Sprinkler Irrigation
• Erosion of soil is avoided or controlled
• It is possible to apply water uniformly
• Irrigation of water better controlled according
to need of the crops in their different stages of
growth.
• There is no surface run-off
• Labor cost is less
• Damage of crop due to frost isreduced.
• It is a standby drainage pumping set
• It can be used even with high watertable.
69. • Seepage loss like earthen canal are eliminated
• Fertilizers can be uniformly applied by mixing
withwater.
• Efficiency is higher,
• i.e. Efficiency = Water stored in root zone
Water sprinkled
70. Dis-Advantagesof Sprinkler Irrigation
Although this method has number of
advantages, yet it has some limitations
• Wind may disturb or distort sprinklingpattern
• A constant water supply is needed for
commercial use of equipment.
• Water is to be clean and free from sand.
• Heavy soil with pore intake cannot be irrigated
efficiently.
• Areas with higher temperature increase
evaporation loss
• They are not suitablefor crops requiring
frequent and deep water depth.
• It requires high electrical power.
71. iII. Sub-Surface Method
In this method, the water is applied to the root
zone of the crops by underground network of
pipes.
The network consists of main pipe, sub- main
pipes, and lateral perforated pipes. The
perforated pipes allow the water to drip out
slowly and thus the soil below the root zone of
the crops absorbs water continuously.
This method is suitable for permeable soil like
sandy soil. The method is also known as drip
method or trickle method of irrigation.
72.
73. Sub-surface irrigation is limited to the areas where:
O soil is relatively permeable for a considerable
depth, surface slopes are gentle
O natural drainage is restricted
O It is practical to hold groundwater table at a
particular depth.
74. Drip or Trickle Irrigation
• It has been shown that sprinkler irrigation is not
suitable in the region of high temperature, high
wind velocity and low humidity due to excess
loss by evaporation.
• In such regions drip or trickle irrigation is most
suitable.
• This method was first developed by Israel and is
rapidly gaining importance all over the world.
.
75. This method consist of carrying the irrigation
water through pipe and water is allowed to drip
or trickle in the root zone of the crop under low
pressure.
Two different pipes are used in this method. A
perforated plastic pipe is laid along the ground
at the base of a row of crops or plants.
The perforation are designed are designed to
emit a trickle and spaced to produce a wetted
strip along the crop row.
76. • In the second system, Irrigation water is
conveyed through a larger feeder pipe below
the ground and is allowed to drip at the root
zone of the crop slowly through nozzle or
orifice practically at low pressure. Thus root
zone is kept constantly wet.
77.
78. Componentsof Drip Irrigation
• A pump to lift water from source to overhead
tank.
• An overhead tank to store water to maintain a
pressure head of5m to 7 m.
• Central distribution system comprising fertilizer
tank, filter and water regulator.
• Main and secondary pipes made of P.V.C.
diameter may vary from 2 cm to 4 cm
depending on water to be supplied.
• Trickle lines consists of 1 cm to 2 cm diameter
with perforation where nozzles are fitted.
79. • Plastic nozzles having perforation are attached
to laterals.
• Size of overhead tank and pipes depend on
requirement of water in the crop field.
• The spacing between laterals and nozzle is
governed by type of crop.
• Growth stage of crop, type of soil, interval of
crop row and agro-technicalpractices.
80.
81. Advantages of Drip Irrigation
• Excellent control of water is possible as water is
possible as water can be applied at the rate to
the consumptive use of water.
• Evaporation from soil is reduced to minimum.
• Deep percolation of water is entirely eliminated.
• Nutrients can be applied directly to plant roots
by adding liquid fertilizers to the water.
• Salinity problems does not arise.
• Although initial cost is high, maintenance and
labor may be low once the system is set up.
• It is best method to reclaim desert areas
• It is not affected by the action of wind
• Soil erosion and tail water loss do not take place.
82. • Weed growth control is possible.
• It can be used for uneven topography.
• Lessrequirement of water as loss is minimum.
• Insect and pest control chemicals can be directly
applied to the root zone
• No over irrigation takes place.
• Method is specially suitable for cash crop like
vegetables, fruits tobacco, cotton, etc..
• Due to control supply, water logging is avoided.
83. Dis-Advantages of Drip Irrigation
• Application of insoluble fertilizers like super-
sulphonate, etc., is not possible readily through flow
system.
