1) Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated into fractions of different molecular sizes and weights using fractional distillation. 2) Alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids are important organic compound classes that undergo reactions like addition, substitution, oxidation, elimination, cracking, and polymerization. 3) These compound classes are involved in important processes like the production of fuels from crude oil, and the synthesis of materials like plastics through polymerization reactions.

1. Year 12
Organic summary
Summary flow chart

2. Alkanes
Alkenes
Haloalkanes
Amines
Alcohols
Carboxylic Acids
Crude Oil
Alkynes
Polymers
Fractional
distillation
Addition
Addition
Oxidation
Addition
Oxidation
Cracking
Elimination
Substitution
Addition
Halogenation
Polymerisation
Substitution
Addition
Nucleophilic
substitution
Nucleophilic
substitution

3. Crude oil
• Crude oil is a naturally occurring
mixture of hydrocarbons of various
molecular weights (and/or chain
lengths)
• It is a form of fossilised fuel
• It can be separated by
fractional distillation
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4. Alkanes
• A series of compounds of carbon and
hydrogen which only have single carbon
bonds, and are non-polar
• Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2
• They can have straight chains or branched
chains
• Alkenes can undergo substitution reactions
and cracking reactions.
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Pentane (top) and 2 methyl
butane (bottom) are structural
isomers of C5H12

5. Alkenes
• are hydrocarbons that contain one or more
double bonds (also called unsaturated)
• General formula is for an alkene with 1
double bond CnH2n
• Alkenes undergo many organic reactions -
addition to form alkanes, addition to form
haloalkanes, addition to form alcohols
• Because they are unsaturated alkenes tend to undergo
addition rather then substitution reactions
• form non-polar molecules
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6. Alcohols
• Have a functional group OH, and the general formula
CnH2n+1OH
• Can form primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
depending on the position of the OH group.
• Due to the electronegativity difference of the O-H bond,
small chain alcohols are polar molecules that are soluble in
water
• Undergoes elimination reactions to form Alkenes,
Oxidation reaction to form Carboxylic acids, and
substitution reactions to form Haloalkanes
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7. Carboxylic acids
• Are organic acids. Example include vinegar
(ethanoic acid)
• Like Alcohols, small chain Carboxylic acids are
water soluble
• Organic acids act like acids in terms of acid base
reactions, but are considered weak acids
• You’ll learn more about this in 2.6 Chem reactivity
• Carboxylic acids are formed when primary
alcohols are oxidised with MnO4
-
/H+
or Cr207
2-
/H+
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8. Haloalkanes
• Have a functional group from the Halogens
• (Group 17 on the periodic table, includes Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine)
• Form polar bonds, but are only slightly soluble in
water
• Formed via a substitution reaction from alkanes,
substitution reactions from alcohol’s and addition
reactions from alkenes
• Will undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions to
form amines and alcohols
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9. Amines
• Have the functional group C-NH2
• Act as a base - turn litmus paper
blue
• Due to the electronegativity
difference between the N-H bond
they are soluble in water
• Are formed via a substitution
reaction from Haloalkanes Home

10. Alkynes
• are hydrocarbons that contain one
or more triple bonds
• General formula for alkynes with one triple bond is CnH2n-2
• Like Alkenes, they are unsaturated,
so undergo addition reactions. The
only one you need to know for Yr
12 is addition with H2 to form
alkenes
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11. Polymers
• Alkenes can under go addition
polymerisation
• It involves breaking a double bond, and
adding multiple monomers (mono = one)
together to make a polymer (Poly = many)
• Polymers are an important industry - some
common examples are polythene
(polyethene), nylon, kevlar (bullet proof vest
material), polyvinyl cholride (PVC).
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12. Fractional distillation
• Fractional distillation
is the separation of a
mixture by their
boiling points
• Different lengths of
alkanes will have
different boiling
points, allowing them
to be separated
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13. Addition reaction
• Addition reactions involving adding
another molecule to an alkene or alkyne
across the double or triple bond
• The structure of the product will depend
on Markinov’s Rule
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14. Addition: Oxidation
• Addition reactions involving oxidation
are used to form alcohols from alkenes,
and carboxylic acids from alcohols.
• The most common agents used are
Potassium permanganate and potassium
dichromate - you should recall the
colour changes from the redox internal.
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15. Cracking
• Cracking is the process in which a long
chained alkane can be cracked into two
shorted - chained compounds
• This produces an alkene and an alkane
• If H2 is present, two alkanes will form.
• This process occurs either when the long chained
alkane is heated strongly, or is heated in the presence
of a catalyst
• most frequently for Level 2, this is heated to 200 0
C,
and the catalyst is Nickel or Iron
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16. Elimination
• A reaction where something is eliminated
from a molecule, resulting in a double (or
triple) bond forming
• Most commonly refers to the elimination of the
OH functional group from an alcohol to form
an alkene
• The reaction requires an acid catalyst, usually conc H2SO4
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17. Substitution:
Alkane --> Haloalkane
• This is an extremely slow
reaction, and requires the
presence of UV light
• This test is often used to
distinguish between
alkanes and alkenes, as the
reaction of alkenes is much
faster
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18. Addition: Halogenation
• Does not require a catalyst
and breaks a double bond
• Often used to distinguish
between alkanes and alkenes,
as the reaction of alkenes
occurs quickly
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19. Polymerisation
• Alkenes can form together to
make polymers
• Some common examples include
PVC, teflon and polypropene
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20. Substitution:
Alcohol --> Haloalkanes
• Alcohols can form haloalkanes under
specific conditions
• reaction with PCl5(or PCl3), SOCl2, or a mix of HCl and ZnCl2 known
as the lucas reagent. Lucas reagent is used to distinguish between
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
• More common is nucleophilic
substitution from a haloalkane to an
alcohol Home

21. Markinov’s Rule
• is that the rich get richer
• So the carbon atom with
the most Hydrogen
atoms will get more
Hydrogen atoms
• This is true for addition
reactions for alkenes and
alkynes
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22. Nucleophilic substitution
• A ‘Nucleophile’ is a molecule attracted to a
nucleus/positive charge
• this type of substitution occurs with Haloalkanes due to the
electronegativity difference between the halogen (eg Cl) and the
Carbon, which creates a slight positive charge
• this allows the lone pairs on OH-
,
H2O or NH3 (alc) to attack the
positive charge, and substitute
functional groups to form alcohols
and amines respectively
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