1. Irrigation management involves scheduling irrigation appropriately based on soil type, crop water requirements, and other factors to efficiently use water resources.
2. Common methods of surface irrigation include border irrigation, check basin irrigation, and ridges and furrows irrigation which involve dividing fields into strips or basins and flooding or furrowing the land.
3. Factors considered in irrigation scheduling include soil type, crop water needs, available water supply, and allowing sufficient drying time between irrigations based on the crop's water depletion level. Monitoring soil moisture, plant conditions, and pan evaporation can help determine irrigation timing.
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
This document discusses evapotranspiration estimation through lysimeters. It describes two main types of lysimeters - gravimetric lysimeters which measure evapotranspiration by weight changes, and volumetric lysimeters which measure by volume changes. Gravimetric lysimeters directly measure the actual evapotranspiration from a soil sample and crop on a daily basis. Volumetric lysimeters are used for standing water crops and measure the inflow and outflow of water volumes. Lysimeters provide accurate measurements of crop water requirements to determine irrigation scheduling.
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
This document discusses various methods for irrigation scheduling to maximize crop yields. It defines irrigation scheduling as determining the frequency and timing of water applications based on crop needs and soil conditions. Direct approaches determine optimal schedules through field trials of different watering intervals and depths, while indirect approaches use indicators like soil moisture levels or sensitive plant species to determine crop water needs. More accurate mathematical approaches estimate needs based on climate data, soil type, and crop water requirements. The document also discusses practical considerations like soil properties, irrigation methods, and minimizing excess water that can damage crops. Overall, the goal of irrigation scheduling is to meet crop water demands and maximize production using water resources efficiently.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
This document discusses the scheduling of irrigation for crop production. It explains that irrigation needs to supply water to crops as required at different growth stages, as rainfall and groundwater are often inconsistent with crop needs. Certain periods are critical for water requirements for each crop. Irrigation should be scheduled around these critical stages if no other water source is available. The document provides examples of critical stages for various crops and discusses factors to consider for irrigation quantity, interval, and total number based on soil, crop type, and cultural practices.
Management practices to improve irrigation efficiency Pawan Jeet
This document provides information about irrigation efficiency. It begins by noting that China, India, and the US are the largest irrigators worldwide. About 70% of grain in China and 50% in India is produced through irrigation. Globally, about 270 million hectares of land are irrigated. The document then defines irrigation and irrigation efficiency. It classifies irrigation efficiencies and discusses factors that affect system performance like conveyance, application, and storage efficiencies. Reasons for low efficiency like non-uniform application and ways to improve efficiency like deficit irrigation are also covered. Comparisons of different irrigation methods and their typical efficiencies conclude the document.
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
This document discusses evapotranspiration estimation through lysimeters. It describes two main types of lysimeters - gravimetric lysimeters which measure evapotranspiration by weight changes, and volumetric lysimeters which measure by volume changes. Gravimetric lysimeters directly measure the actual evapotranspiration from a soil sample and crop on a daily basis. Volumetric lysimeters are used for standing water crops and measure the inflow and outflow of water volumes. Lysimeters provide accurate measurements of crop water requirements to determine irrigation scheduling.
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
This document discusses various methods for irrigation scheduling to maximize crop yields. It defines irrigation scheduling as determining the frequency and timing of water applications based on crop needs and soil conditions. Direct approaches determine optimal schedules through field trials of different watering intervals and depths, while indirect approaches use indicators like soil moisture levels or sensitive plant species to determine crop water needs. More accurate mathematical approaches estimate needs based on climate data, soil type, and crop water requirements. The document also discusses practical considerations like soil properties, irrigation methods, and minimizing excess water that can damage crops. Overall, the goal of irrigation scheduling is to meet crop water demands and maximize production using water resources efficiently.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
This document discusses the scheduling of irrigation for crop production. It explains that irrigation needs to supply water to crops as required at different growth stages, as rainfall and groundwater are often inconsistent with crop needs. Certain periods are critical for water requirements for each crop. Irrigation should be scheduled around these critical stages if no other water source is available. The document provides examples of critical stages for various crops and discusses factors to consider for irrigation quantity, interval, and total number based on soil, crop type, and cultural practices.
Management practices to improve irrigation efficiency Pawan Jeet
This document provides information about irrigation efficiency. It begins by noting that China, India, and the US are the largest irrigators worldwide. About 70% of grain in China and 50% in India is produced through irrigation. Globally, about 270 million hectares of land are irrigated. The document then defines irrigation and irrigation efficiency. It classifies irrigation efficiencies and discusses factors that affect system performance like conveyance, application, and storage efficiencies. Reasons for low efficiency like non-uniform application and ways to improve efficiency like deficit irrigation are also covered. Comparisons of different irrigation methods and their typical efficiencies conclude the document.
