This document discusses the properties and reactivity of metals. It begins by describing the physical properties of metals, such as their hardness, malleability and conductivity. It then discusses the chemical properties of metals, including how they form positive ions and react with oxygen, water and acids. The document introduces metal alloys and explains why they are stronger than pure metals. It also defines the reactivity series and uses it to predict and describe the reactions of different metals. The document discusses the reactions of various metal compounds and how the position of metals in the reactivity series affects their reactivity and the stability of their compounds.
The document provides information about grade 10 IGCSE chemistry content related to properties and reactions of metals. It discusses distinguishing metals from non-metals, reactivity series, extraction of metals like iron from ores, and uses of metals such as aluminum and zinc. It also describes physical and chemical properties of metals, structure and properties of alloys, and reactions of metals with water, steam, and acids to determine reactivity order.
The document discusses the chemical properties of alkali metals. It explains that alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen and water. The reactivity increases down the group as the atoms get larger, shielding the outer electrons from the nucleus and making them easier to lose. Equations for reactions of lithium, sodium, and potassium with oxygen, water, and other substances are provided. Flame tests for group 2 metals are also discussed.
An electrochemical cell consists of two different metals submerged in an electrolyte such as an acid or salt solution. Electrons flow from the more reactive metal, creating a voltage. For example, in a zinc-copper cell, zinc releases electrons into the electrolyte more readily than copper, becoming the negative electrode. The electrons flow to the copper electrode.
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It explains that early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands began classifying elements based on their properties, but that Dmitri Mendeleev created the first recognizable periodic table in 1871. His table arranged elements in order of atomic mass and predicted properties of undiscovered elements. Later, Moseley's discovery of atomic number allowed the modern periodic table to arrange elements by atomic number instead of mass. The document also discusses trends in properties within the periodic table.
The document summarizes key information about d-block and f-block elements. It discusses:
- The d-block elements have their d orbitals progressively filled in each period, while the f-block elements have their 4f and 5f orbitals filled in the latter two periods.
- Transition metals exhibit a variety of oxidation states, melting points, atomic radii, and magnetic properties due to their incompletely filled d orbitals.
- Properties vary periodically across each series as the nuclear charge increases, with factors like ionization energies and electronegativity influencing stability and reactivity.
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It describes early classification systems developed by Dobereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev. Mendeleev arranged elements in order of atomic mass and left gaps for undiscovered elements, correctly predicting their properties. The modern periodic table is arranged by atomic number instead of mass. The 7th period is now complete with the discovery of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 as announced by IUPAC. The periodic table is divided into periods and groups based on electron configuration and properties repeat periodically.
Covalent bonding forms between non-metals through the sharing of electron pairs, which can be represented as single, double, or triple bonds between the atoms. Water (H2O) is an example of a covalent molecule where oxygen shares electron pairs with two hydrogen atoms in a bent geometry.
The document provides information about grade 10 IGCSE chemistry content related to properties and reactions of metals. It discusses distinguishing metals from non-metals, reactivity series, extraction of metals like iron from ores, and uses of metals such as aluminum and zinc. It also describes physical and chemical properties of metals, structure and properties of alloys, and reactions of metals with water, steam, and acids to determine reactivity order.
The document discusses the chemical properties of alkali metals. It explains that alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen and water. The reactivity increases down the group as the atoms get larger, shielding the outer electrons from the nucleus and making them easier to lose. Equations for reactions of lithium, sodium, and potassium with oxygen, water, and other substances are provided. Flame tests for group 2 metals are also discussed.
An electrochemical cell consists of two different metals submerged in an electrolyte such as an acid or salt solution. Electrons flow from the more reactive metal, creating a voltage. For example, in a zinc-copper cell, zinc releases electrons into the electrolyte more readily than copper, becoming the negative electrode. The electrons flow to the copper electrode.
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It explains that early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands began classifying elements based on their properties, but that Dmitri Mendeleev created the first recognizable periodic table in 1871. His table arranged elements in order of atomic mass and predicted properties of undiscovered elements. Later, Moseley's discovery of atomic number allowed the modern periodic table to arrange elements by atomic number instead of mass. The document also discusses trends in properties within the periodic table.
The document summarizes key information about d-block and f-block elements. It discusses:
- The d-block elements have their d orbitals progressively filled in each period, while the f-block elements have their 4f and 5f orbitals filled in the latter two periods.
- Transition metals exhibit a variety of oxidation states, melting points, atomic radii, and magnetic properties due to their incompletely filled d orbitals.
- Properties vary periodically across each series as the nuclear charge increases, with factors like ionization energies and electronegativity influencing stability and reactivity.
The document discusses the history and development of the periodic table. It describes early classification systems developed by Dobereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev. Mendeleev arranged elements in order of atomic mass and left gaps for undiscovered elements, correctly predicting their properties. The modern periodic table is arranged by atomic number instead of mass. The 7th period is now complete with the discovery of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 as announced by IUPAC. The periodic table is divided into periods and groups based on electron configuration and properties repeat periodically.
Covalent bonding forms between non-metals through the sharing of electron pairs, which can be represented as single, double, or triple bonds between the atoms. Water (H2O) is an example of a covalent molecule where oxygen shares electron pairs with two hydrogen atoms in a bent geometry.
The document discusses the reactivity and reactions of various metals, including:
- Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, and this reaction can be sped up by burning the metal.
- Metals react with water and acids to form metal hydroxides/oxides or salts and release hydrogen gas.
- More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from compounds in a displacement reaction.
- Metals are extracted from their ores using electrolysis or heating with carbon in a blast furnace.