• Heavy rainfall may push downward the accumulated
salts at the edge of wetted zone. This may affect the
crop growth if this salt comes to the root zone.
• Dripper or nozzles blockages is likely to occur by soil
particles, as the size of nozzle varies from 0.5 to 2 mm.
• Due to high initial cost, farmers normally do not prefer
this method.
• It is only suitable for close growing crops like
vegetables, etc..
• Frequent change of trickle lines are necessary as
spacing of nozzle is different for types of crops.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90. MICRO IRRIGATION
It is a scientific method of irrigation which
carries desired quantity of water & nutrients to
the root zone of the plant. (Eg: Drip Irrigation)
Advantages:
O Better quality
O Yield increases upto 230%
O Saves water upto 70%
O Successfully working more than 40 crops
covering more than 600 thousand acres.
91. DESIGN OF DRIP IRRIGATION
The following steps are involved in the design of
drip irrigation;
1) Inventory of the resources & data collection
2) Computation of peak crop water requirement
3) Deciding the appropriate layout of the drip
irrigation system
4) Selection of emitters
5) Hydraulic design of the system interms of
lateral, sub main and main
6) Horse power requirement of pump
92. 1) Inventory of the resources & data collection
Water resources – quantity and type of water
resources available
Land resources – topography of land & other
parameters
Climate – condition of climate for computation of
crop water requirement
Crop – types and fertility available details.
93. 2) Peak crop water requirement
Irrigation interval and types of crop required.
The crop water requirement is maximum during
any one of the three seasons is adopted.
The daily water requirement for fully grown
plants can be calculated;
𝑽 = 𝑬𝑻𝒓 + 𝑲𝒄 + 𝑨𝒙𝑾𝒑
Net volume of water to be applied;
𝑽 𝒏 = 𝑽 − 𝑹𝒆 + 𝑨𝒙𝑾𝒑
Number of daily operating hours of the system
𝑻 =
𝑽 𝒏
𝑵 𝒆
𝒙𝑵𝒑𝒙𝒒
94. Where,
V – volume of water required (L)
ETr – reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Kc – crop coefficient
A – area occupied by a plant(row to row spacing x
plant to plant spacing), (m2)
Re – effective rainfall, (mm)
Wp – wetting fraction (varies for 0.2 for wide
spaced and 1.0 for close spaced crops)
Ne – number of emitters per plant
Np – number of plants
q – emitter discharge, L3s-1
95.
96. 3) Layout of drip irrigation system
Based on the area, the requirement of high
discharge may not be possible.
So there should be provide more numbers of
mains and sub-main pipes with regulating valves.
These mains and sub-main pipes are further
connected to the subunits with regulating valves
for discharge.
Number of subunits = total time available for
irrigation / time of operation of system(drip)
Total time available for irrigation depends upon
the availability of electricity or diesel
engine/generator, etc..,
97. If the available discharge is more, the subunits
are regulated the discharge.
98. 4)Selection of Emitters
The selection of emitters depends on the following;
Soil- discharge is less than the infiltration rate of
soil & heavier soil may increase the spacing of
emitters.
Crop – In case of row crops single exit emitters
are used & multi exit emitters are used for
plantation crops.
Topography –Pressure compensating emitters
are used for uneven topography.
Emission uniformity – pressure compensating
emitters are more preferable than non- pressure
compensating emitters.
99. Discharge available – when low discharge need,
emitters with low discharge is to be used.
Water use efficiency – subsurface drip irrigation
reduces the evaporation loss than surface drip
irrigation.
Water quality – Emitters with more dia or cross
sectional area to be used for the water with heavy
load suspended solids.
100.
101. 5)Hydraulic design of pipe network
In this pressure distribution takes main place. i.e,
if the pressure will increase the discharge also
increase through the emitters.
Only pressure compensating emitters are capable
to provide same discharge but it is expensive.
So the alternative is the non- pressure
compensating emitters are found.
In practical point of view, the flow variation of
water pressure can be minimized by suitable
hydraulic design.
102. As per the principle of hydraulics, the minimum
pressure variation along sub-main can be
obtained by keeping dia of the pipes are more
and length of the pipe is small. This is expensive.
The alternate way is, less dia with more length .
If two emitters are there the discharge allowance
to 10%. This is equivalent to the 20% pressure
variation in turbulent emitters and 10-15%
variation in long path emitters.