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
This document discusses the quality of irrigation water and criteria for determining water quality. It outlines 5 classes of water salinity based on electrical conductivity and 4 classes of sodium level based on sodium adsorption ratio. It also discusses acceptable boron levels and provides management practices for using poor quality water, including applying gypsum, alternate irrigation strategies, fertilizer application techniques, irrigation methods, growing crop varieties, drainage, and other soil management practices. The document concludes with a discussion of soil fertility versus productivity and different methods for evaluating soil fertility.
Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
This document discusses irrigation and crop water requirements. It outlines several advantages of irrigation including preventing disease and weeds, enabling cash crops, improving groundwater storage, and increasing crop yields. Some disadvantages are excessive water leakage causing marshes, waterlogging from high water tables, lower temperatures, and land/water pollution. Crop water requirement depends on factors like crop type, growth stage, soil properties, climate, and agronomic practices. It is the total water needed from sowing to harvest and includes transpiration, evaporation, and water for plant metabolism. The factors affecting consumptive water use by crops are also summarized.
This document discusses soil water systems and properties. It defines key terms like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Soil water can exist as gravitational, capillary, or hygroscopic water. The water holding capacities of soils are expressed as constants like saturation capacity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. These constants can be expressed as either percentages of water held or depth of water stored in the root zone. Plants extract most water from the upper layers of their root zone, with uptake decreasing with depth.
This document discusses waterlogged soils, their properties, distribution, impacts on agriculture, and management strategies. It defines waterlogged soils as soils that are saturated with water for long periods annually, resulting in distinct soil layers. Common types include riverine flood, oceanic flood, seasonal, perennial, and sub-soil waterlogging. Factors like rainfall, irrigation, drainage, topography, and groundwater levels can lead to waterlogging. The document then outlines the physical, chemical, and biological properties of waterlogged soils. It also discusses the global distribution of waterlogged soils and some major regions before detailing approaches to manage waterlogging issues in agriculture.
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
1. The document discusses saline soils, which are soils with an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract greater than 4 dS/m and an exchangeable sodium percentage less than 15.
2. Four major areas in India where saline soils are found are described: the semi-arid Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract, the arid tract of Rajasthan and Gujarat, arid and semi-arid tracts of central and southern states, and coastal alluvial soils.
3. Management of saline soils includes leaching with good quality irrigation water to remove salts from the root zone, using drainage systems, incorporating organic matter to improve soil structure, and choosing appropriate cropping
This document discusses various irrigation methods, including uncontrolled surface flooding, controlled flooding using check basins or ring basins, border strip method, deep furrow method, traditional methods like levees and canals, drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation using micro sprays or micro jets, and rain guns. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and discusses their suitability based on factors like crop type, soil type, water availability, and farming practices.
Weed indices are used to study the effect of weed density, growth, and suppression on crop plants. Common indices include weed infestation, weed index, weed control efficiency, and smothering efficiency. The document defines each of these indices and provides examples of how to calculate them. Higher values of weed control efficiency and smothering efficiency indicate better control of weeds. The weed index compares yields between treated and untreated plots, with lower values showing more effective herbicide treatment.
This document discusses various soil erosion control measures, including biological/agronomic practices like mulching, crop management, and soil management, as well as mechanical/engineering practices like terraces, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control. It provides details on the design of terraces, including the factors that influence terrace spacing, length, and cross-section. The key principles of erosion control are reducing rain drop impact, runoff volume and velocity, while increasing soil resistance to erosion. Agronomic practices are preferred where possible due to lower cost and easier integration with farming.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is a widely used method for estimating average annual soil loss. It was initially proposed in 1958 and modified to its current form in 1978. The USLE estimates soil loss as a function of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, crop management practices, and conservation support practices. It is used to predict soil loss, guide crop and management selections, and determine conservation needs. However, the USLE is empirical and only estimates average annual soil loss from sheet and rill erosion without considering sediment deposition.