This document discusses reactivity of metals and minerals. It begins by describing the different types of minerals found in rocks and ores, including natural elements like gold and compounds like limestone. It then explains how the reactivity of metals can be determined by observing their reactions with oxygen and other substances. Experiments are described to determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series by observing whether they can displace metals from metal oxides when heated. The document concludes that understanding the reactivity series is important for extracting metals from their ores.
Metallic bonding results from the attraction between metal cations and delocalized electrons in the "sea" of electrons. This allows electrons to move freely throughout the metal and form metallic bonds between atoms. Metallic bonding gives metals properties like high melting points, conductivity of heat and electricity, and malleability.
This document discusses various chemical reactions that occur in everyday life, including respiration, combustion, burning, explosions caused by dust, reactions with oxygen like rusting metals and food becoming rancid, and hand warmers. It explains the reactants and products of these reactions, as well as factors that can speed up or slow down the reactions. Prevention methods for rust are also outlined, and exothermic and endothermic reactions are defined.
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
This document discusses coordination compounds and chemistry. It defines coordination compounds as containing metal complexes, which are central metal atoms bonded to ligands. Coordination compounds form when the ligands, usually anions or polar molecules with lone pairs, bond to the metal via coordinate covalent bonds. Alfred Werner proposed that metals have both a primary oxidation state and a secondary coordination number equal to the number of directly bonded ligands. The document discusses isomers, geometries, ligands, and uses Werner's theory to explain properties of coordination compounds.
Class 12 The d-and f-Block Elements.pptxNamanGamer3
The document provides information on various topics related to d-block elements or transition elements including:
- Their electronic configurations with d orbitals being progressively filled
- Properties like high melting points and variable oxidation states arising due to unfilled d orbitals
- Trends in properties across periods and groups like decreasing atomic size but similar atomic radii between 2nd and 3rd transition series due to lanthanide contraction
- Transition metals exhibiting magnetic properties when they contain unpaired electrons and forming colored ions through d-d transitions
The document discusses combination reactions, which are chemical reactions where two or more substances combine to form a single new substance. It provides several examples of combination reactions, such as magnesium and oxygen combining to form magnesium oxide, sodium and chlorine combining to form sodium chloride when heated, and calcium oxide combining with water to form calcium hydroxide and release heat in an exothermic reaction. The document notes that combination reactions can be exothermic, as seen in the example of calcium oxide and water, and lists other examples of exothermic reactions like respiration and burning natural gas.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 (The Structure of Atom)Homi Institute
The document summarizes key concepts about the structure of atoms and types of radiation. It discusses three common types of radiation emitted during radioactive decay - alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. It provides examples of nuclei that undergo alpha and beta decay, such as U-238 and Th-230. The document also explains that a beta particle is a high energy electron emitted from the nucleus during beta decay.
This document provides an overview of coordination compounds and key concepts in coordination chemistry. It discusses the discovery of coordination compounds, Werner's theory of coordination compounds, types of ligands and isomerism in coordination compounds. Specifically, it introduces coordination numbers, colors and shapes of complexes, IUPAC nomenclature, bonding theories like VBT and CFT. It also discusses applications of coordination compounds in daily life and metallurgy. Common coordination polyhedra and their geometries are described.
This document discusses chemical bonding and macromolecular structures. It begins by explaining the different types of bonds - ionic bonds formed between metals and non-metals by electron transfer, and covalent bonds formed between non-metals by electron sharing. It describes the properties of ionic and covalent compounds. It then discusses macromolecular structures found in substances like diamond, graphite and metals. It explains metallic bonding and compares the structures and properties of diamond and graphite. In the end, it discusses the different uses of diamond and graphite based on their properties.
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11th chapter 3...ritik
The document discusses the classification of elements and periodic trends in properties according to the periodic table. It summarizes Mendeleev's periodic law and how he arranged elements in a table based on increasing atomic weight and similar properties in vertical columns. It discusses modern revisions to the periodic table based on atomic number. The document then explains trends in various physical and chemical properties across the periodic table, including atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and oxidation states. It discusses how properties vary periodically based on an element's position in the s, p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table.
Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal atoms when they form ions. Metals form positive ions by losing electrons, filling their outer electron shells. Non-metals form negative ions by gaining electrons. The oppositely charged ions are attracted in an ionic compound via electrostatic forces. Sodium chloride is an example where sodium atoms lose electrons to become Na+ ions and chloride atoms gain electrons to become Cl- ions. The ions are arranged in a crystal lattice structure held together by ionic bonds.
1) The document discusses classical ideas of oxidation and reduction reactions by defining them as addition or removal of oxygen, hydrogen, or electronegative/electropositive elements.
2) It then moves to discussing redox reactions in terms of electron transfer, defining oxidation as loss of electrons and reduction as gain of electrons.
3) Rules for calculating oxidation numbers are provided, including that the sum of oxidation numbers in a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Stock notation is also introduced for representing oxidation states.
4) Examples are given of identifying oxidizing and reducing agents, balancing redox reactions using the oxidation number method, and classifying reactions as redox based on changes in oxidation numbers.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIESsarunkumar31
periodic table, modern periodic law, nomenclature of elements greater than 100,electronic configuration and types of elements,periodic trends in properties of elements.ionization enthalpy, effective nuclear charge, electronegativity, s, p d and f block elements, covalent radius, ionic radius, predicition of group, period and block, electron gain enthalpy, periodic trends and chemical reactivity
Revision Slides for AQA A-Level Chemistry on the Group Two Elements. Designed for the new Exam Series of June 2017, but relevant for all series and exam boards.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the modern periodic table. Elements are arranged horizontally in order of increasing atomic number and grouped vertically into columns based on their electron configurations. The periodic table is divided into blocks including s-, p-, d- and f-blocks. An element's position in the table is determined by its atomic number and electron configuration, especially the outermost electrons.
condition for the chemical change ICSE class 9tabishkamran
in this module will discuss about the condition for the chemical change . what are the factors are responsible for the chemical change. and idea of catalyst
This document discusses alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines these compounds and describes their structures. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon, while phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic carbon. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of a hydrogen. The document classifies these compounds based on the number and position of functional groups. It also discusses their naming conventions, physical properties, bonding, and methods of synthesis.