Overall 55% head loss allowed in laterals and
45% in the sub main.
103. The procedure of hydraulic design consists of;
Know the operating pressure of emitters
Find out the allowable head loss in lateral and
sub-main
Find out the lateral and sub-main discharge
Find out the dia and length of lateral pipes. For
this purpose find out head loss by Hazen william
or Darcy-weisbach formula.
Repeat the procedure for the sub-main
Find out the diameter of main so that the velocity
is within the allowable limit.
104. Computation of discharge in lateral, sub-main
and main
Flow carried by each lateral line,
Q1 = discharge of one emitter
Flow carried by each sub-main line, Q= Q1x No.of
lateral lines per sub-main
Flow carried by main, Q = Q1 x No.of sub main
line
i) Head loss in laterals:
The head loss evaluated with the help of Hazen-
william empirical equation,
105. 𝑯 𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝑲
𝑸
𝑪
𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟐 𝒙𝑫
− 𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟏 𝒙𝑭
As the length of the pipe increases the discharge
decreases. For this reason, a reduction factor
‘F’ which is less than 1.0
Head loss for the specified length of pipe is,
𝑯 𝒇𝒍 = 𝑯𝒇 ∗
(𝑳 + 𝑳𝒆)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where,
Hf(100) – head loss due to friction per 100m
Hfl – head loss in the specified length of lateral
106. Q – flow of water in pipe, Ls-1
D – internal dia of pipe, cm
L – length of pipe, m
C – Hazen-william constant (140 for PVC pipe)
K – 1.22x 1012
Le – equivalent length of the pipe
Ne – number of emitters on a lateral
fe – equivalent length due to one emitter connection
fe - 1 to 3m for in line emitter with barbed
connection
F – reduction factor due to multiple opening
107. 𝑭 = 𝟏/(𝒎 + 𝟏) +
𝟏
𝟐𝑵
+ ( 𝒎 −1)/6N2
Where,
N – number of outlets on lateral
ii) Head loss in sub-mains
The energy loss in the sub-main is same as used
for lateral.
The Hazen williams roughness coefficient(C)
varies between 140 and 150.
The sub-main and mainline pipe was
hydraulically smooth due to PVC and HDPE pipe
materials.
108. iii) Head loss in main line
The pressure controls are provided at the sub
main inlet.
So energy loss is not affect the system
uniformity(F=1).
The frictional head loss in main line is calculated
by the same equation Darcy-weisbach formula or
Hazen-william empirical equation.
109. 6)Horse power requirement of pump
ℎ 𝑝 =
𝐻𝑥𝑄𝑚
75𝑥η 𝑝𝑥η 𝑚
Where,
H – total pumping head (Hf+He+Hs), m
Hf – total head loss due to friction, m
He – operating pressure head required at the emitter, m
Hs – total static head, m
Qm – discharge of main
hp – efficiency of pump
hm – efficiency of motor
110. DESIGN OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
i) GENERAL RULES
Main should be laid up
Laterals should be laid across the slope
For multiple laterals, lateral dia should not be
more than 2 dia.
Water supply source should be nearest to the
center of the area.
Booster pump required at high pressure places.
Layout should be modified.
111. ii) Selecting the sprinkler systems
The crops are to be cultivated.
The shape and size of the field.
The topography of the field
The time and labor available.
iii) Selection sprinkler system capacity
Peak crop water requirements
Effective crop rooting depth
Texture and infiltration rate of soil
Available water holding capacity of soil
Pumping capacity of the water source
112. iv) Operation and maintenance of sprinkler
systems
Operations:
The main and lateral pipes always being laying
with pump.
While joining couplings, ensured that both the
couplings and the rubber seal rings are clean.
Starting the sprinkler system, ensure that the
pump attained the pressure level for producing
output.
Then only the delivery valve will be open,
similarly the delivery valve is closed after
stopping the power unit.
113. After stopping the system, the pipes and sprinkler
lines are shifted any where.
Dismantling of system should be in the reverse
order of system arranging.
Maintenance:
1. Pipe and fittings:
• Fittings are checked clean and dry which the
rubber sealing ring fits.
• Keep all nuts and bolts tight.
• Do not lay pipes on the new concrete and do not
lay fertilizer sacks on the pipes.
114. 2. Sprinkler heads:
• When moving sprinkler lines, make sure
sprinklers are not damaged.