Formation & Classification of salt affect soilsMahiiKarthii
This document discusses the formation and classification of saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils. It defines each soil type and explains that saline soils contain excess soluble salts, sodic soils contain excess sodium, and saline-sodic soils contain appreciable amounts of both. The document also lists the major sources of soluble salts that can lead to the formation of these problematic soils, such as arid climates, groundwater, ocean water, irrigation water, and fertilizer use. Finally, it provides the key characteristics used to classify each soil type based on factors like pH, EC, ESP, TSS, and SAR levels.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a three-day course on irrigation water management for CNMP development. The course will cover determining the volume of water needed for crops including consumptive use, net irrigation requirements, and management allowed depletion. It will also discuss irrigation scheduling and the importance of considering crop, soil, climate and irrigation system factors. Finally, the document outlines three levels of conducting irrigation system evaluations for clients.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
The document discusses various methods of irrigation. Surface irrigation methods include flooding, furrow, and contour farming. Flooding involves spreading water over land, and is divided into uncontrolled/wild flooding and controlled flooding using ditches and borders. Furrow irrigation channels water between crop rows. Contour farming uses terraces on sloping land. Sprinkler irrigation applies water as spray through pipes. Drip irrigation applies drops of water near plant roots. Advantages and limitations are provided for each method.
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Principles of irrigation by Dr Thomas Abraham_Course Code_Chapters 1 to 5__26...Ambo University (Ethiopia)
Irrigation involves applying water to crops to supplement rainfall and meet crop water needs. The key objectives of irrigation are to ensure sufficient soil moisture for plant growth, provide drought protection for crops, and create a favorable environment for plants. Irrigation maximizes crop yields and land productivity, ensuring food security and promoting regional economic development through agriculture and related industries.
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation practice for rice that saves water and reduces greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining yields. It involves periodically drying and re-flooding rice fields. In Bangladesh, boro rice is fully irrigated while aman rice is partly irrigated. Research shows AWD can save 15-30% of the estimated 3,000-5,000 liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of rice, without lowering yields. The practice involves irrigating until the water table is 20cm below ground, then allowing the field to partially dry before re-flooding. This technique is being validated in Bangladesh and could help conserve irrigation water and reduce environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in irrigation, including definitions of key terms, factors that influence irrigation efficiency, different irrigation methods, and crop water requirements. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to supply moisture for plant growth. Surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation are described as the main methods. Critical growth stages and how crop water needs vary throughout growth are also covered.
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
This document discusses the quality of irrigation water and criteria for determining water quality. It outlines 5 classes of water salinity based on electrical conductivity and 4 classes of sodium level based on sodium adsorption ratio. It also discusses acceptable boron levels and provides management practices for using poor quality water, including applying gypsum, alternate irrigation strategies, fertilizer application techniques, irrigation methods, growing crop varieties, drainage, and other soil management practices. The document concludes with a discussion of soil fertility versus productivity and different methods for evaluating soil fertility.
Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
This document discusses irrigation and crop water requirements. It outlines several advantages of irrigation including preventing disease and weeds, enabling cash crops, improving groundwater storage, and increasing crop yields. Some disadvantages are excessive water leakage causing marshes, waterlogging from high water tables, lower temperatures, and land/water pollution. Crop water requirement depends on factors like crop type, growth stage, soil properties, climate, and agronomic practices. It is the total water needed from sowing to harvest and includes transpiration, evaporation, and water for plant metabolism. The factors affecting consumptive water use by crops are also summarized.
This document discusses soil water systems and properties. It defines key terms like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Soil water can exist as gravitational, capillary, or hygroscopic water. The water holding capacities of soils are expressed as constants like saturation capacity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. These constants can be expressed as either percentages of water held or depth of water stored in the root zone. Plants extract most water from the upper layers of their root zone, with uptake decreasing with depth.
This document discusses waterlogged soils, their properties, distribution, impacts on agriculture, and management strategies. It defines waterlogged soils as soils that are saturated with water for long periods annually, resulting in distinct soil layers. Common types include riverine flood, oceanic flood, seasonal, perennial, and sub-soil waterlogging. Factors like rainfall, irrigation, drainage, topography, and groundwater levels can lead to waterlogging. The document then outlines the physical, chemical, and biological properties of waterlogged soils. It also discusses the global distribution of waterlogged soils and some major regions before detailing approaches to manage waterlogging issues in agriculture.
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
1. The document discusses saline soils, which are soils with an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract greater than 4 dS/m and an exchangeable sodium percentage less than 15.
2. Four major areas in India where saline soils are found are described: the semi-arid Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract, the arid tract of Rajasthan and Gujarat, arid and semi-arid tracts of central and southern states, and coastal alluvial soils.
3. Management of saline soils includes leaching with good quality irrigation water to remove salts from the root zone, using drainage systems, incorporating organic matter to improve soil structure, and choosing appropriate cropping
This document discusses various irrigation methods, including uncontrolled surface flooding, controlled flooding using check basins or ring basins, border strip method, deep furrow method, traditional methods like levees and canals, drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation using micro sprays or micro jets, and rain guns. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and discusses their suitability based on factors like crop type, soil type, water availability, and farming practices.