The document discusses metals and non-metals. It describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals have opposite properties. It also discusses how metals and non-metals react with oxygen, water, acids and how displacement reactions can be used to determine reactivity order. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction using chemical/electrochemical methods depending on their reactivity.
This document discusses the properties and reactivity of metals. It begins by describing the physical properties of metals, such as their hardness, malleability, conductivity and high melting points. It then discusses the chemical properties of metals, explaining how they form positive ions and react with oxygen, water and acids. Key points covered include the structure of pure metals and alloys, the reactivity series, and how the reactivity of metals relates to their tendency to form ions. Reactions of specific metals like magnesium, sodium and calcium are described. The document also addresses the passivating effect of metal oxides like aluminum oxide.
This document is a chapter from a textbook on metals and their reactivity. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals, including their structure and properties of alloys. It introduces the reactivity series of metals and how their reactivity relates to their tendency to form ions. The chapter describes displacement reactions between metals and explains how the reactivity series can be used to predict these reactions. It also discusses the reduction of metal oxides by carbon and hydrogen as well as the thermal stability of different metal compounds. In summary, the chapter provides an overview of metals and uses the reactivity series to explain and predict their chemical behaviors.
The document discusses the reactivity and reactions of various metals, including:
- Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, and this reaction can be sped up by burning the metal.
- Metals react with water and acids to form metal hydroxides/oxides or salts and release hydrogen gas.
- More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from compounds in a displacement reaction.
- Metals are extracted from their ores using electrolysis or heating with carbon in a blast furnace.
This document discusses reactivity of metals and minerals. It begins by describing the different types of minerals found in rocks and ores, including natural elements like gold and compounds like limestone. It then explains how the reactivity of metals can be determined by observing their reactions with oxygen and other substances. Experiments are described to determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series by observing whether they can displace metals from metal oxides when heated. The document concludes that understanding the reactivity series is important for extracting metals from their ores.
Metallic bonding results from the attraction between metal cations and delocalized electrons in the "sea" of electrons. This allows electrons to move freely throughout the metal and form metallic bonds between atoms. Metallic bonding gives metals properties like high melting points, conductivity of heat and electricity, and malleability.
This document discusses various chemical reactions that occur in everyday life, including respiration, combustion, burning, explosions caused by dust, reactions with oxygen like rusting metals and food becoming rancid, and hand warmers. It explains the reactants and products of these reactions, as well as factors that can speed up or slow down the reactions. Prevention methods for rust are also outlined, and exothermic and endothermic reactions are defined.
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
This document discusses coordination compounds and chemistry. It defines coordination compounds as containing metal complexes, which are central metal atoms bonded to ligands. Coordination compounds form when the ligands, usually anions or polar molecules with lone pairs, bond to the metal via coordinate covalent bonds. Alfred Werner proposed that metals have both a primary oxidation state and a secondary coordination number equal to the number of directly bonded ligands. The document discusses isomers, geometries, ligands, and uses Werner's theory to explain properties of coordination compounds.
Class 12 The d-and f-Block Elements.pptxNamanGamer3
The document provides information on various topics related to d-block elements or transition elements including:
- Their electronic configurations with d orbitals being progressively filled
- Properties like high melting points and variable oxidation states arising due to unfilled d orbitals
- Trends in properties across periods and groups like decreasing atomic size but similar atomic radii between 2nd and 3rd transition series due to lanthanide contraction
- Transition metals exhibiting magnetic properties when they contain unpaired electrons and forming colored ions through d-d transitions
The document discusses combination reactions, which are chemical reactions where two or more substances combine to form a single new substance. It provides several examples of combination reactions, such as magnesium and oxygen combining to form magnesium oxide, sodium and chlorine combining to form sodium chloride when heated, and calcium oxide combining with water to form calcium hydroxide and release heat in an exothermic reaction. The document notes that combination reactions can be exothermic, as seen in the example of calcium oxide and water, and lists other examples of exothermic reactions like respiration and burning natural gas.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 (The Structure of Atom)Homi Institute
The document summarizes key concepts about the structure of atoms and types of radiation. It discusses three common types of radiation emitted during radioactive decay - alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. It provides examples of nuclei that undergo alpha and beta decay, such as U-238 and Th-230. The document also explains that a beta particle is a high energy electron emitted from the nucleus during beta decay.
This document provides an overview of coordination compounds and key concepts in coordination chemistry. It discusses the discovery of coordination compounds, Werner's theory of coordination compounds, types of ligands and isomerism in coordination compounds. Specifically, it introduces coordination numbers, colors and shapes of complexes, IUPAC nomenclature, bonding theories like VBT and CFT. It also discusses applications of coordination compounds in daily life and metallurgy. Common coordination polyhedra and their geometries are described.