• Do not apply oil or grease or any lubricant
materials.
• Sprinklers have sealed bearing and at the bottom
of the bearing there are washers.
• Check the washers regularly and replace the
washers if damaged.
• After several season’s operation the swing arm
spring may tightening. It is maintained by pulling
out the spring and re-bending it.
115. v) Storage
Remove the sprinklers and store in a cool, dry
place.
Remove the rubber sealing rings from couplers
and fittings and store in a cool , dark place.
The pipes are stored outdoors or in racks with
one end higher than the other.
Disconnect the suction and delivery pipes from
the pump.
After disconnecting apply lubricants and rotate
pump for few minutes & it will prevent from the
rusting of pump.
116. vi) Trouble shooting:
1. Pump does not prime or develop pressure:
Check the all valves before and running stages of
the pump.
2. Sprinklers do not turn:
Check the nozzles thoroughly ( blocks, swings,
spring tension about 6mm)
3. Leakage from coupler of fittings:
Check the couplers and fittings properly.
117. IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
It is the process used by irrigation system
managers to determine the correct frequency and
duration of watering.
The following factors may be considered:
How quickly water applied.
Uniformity of irrigation system
Soil infiltration rate
Slope of the land
Soil available water capacity
Effective root depth of water provided
118. Amount of time water or labor available
Available moisture content
Irrigation scheduling concept:
1. How much to irrigate
2. How often to irrigate
Advantages:
Schedule the water rotation and minimize the
loss with increase the yield.
Reduces the cost of farmer’s to pay amount for
water.
Reduces the fertility surface runoff.
119. It minimizes the water logging problems.
Control the root zone salinity problems.
The additional saved water used for further
irrigation purpose.
Methods of irrigation scheduling:
1. Soil indicators – field capacity of soil
2. Climatological – (IW/CPE = 1.0)
3. Plant indices – visual, plant water(energy
measurements) , canopy temperature(internal
water balance)
4. Water balance – weather, crop and soil
information.
120. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Systematic distribution of water plays a key role
in agricultural crop production.
Methods of distribution system:
1. Conventional system
2. Irrigation schedule system
1. Conventional system:
The area is divided into different blocks and
water irrigated to blocks depending upon the
available head and discharge required.
121. Then select the diameter of the pipes for
irrigation. (design dia is less than the available
dia)
Valves are fitted on a pipe by constructing the
field delivery chambers.
Water is distributed from the Main Delivery
Chamber(MDC) as per time table & flow is
controlled by valves.
2.Irrigation schedule system:
This system is similar to the previous system, but
one difference is different blocks are irrigated
one by one per day.
122. The dia of the pipe is higher than the
conventional system.
No need of control valves.
Every farmer has the uniform distribution of
water supply to their crops.
123. IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES
1. Water conveyance efficiency(ηc)
2. Water storage efficiency (ηs)
3. Water use efficiency (ηu)
4. Water application efficiency (ηa)
5. Water distribution efficiency (ηd)
1.Water conveyance efficiency(ηc)
It is defined as the ratio of water delivered into
the irrigation field to the water entering into the
channel.
124. 𝜼 𝒄 =
𝑾 𝒇
𝑾 𝒄
∗100
Where,
ηc - water conveyance efficiency
Wf – water delivered to the field
Wc – water entering into the channel
2.Water storage efficiency (ηs)
𝜼 𝒔 =
𝑾 𝒔
𝑾 𝒏
∗100
ηs - water storage efficiency
Ws – water stored in root during irrigation
Wn – water needed in the root zone prior to
irrigation
125. 3. Water use efficiency (ηu)
𝜼 𝒖 =
𝑾 𝒖
𝑾 𝒅
∗100
ηu - water use efficiency
Wu – water used beneficially
Wd – water delivered
4.Water application efficiency (ηa)
𝜼 𝒂 =
𝑾 𝒔
𝑾 𝒇
∗100
ηu - water application efficiency
Ws – water stored in root during irrigation
Wf – water delivered to the field
126. 5.Water distribution efficiency (ηd)
It denotes the degree of uniform distribution of
water to the root zone.
𝜼 𝒅 = 𝟏 −
𝒚
𝒅
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where,
ηd - Water distribution efficiency
y - average numerical deviation in depth of water
stored from average depth during irrigation.
d - average depth of water stored during irrigation.