Weed indices are used to study the effect of weed density, growth, and suppression on crop plants. Common indices include weed infestation, weed index, weed control efficiency, and smothering efficiency. The document defines each of these indices and provides examples of how to calculate them. Higher values of weed control efficiency and smothering efficiency indicate better control of weeds. The weed index compares yields between treated and untreated plots, with lower values showing more effective herbicide treatment.
This document discusses various soil erosion control measures, including biological/agronomic practices like mulching, crop management, and soil management, as well as mechanical/engineering practices like terraces, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control. It provides details on the design of terraces, including the factors that influence terrace spacing, length, and cross-section. The key principles of erosion control are reducing rain drop impact, runoff volume and velocity, while increasing soil resistance to erosion. Agronomic practices are preferred where possible due to lower cost and easier integration with farming.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is a widely used method for estimating average annual soil loss. It was initially proposed in 1958 and modified to its current form in 1978. The USLE estimates soil loss as a function of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, crop management practices, and conservation support practices. It is used to predict soil loss, guide crop and management selections, and determine conservation needs. However, the USLE is empirical and only estimates average annual soil loss from sheet and rill erosion without considering sediment deposition.
Formation & Classification of salt affect soilsMahiiKarthii
This document discusses the formation and classification of saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils. It defines each soil type and explains that saline soils contain excess soluble salts, sodic soils contain excess sodium, and saline-sodic soils contain appreciable amounts of both. The document also lists the major sources of soluble salts that can lead to the formation of these problematic soils, such as arid climates, groundwater, ocean water, irrigation water, and fertilizer use. Finally, it provides the key characteristics used to classify each soil type based on factors like pH, EC, ESP, TSS, and SAR levels.
This document outlines topics to be covered in a three-day course on irrigation water management for CNMP development. The course will cover determining the volume of water needed for crops including consumptive use, net irrigation requirements, and management allowed depletion. It will also discuss irrigation scheduling and the importance of considering crop, soil, climate and irrigation system factors. Finally, the document outlines three levels of conducting irrigation system evaluations for clients.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
The document discusses various methods of irrigation. Surface irrigation methods include flooding, furrow, and contour farming. Flooding involves spreading water over land, and is divided into uncontrolled/wild flooding and controlled flooding using ditches and borders. Furrow irrigation channels water between crop rows. Contour farming uses terraces on sloping land. Sprinkler irrigation applies water as spray through pipes. Drip irrigation applies drops of water near plant roots. Advantages and limitations are provided for each method.
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Principles of irrigation by Dr Thomas Abraham_Course Code_Chapters 1 to 5__26...Ambo University (Ethiopia)
Irrigation involves applying water to crops to supplement rainfall and meet crop water needs. The key objectives of irrigation are to ensure sufficient soil moisture for plant growth, provide drought protection for crops, and create a favorable environment for plants. Irrigation maximizes crop yields and land productivity, ensuring food security and promoting regional economic development through agriculture and related industries.
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation practice for rice that saves water and reduces greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining yields. It involves periodically drying and re-flooding rice fields. In Bangladesh, boro rice is fully irrigated while aman rice is partly irrigated. Research shows AWD can save 15-30% of the estimated 3,000-5,000 liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of rice, without lowering yields. The practice involves irrigating until the water table is 20cm below ground, then allowing the field to partially dry before re-flooding. This technique is being validated in Bangladesh and could help conserve irrigation water and reduce environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in irrigation, including definitions of key terms, factors that influence irrigation efficiency, different irrigation methods, and crop water requirements. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to supply moisture for plant growth. Surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation are described as the main methods. Critical growth stages and how crop water needs vary throughout growth are also covered.
Irrigation involves applying water artificially to land or soil to supply moisture for plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation that depend on the available water sources and infrastructure. Surface irrigation methods include border, check basin, and furrow irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water below the ground surface through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized methods that distribute water through pipes and emitters. The choice of irrigation method impacts water usage, uniformity of application, and suitability for different soil and crop types.
Irrigation development in India, necessity, scope, benefits
and ill effects of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, methods of irrigation, physical
and chemical properties of soils, soil nutrients, classification of irrigable soils, suitability
of soils for irrigation, quality of irrigation water, soil water plant relations in irrigation,
measurement of soil moisture, field capacity, wilting point, available water , hydraulic
conductivity, water movement through soils.