This document discusses chemical bonding and macromolecular structures. It begins by explaining the different types of bonds - ionic bonds formed between metals and non-metals by electron transfer, and covalent bonds formed between non-metals by electron sharing. It describes the properties of ionic and covalent compounds. It then discusses macromolecular structures found in substances like diamond, graphite and metals. It explains metallic bonding and compares the structures and properties of diamond and graphite. In the end, it discusses the different uses of diamond and graphite based on their properties.
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties class 11th chapter 3...ritik
The document discusses the classification of elements and periodic trends in properties according to the periodic table. It summarizes Mendeleev's periodic law and how he arranged elements in a table based on increasing atomic weight and similar properties in vertical columns. It discusses modern revisions to the periodic table based on atomic number. The document then explains trends in various physical and chemical properties across the periodic table, including atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and oxidation states. It discusses how properties vary periodically based on an element's position in the s, p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table.
Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal atoms when they form ions. Metals form positive ions by losing electrons, filling their outer electron shells. Non-metals form negative ions by gaining electrons. The oppositely charged ions are attracted in an ionic compound via electrostatic forces. Sodium chloride is an example where sodium atoms lose electrons to become Na+ ions and chloride atoms gain electrons to become Cl- ions. The ions are arranged in a crystal lattice structure held together by ionic bonds.
1) The document discusses classical ideas of oxidation and reduction reactions by defining them as addition or removal of oxygen, hydrogen, or electronegative/electropositive elements.
2) It then moves to discussing redox reactions in terms of electron transfer, defining oxidation as loss of electrons and reduction as gain of electrons.
3) Rules for calculating oxidation numbers are provided, including that the sum of oxidation numbers in a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Stock notation is also introduced for representing oxidation states.
4) Examples are given of identifying oxidizing and reducing agents, balancing redox reactions using the oxidation number method, and classifying reactions as redox based on changes in oxidation numbers.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIESsarunkumar31
periodic table, modern periodic law, nomenclature of elements greater than 100,electronic configuration and types of elements,periodic trends in properties of elements.ionization enthalpy, effective nuclear charge, electronegativity, s, p d and f block elements, covalent radius, ionic radius, predicition of group, period and block, electron gain enthalpy, periodic trends and chemical reactivity
Revision Slides for AQA A-Level Chemistry on the Group Two Elements. Designed for the new Exam Series of June 2017, but relevant for all series and exam boards.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the modern periodic table. Elements are arranged horizontally in order of increasing atomic number and grouped vertically into columns based on their electron configurations. The periodic table is divided into blocks including s-, p-, d- and f-blocks. An element's position in the table is determined by its atomic number and electron configuration, especially the outermost electrons.
condition for the chemical change ICSE class 9tabishkamran
in this module will discuss about the condition for the chemical change . what are the factors are responsible for the chemical change. and idea of catalyst
This document discusses alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines these compounds and describes their structures. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon, while phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic carbon. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of a hydrogen. The document classifies these compounds based on the number and position of functional groups. It also discusses their naming conventions, physical properties, bonding, and methods of synthesis.
The document discusses metals and non-metals. It describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals have opposite properties. It also discusses how metals and non-metals react with oxygen, water, acids and how displacement reactions can be used to determine reactivity order. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction using chemical/electrochemical methods depending on their reactivity.
This document discusses the properties and reactivity of metals. It begins by describing the physical properties of metals, such as their hardness, malleability, conductivity and high melting points. It then discusses the chemical properties of metals, explaining how they form positive ions and react with oxygen, water and acids. Key points covered include the structure of pure metals and alloys, the reactivity series, and how the reactivity of metals relates to their tendency to form ions. Reactions of specific metals like magnesium, sodium and calcium are described. The document also addresses the passivating effect of metal oxides like aluminum oxide.
This document is a chapter from a textbook on metals and their reactivity. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals, including their structure and properties of alloys. It introduces the reactivity series of metals and how their reactivity relates to their tendency to form ions. The chapter describes displacement reactions between metals and explains how the reactivity series can be used to predict these reactions. It also discusses the reduction of metal oxides by carbon and hydrogen as well as the thermal stability of different metal compounds. In summary, the chapter provides an overview of metals and uses the reactivity series to explain and predict their chemical behaviors.
This chapter discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals. Metals are usually hard, shiny, malleable and ductile. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Chemically, metals form positive ions and react with acids, oxygen, water and steam to form salts and release hydrogen gas. The reactivity of metals can be predicted based on their reactivity series, with more reactive metals displacing less reactive ones from their compounds. Alloys are stronger than pure metals due to disrupted atomic layers.
Core & Extension Metals I Reactivity Series & Redox.pptxMathandScienced
1. The document discusses the reactivity series of metals and how to determine the order of reactivity. It describes experiments where metals are tested for reactivity by reaction with water, acids, and carbon.
2. Based on the experiments, potassium is the most reactive metal, followed by sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper in decreasing reactivity. Carbon is placed between aluminum and zinc in the reactivity series.
3. Aluminum appears less reactive in the series due to the formation of a protective oxide layer. This layer prevents further reaction, unlike the soft oxide layers of less reactive metals.
The questions of chapter metals and non metals all in one place to access. This question bank make the students useful to prepare for the 10th board exams.
This is a summary of the topic "metals" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
The document discusses the process of extracting metals from ores. It begins by explaining how the reactivity of metals determines whether they are found in nature in elemental form or as compounds in ores. Extraction involves removing impurities from the ore, converting metal compounds to oxides, and then reducing the oxides to elemental metals. Less reactive metals can be extracted by heating while more reactive metals require electrolysis or displacement by other reactive metals. The pure metals may then be refined electrolytically to remove remaining impurities.
