Cell structure
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Cell is the basic unit of life and can be classified by its cellular structure - an outer covering (cell membrane/wall), cytoplasm and organelles, and a nucleus. The key organelles are the vacuole, which stores nutrients and waste; the endoplasmic reticulum, which synthesizes and transports proteins; the Golgi apparatus, which modifies and transports proteins; mitochondria, the powerhouse that produces energy; and lysosomes, which break down waste and remove old/damaged cell components.
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The document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which depicts the membrane as a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and other components. The membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing selective transport of molecules into and out of the cell through integral membrane proteins. Specific glycoproteins on the cell surface are exploited by viruses to infect particular cell types and organs. Transport across the cell membrane is mediated by membrane-spanning transport proteins that facilitate movement of ions and molecules.
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The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. The membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Membrane proteins carry out important functions like transport, signaling, enzyme activity, and attaching to cytoskeleton. Dysfunctions of ion channels and receptors in the membrane can cause various disorders. Many drugs like local anesthetics, antimicrobials, and antifungals act by disrupting the structure and function of the cell membrane.
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The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. The membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Membrane proteins carry out important functions like transport, signaling, enzyme activity, and attaching to cytoskeleton. Dysfunctions of ion channels and receptors in the membrane can cause various disorders. Many drugs like local anesthetics, antimicrobials, and antifungals act by disrupting the structure and function of the cell membrane.
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ecplain the cell and its functionsSolutionCellThe cell is th.pdf
ecplain the cell and its functions
Solution
Cell
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A
cell is the smallest working unit of all living organisms on our planet earth, which is capable of
performing life functioning. They are often called the building blocks of our life. The study of
cells is called cell biology.
The term cell was first observed and identified by an English physicist Robert Hook in the year
1665. There were many theories developed for cell. Later in the year 1839 a two German
scientists Schwann and Schleiden provided few basic principles of cell.
Cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane which contains many biomolecules such
as proteins and nucleic acids. The organisms can be classified as unicellular (consists single cell:
bacteria-prokaryotes) or multicellular (including plants and animals-Eukaryotes). The number of
cells in plants and animals varies from species to species. Therefore human contains more than
10 trillion cells.
There are many cells in an individual, which performs several functions throughout the life. The
size and the shape of the cell range from millimeter to microns, which are generally based on the
type of function that it performs. A cell generally varies in their shapes. A few cells are in
spherical, rod, flat, concave, curved, rectangular and oval shaped. Most of the plant and animal
cells are visible only under microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometers.
The structure and function of cells
The basic structure of all cells, whether prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the same. All cells have
an outer layer called plasma membrane. The plasma membrane holds the cell together and allows
the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
The interior of both kinds of cells is known as cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm eukaryotes are
embedded with cellular organelles but in prokaryotes contain no organelles. Finally, both types
of cells contain small structures called ribosomes. These are the sites within the cells where
proteins are produced.
Cell wall: It helps protecting the plasma membrane and plays an important role in protecting the
cells.
Cell membrane: A thin, flexible layer of plant or animal tissue that covers, lines, separates or
holds together, or connects parts of an organism
Cytoplasm: It is a membrane which protects the cell by keeping cells organelles separates from
each other. This helps to keep the cell in stable. Cytoplasm is the major site that many
biochemical reactions take place.
Nucleus: They are membrane bound organelles which are found in many eukaryotes. It is the
very important organelle of a cell as it controls the complete activity of a cell and also plays a
vital role in reproduction
Nuclear membrane: These bilayer membranes which protects the nucleus by surrounding around
it and acts as a barrier between the barrier nucleus and other organelles in the cell
Nucleolus: It is found inside the nucleus.
Cell Organelles Powr Point
Cells come in different sizes and shapes. All cells have a cell membrane which controls what enters and exits the cell, and cytoplasm which is a gel-like material. Only plants, algae, fungi and bacteria have cell walls. The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains genetic material. Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies carry out specific functions within the cell. Mitochondria convert energy from food into a form cells can use, while ribosomes produce proteins and the endoplasmic reticulum transports materials.
Cellular level of organization.pptx
This document provides an overview of cellular structure and function. It begins with definitions of the cell and its components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It then discusses cellular transport mechanisms, both passive (diffusion, osmosis, filtration) and active. The functions of the cell are outlined, including structure, growth, transport, energy production and metabolism. Finally, it briefly describes the four main types of cell junctions - tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions.
Cells
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, centrosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also discusses epithelial tissues, mesophyll tissue, and parenchyma cells.
Cells
The document summarizes the structure and function of eukaryotic cell organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, centrosome, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also describes differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and types of epithelial and plant tissues.
Cell
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular organization and structure. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. It then discusses the structures and functions of key cellular components in plant and animal cells, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, and vacuoles. Finally, it compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting things like size, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and cell division mechanisms.
The Cell Project
The document summarizes the structure and function of various organelles in the cell. It describes the nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA and directs protein production. It also describes the cell membrane, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, cilia, flagella, the cell wall, cytoplasm, microtubules, microfilaments, plastids, vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, the nucleolus, centrioles, and the cytoskeleton. Each organelle has a specific role in carrying out functions necessary for the cell.
Cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. Animal cells contain organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies that carry out important functions to keep the cell alive. Plant cells contain these same structures but also have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and chloroplasts that allow plants to perform photosynthesis. The structures work together within the cell to carry out functions necessary for life like protein synthesis, transporting materials, and producing energy.
Animal and plant cells
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, and other organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and chloroplasts. It also discusses distinguishing plant cell structures like the cell wall, plasmodesmata, and chloroplasts which are involved in photosynthesis.
Introduction Biochemistry for BPT Students
The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane as well as various intracellular organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document also covers cell transport mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport which uses ATP.
ICSE Class X Biology Cell The Structural and Functional Unit of Life
The cell is the structural and functional unit of the body. All living beings develop from pre-existing cells. Robert Hooke (1665) discovered the cell. He observed cork cells of a tree bark.
Animal cell
Cell organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, centrosome, ribosomes, and mitochondria are structures within animal cells that perform specific functions like controlling cell growth and producing energy. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane or biomembrane, covers the cell and its organelles, regulating the exchange of materials between cells and organelles through selective permeability. Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" as they help produce and store energy through cellular respiration.
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Cell structure
- 2. Cell is a basic unit of life
- 3. Type of cells Plant Cell Animal Cell
- 4. Cellular structure can simply be classified as - Outer covering( Cell membrane /cell wall) - Cytoplasm and its organelles - Nucleus
- 6. Controls the movement of material moving in and out of the cell.
- 8. It protects the plant cell and give it a definite shape.
- 9. It controls the activities of cell.
- 11. The vacuole stores the food, a variety of nutrients that a cell might need to survive or waste. In plant cells, vacuoles are much larger than in animal cells and they provide rigidity to the plant cell
- 12. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesizes and secretes proteins in the cells. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, the main lipids in cell membranes and are very important in the process of metabolism.
- 13. Its main function is to modify proteins. These modified proteins are placed in Golgi so that it can transport elsewhere in the cell when required.
- 14. Mitochondria is a double membrane-bound sausage shaped organelle. Also known as ‘powerhouse of the cell’. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration in the cell and it produces energy in the form of ATP.
- 15. Lysosomes are small membrane-bound sac-like structures which release digestive enzymes that break down food. They also remove the old and damaged or dead organelles from the cell and thus, protect the cell from further damage.