Irrigation involves supplying water to plants through artificial means to supplement rainfall and soil moisture. There are several methods of irrigation used in Bangladesh depending on soil, topography, water availability, and crop type. The main methods described include flood, check basin, border strip, furrow, and basin irrigation. Drainage is the artificial removal of excess water from crop fields and is important to improve soil structure and productivity by preventing waterlogging. The hydrologic cycle describes the natural circulation of water on Earth through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and both surface water and groundwater flow. Proper soil structure and texture are also important for irrigation and drainage as they determine water and air flow in the soil.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering in India. It defines irrigation engineering and discusses the necessity of irrigation given India's diverse climate and rainfall patterns. It then summarizes the history of irrigation development in India from ancient times to post-independence. The document also covers major, medium, and minor irrigation projects; water requirements of crops; principal crops in India; methods of irrigation including surface, subsurface and sprinkler; canals; tube well irrigation; dams; and issues like waterlogging and their remedial measures.
The document discusses various types of irrigation methods including fertigation, paleo irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. It describes the key components, advantages and applications of these different irrigation techniques. Participatory irrigation management and its objectives to involve users in irrigation system management are also summarized. The principles of irrigation scheduling, distribution and organic farming are briefly covered.
The document provides information about a seminar on water management in agriculture given by Garima Bhickta. It discusses various topics related to water management including terminology, water requirements of crops, irrigation scheduling tools and methods, rainwater harvesting, and drip irrigation. Specifically, it summarizes different methods of irrigation like surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation. It also provides data on increased yields from various crops with drip irrigation compared to conventional irrigation methods and higher water use efficiency.
SEMINAR TOPIC ON “IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES”.pptxPrantikMaity6
Seminar Presentation on Irrigation Techniques. Discussion Consists:
1. Increase in crop yield
2. Protection from famine
3. Cultivation of superior crops
4. Elimination of mixed cropping
5. Economic development
6. Hydro power generation
7. Domestic and industrial water supply
8. Afforestation
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It begins with the course goals of introducing concepts related to soil, water, and plant interactions, as well as irrigation system design. Key concepts covered include the necessity of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, soil-water relationships, and classifications of irrigation schemes in India. Soil properties like texture and structure determine a soil's water holding capacity. Plants obtain water from the soil through transpiration and rely on available soil water between field capacity and wilting point for growth.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It begins with the course goals of introducing concepts related to soil, water, and plant interactions, as well as irrigation system design. Key concepts covered include the necessity of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, soil-water relationships, and classifications of irrigation schemes in India. Specifically, it discusses types of irrigation based on water application and duration. It also defines important terms related to irrigation engineering and concepts like culturable command area, water tables, and types of groundwater.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It begins with the course goals of introducing concepts related to soil, water, and plant interactions, as well as irrigation system design. Key concepts covered include the necessity of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, soil-water relationships, and classifications of irrigation schemes in India. Soil properties like texture and structure determine a soil's water holding capacity. Plants obtain water from the soil through transpiration and rely on available soil water between field capacity and wilting point for growth.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It begins with the course goals of introducing concepts related to soil, water and plant interactions, as well as irrigation system design. It then discusses the necessity of irrigation due to insufficient or uneven rainfall. Benefits include increased crop yields and economic development, while ill effects can include rising water tables and loss of land. The document classifies irrigation systems and projects in India as major, medium or minor. It also examines soil-water relationships, including water holding capacity, field capacity, and wilting point.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the necessity of irrigation, benefits and ill effects, and development of irrigation in India. It describes the course goals to introduce concepts of soil, water, plant interactions and irrigation/drainage design. Key terms are defined, such as culturable command area. Different types of irrigation systems are classified, including flow and lift systems. Soil water relationships are also examined, including classifications of soil water and how water is held in soils.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It begins with the course goals of introducing concepts related to soil, water, and plant interactions, as well as irrigation system design. Key concepts covered include the necessity of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, soil-water relationships, and classifications of irrigation schemes in India. Specifically, it discusses topics such as water holding capacity, field capacity, wilting point, and available soil water as they relate to plant growth. Types of groundwater and levels of water in soils are also explained.
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It begins with the course goals of introducing concepts related to soil, water, and plant interactions, as well as irrigation system design. Key concepts covered include the necessity of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, soil-water relationships, and classifications of irrigation schemes in India. Specifically, it discusses topics such as water content in soil, factors that influence water holding capacity, transpiration, and the relationships between soil properties, water retention, and plant growth.