The document describes various properties of metals. It discusses the physical properties of metals, including their high melting and boiling points, malleability, ductility, and ability to conduct heat and electricity well. It also describes alloys as mixtures of metals that are stronger than pure metals. Additionally, the document outlines some chemical properties of metals, such as their reactivity patterns and reactions with water, steam, and acids according to the reactivity series. It provides examples of equations to represent these reactions.
This document discusses a science presentation about the properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. It lists the group members giving the presentation and describes several properties of metals like malleability and conductivity. It then discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, acids, salt solutions, chlorine, hydrogen and how alloys are formed and used. For non-metals, it summarizes their reactions with oxygen, water, acids, salt solutions, chlorine, hydrogen and describes ionic compounds.
This document provides an overview of metals and non-metals. It discusses their physical and chemical properties, including how metals react with oxygen, water, acids, and other substances. Metals are solid, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. They form basic oxides and react vigorously with acids. Non-metals do not have these properties and are usually gases or solids. The document also covers extraction methods for metals and corrosion prevention.
The document discusses the s-block elements, specifically focusing on the alkali metals. It provides an introduction and table of contents. It then discusses the electronic configuration of s-block elements and lists the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The next sections provide details on the characteristics properties of alkali metals, including their electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, and flame coloration. Further sections describe the atomic and physical properties and chemical properties of alkali metals, including their reactivity towards air, water, hydrogen, and halogens. Applications of some alkali metals are also mentioned. References are listed at the end.
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals are found either in their free state or combined as compounds in minerals and ores. It then discusses the various types of ores containing different metals such as oxides, sulfides, halides, etc. It also provides examples of common ores for metals like aluminum, zinc, iron, copper, sodium, potassium, lead, tin, and silver. Finally, it notes that the extraction process involves grouping metals based on their reactivity in the reactivity series, with less reactive metals sometimes found in their free state and more reactive metals requiring extraction from ionic compounds in their ores.
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals are found either in their free state or combined as compounds in minerals and ores. It then outlines some common metal ores such as bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) for aluminum, zinc blende (ZnS) for zinc, and hematite (Fe2O3) for iron. Finally, it notes that the steps in extracting metal from ore depend on the reactivity of the metal. Highly reactive metals require more processing steps since they must be extracted from their ionic compounds in the ore. Less reactive metals like gold and silver are sometimes found in their free state.
The document discusses the reactivity and extraction of various metals. It introduces the reactivity series, which ranks metals based on their reactivity with oxygen, acids, and water. More reactive metals are higher in the series and displace less reactive ones. Extraction methods depend on reactivity - less reactive metals like copper can be extracted by heating their ores with carbon, while very reactive metals require electrolysis.
1. The document discusses various properties and reactions involving metals and non-metals. It describes the structure of alloys and how they are stronger than pure metals.
2. Key extraction methods are related to a metal's position in the reactivity series, such as electrolysis of reactive metals and blast furnaces for less reactive metals.
3. Common uses of metals such as aluminum, zinc, and iron alloys are explained in terms of the metals' properties including strength, corrosion resistance, and galvanization.
Metal-and-Non-metal-10 BEST FOR CBSE STUDENTS.pptxravisharma1308
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and react with oxygen, water, and acids. Non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas, are not malleable, conduct heat and electricity poorly, and do not react the same as metals. The reactivity of different metals is explained through the activity series. Common extraction methods include concentration, reduction, and refining. Corrosion and prevention methods are also outlined.
The document discusses the properties and reactivity of metals. It describes experiments to determine the reactivity series of metals by observing their reactions with water, steam, and dilute acids. Metals react differently in each test based on their positions in the reactivity series, from most reactive to least reactive. The reactivity series allows prediction of other reactions like reduction of metal oxides and decomposition of metal carbonates.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases and are not malleable. It explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts. The reactivity of common metals is ranked in a reactivity series. The document also summarizes how metals are extracted from their ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes. Electrolytic extraction and refining methods are described for reactive metals.
This document contains questions and answers about metals and non-metals. It discusses examples of different types of metals based on their properties, such as mercury being liquid at room temperature. It also defines terms like malleable and ductile. Additional questions cover topics such as why sodium is stored in kerosene oil, displacement reactions between metals and solutions, and the reactivity series of metals. The document also discusses obtaining metals from oxides, alloys, corrosion prevention, and distinguishing metals from non-metals using physical tests.
Chapter 3.metals and non metals priya jhaPriya Jha
An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler substances or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There are 118 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring, while the rest have been prepared artificially. Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties, which are correlated with their placement in the periodic table.Metals
With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids.Metalloids
Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic. The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the group in which it is located.
The document provides examples of algorithms using different loop structures. It includes an example of an if/else conditional statement to determine if a student passed an exam based on a 55 point pass mark. It also gives examples of a for loop to read and print a price list of 10 items, a while loop to continuously prompt a user for input until they enter 0, and a repeat loop to also continuously prompt for input until 0 is entered and print each number.
Variables are containers that store and hold values that can be manipulated during a program's execution. They are usually stored in RAM and can be modified. Constants also store values but cannot be modified during execution and are stored in ROM. It is important to choose clear, meaningful names for variables and constants that disclose what they represent. Common variable data types include integers, floating point numbers, characters, Booleans, and strings.
The document provides examples of algorithms using different loop structures. It includes an example of an if/else conditional statement to determine if a student passed an exam based on a 55 point pass mark. It also gives examples of a for loop to read and print a price list of 10 items, a while loop to continuously prompt a user for input until they enter 0, and a repeat loop to also continuously prompt for input until 0 is entered and print each number.
