The document discusses the basic components of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets that orbit around it, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets like Pluto. It notes that the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are closest to the sun, while the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are farthest and larger. The moon is described as a natural satellite of Earth that orbits it over 28 days and goes through phases from new to full.