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil to assist in growing crops. It is necessary in areas with insufficient or uneven rainfall. The main types of irrigation systems are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation includes uncontrolled flooding, border strip flooding, and furrow irrigation. Sprinkler and drip irrigation allow for more precise water application but have higher initial costs. Water quality must meet standards to avoid harming soils, crops, or human and animal health.
The document discusses various methods of irrigation for crop production including surface, subsurface, and sprinkler irrigation. Surface irrigation methods include flooding, beds/borders, basins, and furrows. Furrow irrigation is well-suited for row crops and involves flowing water down furrows between rows. Subsurface irrigation involves placing perforated pipes underground to raise water through capillary action. Sprinkler irrigation uses sprinklers to apply water like rainfall and is suitable for uneven terrain. Drip irrigation applies small amounts of water directly to plant roots through tubing and emitters. Proper irrigation management and measuring soil moisture is important for optimizing crop yields.
This document discusses different irrigation methods including surface, subsurface, and sprinkler irrigation. Surface irrigation methods such as flooding, furrow, and contour farming spread water over the land surface. Controlled flooding divides land into plots using levees. Furrow irrigation channels water along grooves. Contour farming uses horizontal terraces. Subsurface drip irrigation supplies water directly to plant roots through buried tubes. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water into the air simulating rain. Drip irrigation supplies small amounts of water directly to soil through emitters. Factors such as soil, topography, water supply, and crop requirements determine the suitable irrigation method.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
GKVK BANGALORE 560065
PRACTICAL CROP PRODUCTION-II(IRRIGATED)
AGR 212 (0+1)
TOPIC:IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED TO;
Dr. PUSHPA K
DEPT OF AGRONOMY
COA ,GKVK,BANGALORE
2. GROUP MEMBERS
AMB0001 AASHIK KHANAL AMB0006 AFROZNAJNEEN KAROBARI
AMB0002 ABHIJNA V AMB007 AHDAL NIYAS
AMB0003 ABHISHEK T NAIK AMB0008 AISHWARYA
AMB0004 ADARSH AMB0009 AISHWARYA S
AMB0005 ADARSH R MUDNAL
3. WHAT IS IRRIGATION?
It is the artificial application of water to the soil through various
system of tubes , pumps and sprays.
Irrigation is usually used in areas where rainfall is irregular or dry
times or drought is expected.
Irrigation water can come from ground water , surface water ,through
springs or wells , through rivers , lakes or reservoirs.
4. WHY IRRIGATION IS REQUIRED?
To complete the normal life cycle of plant.
To improve the crop growth and quality.
For the absorption of nutrients by plants from soil.
For seed bed preparation.
Protective role during periods of famine droughts.
For effective germination.
5. NECESSITY OF IRRIGATION
Insufficient rainfall.
Uneven distribution of rainfall.
Improvement of perennial crops.
Development of agriculture in desert area.
6. IRRIGATI0N MANAGEMENT
Management of water based on the soil and crop
environment to obtain better yield by efficient use of water
without any damage to the environment.
An endeavour to make irrigation as
a useful, profitable, productive
practice by adopting the right
method,at right time by estimating
appropriate quantity of water.
7. IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
To the development of nation through proper management of water
resources for the purpose of crop production and other activities
such as industrialization, power generation , etc.
To store and regulate the water resources for future use or non-
season use.
To apply sufficient quantity to field crops.
To allocate the water with proper proportion based on area and crop
under cultivation.
To convey water without much loss through percolation and
seepage.
To meet the future requirement of agriculture and other sections.
8. AREA UNDER IRRIGATION
The world’s total area equipped for irrigation was estimated at 341,723
thousand hectares.
China has the highest area under irrigation ie.,69 mha.
India stands second with 64.7 mha.
9. IRRIGATION IN INDIA
Irrigated area accounts for
48.8% of the 140 mha of
agricultural land in India.
UP has the largest area
under irrigation-17.6 mha.
10. SOURCES OF IRRIGATION
Main sources of irrigation includes canals,tanks and wells.
Main source of irrigation in India is tube-wells which provide 46% of
water for irrigation.
Canals are second most important source of irrigation in India after
wells and tube-wells.
11. IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
It is defined as a comprehensive plan indicating time of irrigation, duration
of irrigation, frequency of irrigation, number of irrigation and quantity of
irrigation for a given method of irrigation for a given crop.
Irrigation scheduling is also defined as the frequency at which water is to be
applied based on needs of the crop and nature of the soil.
12. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
Type of crop, its duration, nature and its water requirement.
Area under consideration.
Soil type, its texture, Bulk density and WHC.