This document provides an overview of chemical bonding concepts including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. It discusses how ionic bonds form via the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals to form oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds are described as the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. Metallic bonding is explained as a "sea of electrons" that holds positively charged metal ions in a lattice structure. The properties of ionic compounds, covalent compounds, and metals are contrasted. Examples of giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite are analyzed in terms of their bonding and properties. Learning outcomes are stated throughout to guide the reader.
1) Volumetric analysis involves titrating a solution of known concentration against an unknown solution to determine the concentration of the unknown.
2) The document discusses key steps in volumetric analysis including using a pipette to accurately measure a fixed volume of the unknown solution, and a burette to slowly add and measure the titrating solution.
3) Indicators are used to signal the endpoint of the titration reaction, and multiple titrations should be carried out to obtain consistent results. The concentration of the unknown can then be calculated using the titration data and balanced chemical equation.
The document provides information on elements and compounds. It defines an element as a substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical means, while a compound is made up of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Elements are the fundamental building blocks and are made of only one type of atom. Compounds have molecules made of two or more atom types. The document explains how to write chemical formulas and balanced equations to represent elements, compounds and chemical reactions.
This document discusses relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass. It defines these terms and explains how they are calculated by comparing the mass of an atom or molecule to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom. The key points covered are:
- Relative atomic mass is the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
- Relative molecular mass is the average mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom. It is calculated by adding the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the molecule.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating relative atomic masses from the periodic table and relative molecular masses by adding atomic masses
This document provides information about qualitative analysis, including identifying gases, cations, and anions in an unknown sample through a series of tests. It outlines the key steps in qualitative analysis: making preliminary observations of the sample, carrying out tests in a specific order, recording observations, drawing conclusions, and identifying the unknown substance. It also provides tables of solubility rules, expected observations for common gas tests and reactions with reagents to identify cations and anions. The goal of qualitative analysis is to use systematic testing to determine the components present in an unknown substance.
The document describes non-metals and their properties. It discusses key non-metals like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine and sulfur. It explains that non-metals have higher electronegativity and are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity. The document also outlines several industrial processes for producing important non-metal compounds like chlorine, sulfuric acid and ammonia.
The document discusses enthalpy changes and exothermic and endothermic reactions. It defines exothermic reactions as reactions where heat energy is released to the surroundings, giving a negative enthalpy change. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, having a positive enthalpy change. Bond breaking requires energy and is endothermic, while bond forming releases energy and is exothermic. Whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic depends on if more energy is released or absorbed during bond breaking and forming.
This document provides an overview of polymers and includes definitions, examples, and properties. It begins by defining polymers as macromolecules made up of monomers linked together. It describes the two types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Examples of addition polymers include polyethene, PVC, and Teflon. Condensation polymers include nylon, polyesters, and proteins. The document also discusses the structure of polymers, properties, uses, and environmental impacts of plastics.
This document discusses fossil fuels and petroleum. It identifies natural gas and petroleum as natural sources of hydrocarbons. It lists the main uses of at least three fractions obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum. It also describes cracking of petroleum fractions, which is the process of breaking large petroleum molecules into smaller molecules using heat and catalysts, in order to produce more useful lighter fractions.
The document outlines learning outcomes and content about hydrocarbons. It discusses the bonding ability of carbon and classification of organic compounds. It then focuses on the homologous series, structures, properties and reactions of two types of hydrocarbons - alkanes and alkenes. For alkanes, it describes the alkane homologous series, structures of alkanes, and their combustion and substitution reactions with halogens. For alkenes, it covers similar topics including their unsaturated nature and addition reactions with halogens.
This document discusses reaction rates and factors that affect reaction rates. It begins by explaining what reaction rate means and how it can be measured by determining the amount of product formed, reactant used, or time taken for a reaction to complete. It then discusses several factors that affect reaction rates, including temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts, and pressure. Higher temperatures, concentrations, smaller particle sizes, and presence of catalysts generally increase reaction rates by increasing the frequency and energy of collisions between reacting particles. The document also explains collision theory and how catalysts work by lowering activation energy or increasing surface area of reactants. Real-world examples of reaction rates and catalyst uses are provided.
The document outlines key concepts in electrochemistry including:
- Conductors and electrolytes allow electric currents through movement of charged particles. Electrolytes must be molten or dissolved.
- During electrolysis, cations move to the cathode and are reduced while anions move to the anode and are oxidized.
- Products depend on the electrolyte - molten salts produce metals at the cathode and nonmetals at the anode, while solutions can produce gases from water. Reactions follow selective discharge principles.
This document outlines key concepts about acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and discusses their properties, including reacting with metals and carbonates. Bases are defined as metal oxides or hydroxides, while alkalis are soluble bases. The document discusses the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. It also defines the four types of oxides and how salts are formed through neutralization reactions between acids and bases. Key terms like indicators, strong/weak acids, and methods of preparing salts are also summarized.
This document provides information about the mole concept in chemistry. It defines the mole as the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. It then discusses how to calculate the number of moles, mass of one mole of atoms or molecules, and molar mass. The document also explains how to derive empirical and molecular formulas from percentage composition data and relative molecular masses. It provides examples of calculating limiting reactants and the molar volume of gases.
This document provides an overview of chemical bonding and different types of bonds. It begins by explaining ionic bonds which are formed by the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals. Sodium chloride is given as an example. Covalent bonds are then introduced and involve the sharing of electrons between non-metals like hydrogen and oxygen. The properties of ionic and covalent compounds are contrasted. Ionic compounds have high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved, while covalent compounds have lower melting points and do not conduct electricity. Metallic bonding is described involving positive metal ions in a "sea of electrons". Finally, macromolecular structures like diamond and graphite are discussed and how their different bonding structures
This document discusses periodic trends in elements across periods and down groups in the periodic table. It explains that elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons and thus similar chemical properties, while periods are related to the number of electron shells. Metals are on the left side of the table and become more nonmetallic from left to right across periods as atomic number increases.
The document outlines key concepts about atomic structure including the structure of atoms with protons, neutrons and electrons, atomic number and mass number, electron configuration, isotopes, ions, and molecules of elements and compounds. It also provides learning outcomes for describing atomic structure and properties as well as interpreting atomic symbols and notations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Metals and their Reactivity
1. Describe the physical and chemical properties of
metals;
Explain why metal alloys are often used in place of
metals;
Discuss the reactivity of metals, and deduce the order
of reactivity of metals based on experimental results
of data supplied
Describe the reactions of metallic hydroxides, nitrates
and carbonates
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
2. Physical Properties of metals
Metals are usually hard and shiny.
They are malleable (can be bent or hammered
into sheets) and ductile (can be stretched or
drawn into wires).
Pure metals are weak because their atoms can
slide over each other easily when a force is
applied.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
3. Physical Properties of metals
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Metals have high density.
They have high melting points and boiling points.
E.g. iron has a melting point of 1538 oC and
tungsten has a melting point of 3422 oC.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
4. Chemical Properties of metals
Metals lose electrons to form positively charged ions
(electropositive).
Cu Cu2+ + 2e−
Most metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Metals form basic oxides when they react with oxygen.
2Ca(s) + O2(g) 2CaO(s)
Most metals react with water to produce metallic hydroxides
and hydrogen gas.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
5. Structure of metals
The atoms of metals are packed
very closely together in neat layers.
Pure metals are weak
because the layers of atoms
can slide over one another
when a force is applied.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
6. Alloys of metals
A mixture of a metal with
another metal (or non-metal) is
called an alloy.
Brass
Bronze
Stainless steel
Brass is an alloy of copper and
zinc; bronze is an alloy of copper
and tin.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron
and small amounts of carbon,
chromium and nickel.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
7. Structure of alloys
In alloys, the atoms of different
metals or elements are of
different sizes.
This disrupts the orderly layers
of atoms and makes it harder
for the layers of atoms to slide
over one another when a force
is applied.
This explains why alloys are
harder and stronger than the
pure metals.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
8. Quick Check 1
1. State 2 physical properties of metals which make them
useful as constructing materials.
2. What is meant by the terms: “ malleable” and
“ ductile ” ?
3. What is an “ alloy” ? Give two examples of alloys.
4. Explain why alloys are harder and stronger than the pure
metals.
5. Explain why brass is used for making the pins of the power
plug, instead of pure copper.
Solution
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
9. 1. (a) Metals are strong and malleable.
(b) They can withstand high temperatures.
2. Malleable means it can be hammered into sheets without
breaking; Ductile means it can be stretched into wires without
breaking.
3. An alloy is a mixture of a metal with another element. Brass and
steel are examples of alloys.
4. Unlike pure metals, the atoms in an alloy are of different sizes.
This makes it more difficult for the atoms to slide over each other
when a force is applied.
5. Brass is harder and stronger than pure copper.
Return
Solution to Quick check 1
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
10. The Reactivity Series
The Reactivity Series
shows the order of
reactivity of metals in
their reactions with
water, steam, and
dilute acids.
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Most reactive
Least reactive
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
11. How to remember the Reactivity Series
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Katty’s
Naughty
Cat
Mingled with
Alice and
Zarina;
Fearlessly
Plundering her
Cupboard of
Silver
Most reactive
Least reactive
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
13. Reaction of potassium with water
The first three metals: potassium, sodium and calcium react
very vigorously with cold water to produce hydrogen gas and
an alkali.
When a small piece of potassium is placed into a trough of
water, it immediately bursts into flames, and moves rapidly on
the water surface. The hydrogen gas given off makes it burn
explosively. An alkali, potassium hydroxide, is also formed.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
14. Reaction of sodium with water
Sodium reacts less vigorously than
potassium with cold water.
When a small piece of sodium is placed into a
trough of water, it melts into a silvery ball and
darts about on the water surface. It may
occasionally burst into flame. An alkali, sodium
hydroxide, is left in the solution.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
15. Reaction of calcium with water
When a small piece of calcium is placed in a
beaker of water, it sinks to the bottom of the water.
It reacts vigorously with the water, producing
bubbles of hydrogen.
The water turns slightly milky due to the
formation of calcium hydroxide, which is not
very soluble in water.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
The hydrogen can be collected in a
test tube and tested with a lighted splint.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
pop
16. Reactions with steam
Magnesium, zinc and iron do not react with cold
water but react with steam when heated to
produce hydrogen and a metal oxide:
Equations:
Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + H2O(g) ZnO(s) + H2(g)
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
17. Reaction of magnesium with steam
When the test tube is heated,
steam is produced which reacts
with the hot magnesium ribbon.
An experiment is set up as
shown in the diagram.
The magnesium reacts with the steam,
producing hydrogen gas which burns at the
jet of the glass tube.
Mg + H2O MgO + H2
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
18. Reactions with dilute acids Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
……………………
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Zinc ( Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
……………………
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
All metals from lead and above
react with dilute acids to form a
salt and hydrogen.
The higher the metal is in the
reactivity series, the more
vigorous the reaction.
Potassium, sodium and
calcium will explode with
acids, while lead will only react
very slowly when heated.