Gradient, method of irrigation adopted, application and distribution efficiency.
Method of conveyance of water, conveyance efficiency.
The discharge available, period of availability of water.
Moisture depletion level allowed between irrigations.
13. METHOD OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
1.FEEL AND APPEARANCE METHOD
It is the simplest method where farmers estimate the approximate soil
moisture content through feel soil with fingers and its appearance
2.PLANT/CROP INDICES
Plant shows different characteristic symptoms for different moisture
situation accordingly the irrigation is scheduled
14. 3.INDICATOR PLANTS
When the soil moisture goes below the requirement , plants like
sunflower and tomato show wilting symptoms first due to their
sensitivity and the irrigation is scheduled accordingly.
4.PIT INDICATOR/PROFILE MODIFICATION TECHNIQUE
Pit of 1m x1m x 1m is dug out in a crop field and the dug out soil
is mixed with additional 5% sand filled to the pit.Crops are
planted in the pit .
At low moisture conditions plants in the pit shows wilting
symptoms first due to low water holding capacity of sand.
15. 5.WILTING SYMPTOM APPROACH
Farmers plan to irrigate the crop on seeing visible wilting symptom.
6.CRITICAL STAGE APPROACH
Stage at which water stress causes severe yield reduction is known as
critical stage of water requirement .
moisture stress during critical stage will reduce the yield.
7.SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION APPROACH
When the available water in the root zone is depleted to a particular
level, it has to replenished by irrigation.
16. 8.IW/CPE RATIO APPROACH
IW-Irrigation water
CPE-Cumulative pan evaporation
It is the ratio of irrigation water to the water that is lost by
evaporation.
Main principle behind this approach is that an irrigation is supposed
to compensate the loss of water from soil profile due to evaporation.
17. CROP WATER REQUIREMENT
Estimation of crop water requirement is one of the basic needs for crop planning and for
planning any irrigation project.
The quantity of water required by a crop in a given period of time for its normal growth
under field condition .
CWR=E.T/C.U+APPLICATION LOSSES+SPECIAL NEEDS
IR = CWR –(ER+S)
IR=IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT
CWR=CROP WATER REQUIREMENT
ER= EFFECTIVE RAINFALL
S= GROUND WATER CONTRIBUTION
E.T- EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
C.U- CONSUMPTIVE USE (TOTAL WATER REQUIRED FOR ALL PLANT PROCESS)
18. IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
It is the ratio of amount of water used to meet the ET requirement of
the crop plus that necessary to maintain a favourable salt balance in
the crop root zone to the total volume of water diverted, stored or
pumped for irrigation.
19. TYPES OF IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
1.Conveyance efficiency
Ec=(Wf /Wd) ×100
Ec=Conveyance efficiency
Wf=Water conveyed to the plot
Wd =water delivered at source
22. 4. Water distribution efficiency
Ed=(1-(y/d)) ×100
Y=Average numerical deviation from d
d=Average depth of water stored in the field
23. 5. Water use efficiency (WUE)
It is defined as the amount of water used to produce unit quantity of biomass or yield.
It is of 2 types
1. Crop water use efficiency
2. Field water use efficiency
24. 1. Crop water use efficiency(CWUE)
CWUE = Y
ET
Y = yield (kg)
ET = Evapotranspiration (cm or mm)
The unit to measure the CWUE is kg/cm or kg/mm.
25. 2.Field water use efficiency (FWUE)
FWUE = Y
WR
Y = yield (kg)
WR = Water requirement (cm or ha-cm)
It is expressed as kg/ha-cm.
27. 1.Surface irrigation
Here water is allowed to flow all along the surface of the soil horizontally
through gradient / slope and vertically by gravity flow to the crop root 𝘻𝘰𝘯𝘦.
Surface irrigation is the most popular and convenient method.
It is normally used 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘯
a) mild and regular 𝘴𝘭𝘰𝘱𝘦𝘴
b) soil type with medium to low infiltration rate
c) a sufficient supply of surface or groundwater
28. Advantages
a) Convenient and suitable for most of the crops & soils
b) Easy and doesn’t require any pump
Disadvantages
a) Involves land shaping –fertility losses & high cost due to soil cutting
b) Conveyance loss (Seepage, percolation, evaporation) is very high
c) Improper / non-uniform distribution of water
d) May result in saltation, water logging, salinity
e) Irrigation efficiency is very low
29. a) Free flooding
Primitive method of allowing the water freely on the surface with natural
gradient without any land shaping.
30. b) Border irrigation
The land is divided into number of long parallel strips called borders.
These borders are separated by low ridges.