React with
dilute acids
No reaction
with dilute
acids
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
19. Reactions of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid
The picture shows that magnesium reacts very vigorously with
dilute hydrochloric acid, followed by zinc.
Lead has almost no reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Copper does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
20. Non-reactivity of Aluminium Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
……………………
Magnesium (Mg)
Zinc ( Zn)
Iron (Fe)
…………………
Lead (Pb)
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Aluminium which is
relatively high in the
Reactivity Series seems to
have no reaction with water,
steam and dilute acids.
This is because aluminium is
coated with a thin layer of
aluminium oxide that is invisible to
the naked eye. This layer protects
the metal from contact with the
reagents.
Aluminium (Al)
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
21. Quick Check 2
1. Which metal is (a) the most reactive, (b) the least reactive, in the
reactivity series? (Exclude silver)
2. Arrange the following metals from the most reactive to the least reactive:
calcium, zinc, magnesium, sodium, copper and aluminium.
3. What gas is given out when metals react with water and dilute acids ?
4. Write a balanced chemical equation for the following reactions:
(i) sodium and water, (ii) magnesium with steam, (iii) zinc with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
5. When a piece of aluminium was placed in a test tube containing dilute
hydrochloric acid, there was no reaction. When the aluminium was
rubbed with some sodium hydroxide solution and then re-immersed in
the hydrochloric acid, the aluminium reacted vigorously with the acid.
Explain why this happens.
Solution
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
22. 1. (a) Potassium, (b) copper
2. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, copper
3. Hydrogen gas
4. (i) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) Mg(s) + H2O(l) MgO(s) + H2(g)
(iii) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
5. The piece of aluminium was coated with a layer of
aluminium oxide which protects it from the hydrochloric
acid. Rubbing it with sodium hydroxide removed the layer
of aluminium oxide, and hence the aluminium was able to
react with the hydrochloric acid.
Return
Solution to Quick check 2
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
23. The Reactivity series and ease of forming ions
The reactivity series is related to the ease of the metals in
forming positive ions by losing electrons.
The more easily a metal loses its outermost electron(s), the
more reactive it will be.
A more reactive metal will form a more stable compound with a
non-metal. Hence It is more difficult for oxides and carbonates
of the more reactive metals to be reduced or decomposed by
heat.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
24. Reduction of metal oxides
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Copper
Silver
Not reduced
by hydrogen
Reduced by
hydrogen
Not reduced by
carbon
Reduced by
carbon
(Carbon)
(Hydrogen)
25. Reduction of metal oxides by carbon
Oxides of metals which are below carbon in the
reactivity series are reduced to the metal when
heated with carbon.
This process is used in the industry to obtain the
metals from their ores.
Examples:
ZnO(s) + C(s) Zn(s) + CO(g)
CuO(s) + C(s) Cu(s) + CO(g)
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
26. Reduction of metal oxides by hydrogen
Oxides of metals which are below hydrogen in the
reactivity series are reduced to the metal when
heated with hydrogen.
Examples:
CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O (g)
AgO(s) + H2(g) Ag(s) + H2O(g)
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
27. Displacement Reactions
When a piece of zinc is placed in copper(II)
sulphate solution, a brown layer of copper
is formed on the surface of the zinc.
Zinc metal
Copper
coating
Copper(II)
sulphate
solution
The zinc has displaced the copper from the
copper(II) sulphate solution because zinc is
more reactive than copper.
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
In general, a more reactive metal will displace a less
reactive metal from their salts in solution.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
28. Displacement Reactions
If a piece of zinc is placed in
magnesium sulphate solution,
no reaction will take place.
Zinc metal
No reaction
magnesium
sulphate
solution
This is because zinc is less
reactive than magnesium
(lower in the reactivity
series than magnesium) and
hence cannot displace
magnesium ions from its
solution.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
29. Displacement of metal from their oxides
A more reactive metal can
displace a less reactive metal
from its oxide when they are
heated together.
E.g. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Zinc ( Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Most reactive
This reaction is used in
the production of
“thermite”, which uses
the molten iron formed
to repair cracks on
railway lines. Least reactive
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
30. Action of heat on metal carbonates
Carbonates decompose
when heated to produce
the metal oxides and
carbon dioxide.
E.g. CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Zinc ( Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)
Carbonates not
decomposed by
heat
Carbonates
decomposed
by heat
More difficult
Easier
However, the more
reactive the metals
are, the more
difficult it is for their
carbonates to decompose.
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
32. Reactions of metallic compounds
with acids and alkalis
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
33. Quick Check 3
1. Arrange the following metals in order of their ease of forming positive
ions, starting from the most difficult:
lead, magnesium, sodium, iron, calcium, copper, potassium, zinc.
2. State what will happen when a piece of iron is placed in a beaker of
copper(II) sulphate solution. Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
3. Complete the following reactions.
(a) Mg(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
(b) Zn(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)
(c) Al(s)+ Zn(NO3)2(aq
(d) Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
(e) ZnCO3(s)
(f) Mg(s) + Al2O3(s) Solution
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
heat
34. 1. Copper, lead, iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium.
2. The iron will turn reddish-brown as it has displaced copper from the
copper(II) sulphate solution. The blue copper(II) sulphate will become
pale green in colour.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
3. (a) Mg(s) + ZnSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + Zn(s)
(b) Zn(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Pb(s)
(c) 2Al(s)+ 3Zn(NO3)2(aq) 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Zn(s)
(d) Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) No reaction
(e) ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
(f) 3Mg(s) + Al2O3(s) 3MgO(s) + 2Al(s)
Return
Solution to Quick check 3
Metals and Their Reactivity
Chapter 19
heat