The border strip has a uniform gentle slope in the direction of Irrigation.
31. Types of border strips
1. Straight border strips
When the borders are laid straightly along the general slope of field they are
called straight borders or down the slope borders.
2. Contour border strips
When the land is having more slope and fields are undulating and levelling
is not feasible, borders may be laid across the slope and are called as
contour border strip.
32. C) check basin irrigation
It is the most common method of irrigation in India and in many other countries.
Here the field is divided into smaller unit areas so that each has a nearly level surface.
Bunds or ridges are constructed around the areas forming basins within which the irrigation
water can be Controlled.
33. Types of check basin method of Irrigation
1. Rectangular check basin – Suitable for relatively levelled lands for closely spaced
crops.
2. Contour check basin – Suitable for sloppy lands and basins are formed across the
slope.
3. Ring check basin – Suitable for widely spaced orchard crops, where wetting is needed
around the trunk of the tree.
- Basins are circular/ring in shape.
34. d) Ridges and Furrow method
This method is used in the irrigation of widely spaced row crops like maize, sugarcane,
potato, tomato, tobacco, banana etc.
‘V’ shaped furrows are opened between crop rows.
35. Types of ridges and furrow method of Irrigation
1. Deep ridges and furrows
2. Corrugated ridges and furrows/ Corrugation
3. Serpentine method
4. Surge irrigation
36. 1. Deep ridge and furrow
Deeper furrows of 15-30 cm spaced 90 cm apart are made in straight line or along the
contour (when slope is >1%).
It is suitable for crops with deep root system with high water requirement
37. 2.Corrugation:
It consists of small furrows in ‘V’ shaped of about 6 to 10 cm deep spaced 40 to 75 cm apart
which helps in irrigating the water along the slope.
It is commonly used for irrigating non cultivated, close growing crops like small grains & for
pasture growing on steep slopes with low water requirement.
38. 3.Serpentine method of irrigation
It is ridge and furrow system with inter connection of furrows in serpentine way.
The entry of water in one furrow ensures that several furrow are irrigated automatically.
This is a useful method when gradual slope of 0.2 – 0.5% is created in one direction
perpendicular to the direction of furrow.
39. 4.Surge irrigation:
It is also called as On and Off type of Irrigation.
Surge irrigation is the application of water into the furrows intermittently in a
series of relatively short ON and OFF times.
The irrigation efficiency is in between 85 and 90%.
40. 2. Sub surface irrigation
In subsurface irrigation water is applied beneath the ground by creating and maintaining an
artificial water table at some depth, usually 30-75 cm below the ground surface.
41. Advantages
1. Less water requirement – low evaporation and deep percolation losses
Disadvantages
1. There is danger of development of waterlogging
2. Possibility of choking of the pipes lay underground.
3. High cost.
42. 3.SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
The sprinkler or overhead irrigation system consists of conveying water to the field by
aluminium or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and allowed to sprinkle over the field under
pressure through a system of nozzles.
This system is designed to distribute the required depth of water uniformly which is not possible
in surface irrigation.
Components of Sprinkler Irrigation
1. Motor pumping Unit
2. Mainline pipe Unit
3. Lateral pipe unit
4. Sprinkler Unit
43. Advantages
1. Economical use of water
2. Lower water loss
3. Effective water 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵
4.protect crops against frost and high temperature
5.Free aeration of root zone
6.Drainage problems eliminated
Disadvantages
1. High initial cost
2. Efficiency is seriously affected by windy weather
3. Higher evaporation losses in spraying water
4. A stable water supply is needed for the most economical use of the equipment
5. Higher power requirement
6. Excessive use of saline water on foliage is inadvisable
44. 4. DRIP IRRIGATION
Drip or trickle irrigation is one of the latest methods of irrigation.
It is suitable in water scarcity and salt affected soils.
In drip irrigation method, water is applied frequently and at low volume ,so that it
approaches the consumptive use of the plants and minimizes losses such as deep
percolation, runoff and soil water evaporation.
The system applies water slowly to keep the soil moisture within the desired range for
plant growth.
45. Advantages
1. Water saving losses due to deep percolation, surface runoff and transmission are
avoided.
Evaporation losses occurring in sprinkler irrigation do not occur in drip irrigation.
2. Uniform water distribution
3. No land leveling required
4. No soil erosion
5. Better weed control
6. Nutrient preservation
Disadvantages
1.High initial cost
2.Drippers are susceptible to blockage
46. Factors affecting a method of irrigation
Topography
Climate
Means of irrigation
Type of crop
Soil factors
Economic factor
Water conservation
Weather factors